Cppcheck - HTML report

/*
  minilua.h -- Lua in a single header
  Project URL: https://github.com/edubart/minilua

  This is Lua 5.4.4 contained in a single header to be bundled in C/C++ applications with ease.
  Lua is a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language.

  Do the following in *one* C file to create the implementation:
    #define LUA_IMPL

  By default it detects the system platform to use, however you could explicitly define one.

  Note that almost no modification was made in the Lua implementation code,
  thus there are some C variable names that may collide with your code,
  therefore it is best to declare the Lua implementation in dedicated C file.

  Optionally provide the following defines:
    LUA_MAKE_LUA     - implement the Lua command line REPL

  LICENSE
    MIT License, same as Lua, see end of file.
*/

/* detect system platform */
#if !defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS) && !defined(LUA_USE_LINUX) && !defined(LUA_USE_MACOSX) && !defined(LUA_USE_POSIX) && !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#if defined(_WIN32)
#define LUA_USE_WINDOWS
#elif defined(__linux__)
#define LUA_USE_LINUX
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
#define LUA_USE_MACOSX
#else /* probably a POSIX system */
#define LUA_USE_POSIX
#define LUA_USE_DLOPEN
#endif
#endif

#ifdef LUA_IMPL
#define LUA_CORE
/*
** $Id: lprefix.h $
** Definitions for Lua code that must come before any other header file
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lprefix_h
#define lprefix_h


/*
** Allows POSIX/XSI stuff
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)	/* { */

#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE)
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE           600
#elif _XOPEN_SOURCE == 0
#undef _XOPEN_SOURCE  /* use -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=0 to undefine it */
#endif

/*
** Allows manipulation of large files in gcc and some other compilers
*/
#if !defined(LUA_32BITS) && !defined(_FILE_OFFSET_BITS)
#define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE       1
#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS       64
#endif

#endif				/* } */


/*
** Windows stuff
*/
#if defined(_WIN32)	/* { */

#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS  /* avoid warnings about ISO C functions */
#endif

#endif			/* } */

#endif

#endif /* LUA_IMPL */
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/*
** $Id: luaconf.h $
** Configuration file for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#ifndef luaconf_h
#define luaconf_h

#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>


/*
** ===================================================================
** General Configuration File for Lua
**
** Some definitions here can be changed externally, through the compiler
** (e.g., with '-D' options): They are commented out or protected
** by '#if !defined' guards. However, several other definitions
** should be changed directly here, either because they affect the
** Lua ABI (by making the changes here, you ensure that all software
** connected to Lua, such as C libraries, will be compiled with the same
** configuration); or because they are seldom changed.
**
** Search for "@@" to find all configurable definitions.
** ===================================================================
*/


/*
** {====================================================================
** System Configuration: macros to adapt (if needed) Lua to some
** particular platform, for instance restricting it to C89.
** =====================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUA_USE_C89 controls the use of non-ISO-C89 features.
** Define it if you want Lua to avoid the use of a few C99 features
** or Windows-specific features on Windows.
*/
/* #define LUA_USE_C89 */


/*
** By default, Lua on Windows use (some) specific Windows features
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
#define LUA_USE_WINDOWS  /* enable goodies for regular Windows */
#endif


#if defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)
#define LUA_DL_DLL	/* enable support for DLL */
#define LUA_USE_C89	/* broadly, Windows is C89 */
#endif


#if defined(LUA_USE_LINUX)
#define LUA_USE_POSIX
#define LUA_USE_DLOPEN		/* needs an extra library: -ldl */
#endif


#if defined(LUA_USE_MACOSX)
#define LUA_USE_POSIX
#define LUA_USE_DLOPEN		/* MacOS does not need -ldl */
#endif


/*
@@ LUAI_IS32INT is true iff 'int' has (at least) 32 bits.
*/
#define LUAI_IS32INT	((UINT_MAX >> 30) >= 3)

/* }================================================================== */



/*
** {==================================================================
** Configuration for Number types. These options should not be
** set externally, because any other code connected to Lua must
** use the same configuration.
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUA_INT_TYPE defines the type for Lua integers.
@@ LUA_FLOAT_TYPE defines the type for Lua floats.
** Lua should work fine with any mix of these options supported
** by your C compiler. The usual configurations are 64-bit integers
** and 'double' (the default), 32-bit integers and 'float' (for
** restricted platforms), and 'long'/'double' (for C compilers not
** compliant with C99, which may not have support for 'long long').
*/

/* predefined options for LUA_INT_TYPE */
#define LUA_INT_INT		1
#define LUA_INT_LONG		2
#define LUA_INT_LONGLONG	3

/* predefined options for LUA_FLOAT_TYPE */
#define LUA_FLOAT_FLOAT		1
#define LUA_FLOAT_DOUBLE	2
#define LUA_FLOAT_LONGDOUBLE	3


/* Default configuration ('long long' and 'double', for 64-bit Lua) */
#define LUA_INT_DEFAULT		LUA_INT_LONGLONG
#define LUA_FLOAT_DEFAULT	LUA_FLOAT_DOUBLE


/*
@@ LUA_32BITS enables Lua with 32-bit integers and 32-bit floats.
*/
#define LUA_32BITS	0


/*
@@ LUA_C89_NUMBERS ensures that Lua uses the largest types available for
** C89 ('long' and 'double'); Windows always has '__int64', so it does
** not need to use this case.
*/
#if defined(LUA_USE_C89) && !defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)
#define LUA_C89_NUMBERS		1
#else
#define LUA_C89_NUMBERS		0
#endif


#if LUA_32BITS		/* { */
/*
** 32-bit integers and 'float'
*/
#if LUAI_IS32INT  /* use 'int' if big enough */
#define LUA_INT_TYPE	LUA_INT_INT
#else  /* otherwise use 'long' */
#define LUA_INT_TYPE	LUA_INT_LONG
#endif
#define LUA_FLOAT_TYPE	LUA_FLOAT_FLOAT

#elif LUA_C89_NUMBERS	/* }{ */
/*
** largest types available for C89 ('long' and 'double')
*/
#define LUA_INT_TYPE	LUA_INT_LONG
#define LUA_FLOAT_TYPE	LUA_FLOAT_DOUBLE

#else		/* }{ */
/* use defaults */

#define LUA_INT_TYPE	LUA_INT_DEFAULT
#define LUA_FLOAT_TYPE	LUA_FLOAT_DEFAULT

#endif				/* } */


/* }================================================================== */



/*
** {==================================================================
** Configuration for Paths.
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** LUA_PATH_SEP is the character that separates templates in a path.
** LUA_PATH_MARK is the string that marks the substitution points in a
** template.
** LUA_EXEC_DIR in a Windows path is replaced by the executable's
** directory.
*/
#define LUA_PATH_SEP            ";"
#define LUA_PATH_MARK           "?"
#define LUA_EXEC_DIR            "!"


/*
@@ LUA_PATH_DEFAULT is the default path that Lua uses to look for
** Lua libraries.
@@ LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT is the default path that Lua uses to look for
** C libraries.
** CHANGE them if your machine has a non-conventional directory
** hierarchy or if you want to install your libraries in
** non-conventional directories.
*/

#define LUA_VDIR	LUA_VERSION_MAJOR "." LUA_VERSION_MINOR
#if defined(_WIN32)	/* { */
/*
** In Windows, any exclamation mark ('!') in the path is replaced by the
** path of the directory of the executable file of the current process.
*/
#define LUA_LDIR	"!\\lua\\"
#define LUA_CDIR	"!\\"
#define LUA_SHRDIR	"!\\..\\share\\lua\\" LUA_VDIR "\\"

#if !defined(LUA_PATH_DEFAULT)
#define LUA_PATH_DEFAULT  \
		LUA_LDIR"?.lua;"  LUA_LDIR"?\\init.lua;" \
		LUA_CDIR"?.lua;"  LUA_CDIR"?\\init.lua;" \
		LUA_SHRDIR"?.lua;" LUA_SHRDIR"?\\init.lua;" \
		".\\?.lua;" ".\\?\\init.lua"
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT)
#define LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT \
		LUA_CDIR"?.dll;" \
		LUA_CDIR"..\\lib\\lua\\" LUA_VDIR "\\?.dll;" \
		LUA_CDIR"loadall.dll;" ".\\?.dll"
#endif

#else			/* }{ */

#define LUA_ROOT	"/usr/local/"
#define LUA_LDIR	LUA_ROOT "share/lua/" LUA_VDIR "/"
#define LUA_CDIR	LUA_ROOT "lib/lua/" LUA_VDIR "/"

#if !defined(LUA_PATH_DEFAULT)
#define LUA_PATH_DEFAULT  \
		LUA_LDIR"?.lua;"  LUA_LDIR"?/init.lua;" \
		LUA_CDIR"?.lua;"  LUA_CDIR"?/init.lua;" \
		"./?.lua;" "./?/init.lua"
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT)
#define LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT \
		LUA_CDIR"?.so;" LUA_CDIR"loadall.so;" "./?.so"
#endif

#endif			/* } */


/*
@@ LUA_DIRSEP is the directory separator (for submodules).
** CHANGE it if your machine does not use "/" as the directory separator
** and is not Windows. (On Windows Lua automatically uses "\".)
*/
#if !defined(LUA_DIRSEP)

#if defined(_WIN32)
#define LUA_DIRSEP	"\\"
#else
#define LUA_DIRSEP	"/"
#endif

#endif

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Marks for exported symbols in the C code
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUA_API is a mark for all core API functions.
@@ LUALIB_API is a mark for all auxiliary library functions.
@@ LUAMOD_API is a mark for all standard library opening functions.
** CHANGE them if you need to define those functions in some special way.
** For instance, if you want to create one Windows DLL with the core and
** the libraries, you may want to use the following definition (define
** LUA_BUILD_AS_DLL to get it).
*/
#if defined(LUA_BUILD_AS_DLL)	/* { */

#if defined(LUA_CORE) || defined(LUA_LIB)	/* { */
#define LUA_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else						/* }{ */
#define LUA_API __declspec(dllimport)
#endif						/* } */

#else				/* }{ */

#define LUA_API		extern

#endif				/* } */


/*
** More often than not the libs go together with the core.
*/
#define LUALIB_API	LUA_API
#define LUAMOD_API	LUA_API


/*
@@ LUAI_FUNC is a mark for all extern functions that are not to be
** exported to outside modules.
@@ LUAI_DDEF and LUAI_DDEC are marks for all extern (const) variables,
** none of which to be exported to outside modules (LUAI_DDEF for
** definitions and LUAI_DDEC for declarations).
** CHANGE them if you need to mark them in some special way. Elf/gcc
** (versions 3.2 and later) mark them as "hidden" to optimize access
** when Lua is compiled as a shared library. Not all elf targets support
** this attribute. Unfortunately, gcc does not offer a way to check
** whether the target offers that support, and those without support
** give a warning about it. To avoid these warnings, change to the
** default definition.
*/
#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__*100 + __GNUC_MINOR__) >= 302) && \
    defined(__ELF__)		/* { */
#define LUAI_FUNC	__attribute__((visibility("internal"))) extern
#else				/* }{ */
#define LUAI_FUNC	extern
#endif				/* } */

#define LUAI_DDEC(dec)	LUAI_FUNC dec
#define LUAI_DDEF	/* empty */

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Compatibility with previous versions
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUA_COMPAT_5_3 controls other macros for compatibility with Lua 5.3.
** You can define it to get all options, or change specific options
** to fit your specific needs.
*/
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_5_3)	/* { */

/*
@@ LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB controls the presence of several deprecated
** functions in the mathematical library.
** (These functions were already officially removed in 5.3;
** nevertheless they are still available here.)
*/
#define LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB

/*
@@ LUA_COMPAT_APIINTCASTS controls the presence of macros for
** manipulating other integer types (lua_pushunsigned, lua_tounsigned,
** luaL_checkint, luaL_checklong, etc.)
** (These macros were also officially removed in 5.3, but they are still
** available here.)
*/
#define LUA_COMPAT_APIINTCASTS


/*
@@ LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE controls the emulation of the '__le' metamethod
** using '__lt'.
*/
#define LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE


/*
@@ The following macros supply trivial compatibility for some
** changes in the API. The macros themselves document how to
** change your code to avoid using them.
** (Once more, these macros were officially removed in 5.3, but they are
** still available here.)
*/
#define lua_strlen(L,i)		lua_rawlen(L, (i))

#define lua_objlen(L,i)		lua_rawlen(L, (i))

#define lua_equal(L,idx1,idx2)		lua_compare(L,(idx1),(idx2),LUA_OPEQ)
#define lua_lessthan(L,idx1,idx2)	lua_compare(L,(idx1),(idx2),LUA_OPLT)

#endif				/* } */

/* }================================================================== */



/*
** {==================================================================
** Configuration for Numbers (low-level part).
** Change these definitions if no predefined LUA_FLOAT_* / LUA_INT_*
** satisfy your needs.
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUAI_UACNUMBER is the result of a 'default argument promotion'
@@ over a floating number.
@@ l_floatatt(x) corrects float attribute 'x' to the proper float type
** by prefixing it with one of FLT/DBL/LDBL.
@@ LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN is the length modifier for writing floats.
@@ LUA_NUMBER_FMT is the format for writing floats.
@@ lua_number2str converts a float to a string.
@@ l_mathop allows the addition of an 'l' or 'f' to all math operations.
@@ l_floor takes the floor of a float.
@@ lua_str2number converts a decimal numeral to a number.
*/


/* The following definitions are good for most cases here */

#define l_floor(x)		(l_mathop(floor)(x))

#define lua_number2str(s,sz,n)  \
	l_sprintf((s), sz, LUA_NUMBER_FMT, (LUAI_UACNUMBER)(n))

/*
@@ lua_numbertointeger converts a float number with an integral value
** to an integer, or returns 0 if float is not within the range of
** a lua_Integer.  (The range comparisons are tricky because of
** rounding. The tests here assume a two-complement representation,
** where MININTEGER always has an exact representation as a float;
** MAXINTEGER may not have one, and therefore its conversion to float
** may have an ill-defined value.)
*/
#define lua_numbertointeger(n,p) \
  ((n) >= (LUA_NUMBER)(LUA_MININTEGER) && \
   (n) < -(LUA_NUMBER)(LUA_MININTEGER) && \
      (*(p) = (LUA_INTEGER)(n), 1))


/* now the variable definitions */

#if LUA_FLOAT_TYPE == LUA_FLOAT_FLOAT		/* { single float */

#define LUA_NUMBER	float

#define l_floatatt(n)		(FLT_##n)

#define LUAI_UACNUMBER	double

#define LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN	""
#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT		"%.7g"

#define l_mathop(op)		op##f

#define lua_str2number(s,p)	strtof((s), (p))


#elif LUA_FLOAT_TYPE == LUA_FLOAT_LONGDOUBLE	/* }{ long double */

#define LUA_NUMBER	long double

#define l_floatatt(n)		(LDBL_##n)

#define LUAI_UACNUMBER	long double

#define LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN	"L"
#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT		"%.19Lg"

#define l_mathop(op)		op##l

#define lua_str2number(s,p)	strtold((s), (p))

#elif LUA_FLOAT_TYPE == LUA_FLOAT_DOUBLE	/* }{ double */

#define LUA_NUMBER	double

#define l_floatatt(n)		(DBL_##n)

#define LUAI_UACNUMBER	double

#define LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN	""
#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT		"%.14g"

#define l_mathop(op)		op

#define lua_str2number(s,p)	strtod((s), (p))

#else						/* }{ */

#error "numeric float type not defined"

#endif					/* } */



/*
@@ LUA_UNSIGNED is the unsigned version of LUA_INTEGER.
@@ LUAI_UACINT is the result of a 'default argument promotion'
@@ over a LUA_INTEGER.
@@ LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN is the length modifier for reading/writing integers.
@@ LUA_INTEGER_FMT is the format for writing integers.
@@ LUA_MAXINTEGER is the maximum value for a LUA_INTEGER.
@@ LUA_MININTEGER is the minimum value for a LUA_INTEGER.
@@ LUA_MAXUNSIGNED is the maximum value for a LUA_UNSIGNED.
@@ lua_integer2str converts an integer to a string.
*/


/* The following definitions are good for most cases here */

#define LUA_INTEGER_FMT		"%" LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN "d"

#define LUAI_UACINT		LUA_INTEGER

#define lua_integer2str(s,sz,n)  \
	l_sprintf((s), sz, LUA_INTEGER_FMT, (LUAI_UACINT)(n))

/*
** use LUAI_UACINT here to avoid problems with promotions (which
** can turn a comparison between unsigneds into a signed comparison)
*/
#define LUA_UNSIGNED		unsigned LUAI_UACINT


/* now the variable definitions */

#if LUA_INT_TYPE == LUA_INT_INT		/* { int */

#define LUA_INTEGER		int
#define LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN	""

#define LUA_MAXINTEGER		INT_MAX
#define LUA_MININTEGER		INT_MIN

#define LUA_MAXUNSIGNED		UINT_MAX

#elif LUA_INT_TYPE == LUA_INT_LONG	/* }{ long */

#define LUA_INTEGER		long
#define LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN	"l"

#define LUA_MAXINTEGER		LONG_MAX
#define LUA_MININTEGER		LONG_MIN

#define LUA_MAXUNSIGNED		ULONG_MAX

#elif LUA_INT_TYPE == LUA_INT_LONGLONG	/* }{ long long */

/* use presence of macro LLONG_MAX as proxy for C99 compliance */
#if defined(LLONG_MAX)		/* { */
/* use ISO C99 stuff */

#define LUA_INTEGER		long long
#define LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN	"ll"

#define LUA_MAXINTEGER		LLONG_MAX
#define LUA_MININTEGER		LLONG_MIN

#define LUA_MAXUNSIGNED		ULLONG_MAX

#elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS) /* }{ */
/* in Windows, can use specific Windows types */

#define LUA_INTEGER		__int64
#define LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN	"I64"

#define LUA_MAXINTEGER		_I64_MAX
#define LUA_MININTEGER		_I64_MIN

#define LUA_MAXUNSIGNED		_UI64_MAX

#else				/* }{ */

#error "Compiler does not support 'long long'. Use option '-DLUA_32BITS' \
  or '-DLUA_C89_NUMBERS' (see file 'luaconf.h' for details)"

#endif				/* } */

#else				/* }{ */

#error "numeric integer type not defined"

#endif				/* } */

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Dependencies with C99 and other C details
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
@@ l_sprintf is equivalent to 'snprintf' or 'sprintf' in C89.
** (All uses in Lua have only one format item.)
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#define l_sprintf(s,sz,f,i)	snprintf(s,sz,f,i)
#else
#define l_sprintf(s,sz,f,i)	((void)(sz), sprintf(s,f,i))
#endif


/*
@@ lua_strx2number converts a hexadecimal numeral to a number.
** In C99, 'strtod' does that conversion. Otherwise, you can
** leave 'lua_strx2number' undefined and Lua will provide its own
** implementation.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#define lua_strx2number(s,p)		lua_str2number(s,p)
#endif


/*
@@ lua_pointer2str converts a pointer to a readable string in a
** non-specified way.
*/
#define lua_pointer2str(buff,sz,p)	l_sprintf(buff,sz,"%p",p)


/*
@@ lua_number2strx converts a float to a hexadecimal numeral.
** In C99, 'sprintf' (with format specifiers '%a'/'%A') does that.
** Otherwise, you can leave 'lua_number2strx' undefined and Lua will
** provide its own implementation.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#define lua_number2strx(L,b,sz,f,n)  \
	((void)L, l_sprintf(b,sz,f,(LUAI_UACNUMBER)(n)))
#endif


/*
** 'strtof' and 'opf' variants for math functions are not valid in
** C89. Otherwise, the macro 'HUGE_VALF' is a good proxy for testing the
** availability of these variants. ('math.h' is already included in
** all files that use these macros.)
*/
#if defined(LUA_USE_C89) || (defined(HUGE_VAL) && !defined(HUGE_VALF))
#undef l_mathop  /* variants not available */
#undef lua_str2number
#define l_mathop(op)		(lua_Number)op  /* no variant */
#define lua_str2number(s,p)	((lua_Number)strtod((s), (p)))
#endif


/*
@@ LUA_KCONTEXT is the type of the context ('ctx') for continuation
** functions.  It must be a numerical type; Lua will use 'intptr_t' if
** available, otherwise it will use 'ptrdiff_t' (the nearest thing to
** 'intptr_t' in C89)
*/
#define LUA_KCONTEXT	ptrdiff_t

#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89) && defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && \
    __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
#include <stdint.h>
#if defined(INTPTR_MAX)  /* even in C99 this type is optional */
#undef LUA_KCONTEXT
#define LUA_KCONTEXT	intptr_t
#endif
#endif


/*
@@ lua_getlocaledecpoint gets the locale "radix character" (decimal point).
** Change that if you do not want to use C locales. (Code using this
** macro must include the header 'locale.h'.)
*/
#if !defined(lua_getlocaledecpoint)
#define lua_getlocaledecpoint()		(localeconv()->decimal_point[0])
#endif


/*
** macros to improve jump prediction, used mostly for error handling
** and debug facilities. (Some macros in the Lua API use these macros.
** Define LUA_NOBUILTIN if you do not want '__builtin_expect' in your
** code.)
*/
#if !defined(luai_likely)

#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(LUA_NOBUILTIN)
#define luai_likely(x)		(__builtin_expect(((x) != 0), 1))
#define luai_unlikely(x)	(__builtin_expect(((x) != 0), 0))
#else
#define luai_likely(x)		(x)
#define luai_unlikely(x)	(x)
#endif

#endif


#if defined(LUA_CORE) || defined(LUA_LIB)
/* shorter names for Lua's own use */
#define l_likely(x)	luai_likely(x)
#define l_unlikely(x)	luai_unlikely(x)
#endif



/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Language Variations
** =====================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUA_NOCVTN2S/LUA_NOCVTS2N control how Lua performs some
** coercions. Define LUA_NOCVTN2S to turn off automatic coercion from
** numbers to strings. Define LUA_NOCVTS2N to turn off automatic
** coercion from strings to numbers.
*/
/* #define LUA_NOCVTN2S */
/* #define LUA_NOCVTS2N */


/*
@@ LUA_USE_APICHECK turns on several consistency checks on the C API.
** Define it as a help when debugging C code.
*/
#if defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
#include <assert.h>
#define luai_apicheck(l,e)	assert(e)
#endif

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Macros that affect the API and must be stable (that is, must be the
** same when you compile Lua and when you compile code that links to
** Lua).
** =====================================================================
*/

/*
@@ LUAI_MAXSTACK limits the size of the Lua stack.
** CHANGE it if you need a different limit. This limit is arbitrary;
** its only purpose is to stop Lua from consuming unlimited stack
** space (and to reserve some numbers for pseudo-indices).
** (It must fit into max(size_t)/32.)
*/
#if LUAI_IS32INT
#define LUAI_MAXSTACK		1000000
#else
#define LUAI_MAXSTACK		15000
#endif


/*
@@ LUA_EXTRASPACE defines the size of a raw memory area associated with
** a Lua state with very fast access.
** CHANGE it if you need a different size.
*/
#define LUA_EXTRASPACE		(sizeof(void *))


/*
@@ LUA_IDSIZE gives the maximum size for the description of the source
@@ of a function in debug information.
** CHANGE it if you want a different size.
*/
#define LUA_IDSIZE	60


/*
@@ LUAL_BUFFERSIZE is the buffer size used by the lauxlib buffer system.
*/
#define LUAL_BUFFERSIZE   ((int)(16 * sizeof(void*) * sizeof(lua_Number)))


/*
@@ LUAI_MAXALIGN defines fields that, when used in a union, ensure
** maximum alignment for the other items in that union.
*/
#define LUAI_MAXALIGN  lua_Number n; double u; void *s; lua_Integer i; long l

/* }================================================================== */





/* =================================================================== */

/*
** Local configuration. You can use this space to add your redefinitions
** without modifying the main part of the file.
*/





#endif

/*
** $Id: lua.h $
** Lua - A Scripting Language
** Lua.org, PUC-Rio, Brazil (http://www.lua.org)
** See Copyright Notice at the end of this file
*/


#ifndef lua_h
#define lua_h

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>


/*#include "luaconf.h"*/


#define LUA_VERSION_MAJOR	"5"
#define LUA_VERSION_MINOR	"4"
#define LUA_VERSION_RELEASE	"4"

#define LUA_VERSION_NUM			504
#define LUA_VERSION_RELEASE_NUM		(LUA_VERSION_NUM * 100 + 4)

#define LUA_VERSION	"Lua " LUA_VERSION_MAJOR "." LUA_VERSION_MINOR
#define LUA_RELEASE	LUA_VERSION "." LUA_VERSION_RELEASE
#define LUA_COPYRIGHT	LUA_RELEASE "  Copyright (C) 1994-2022 Lua.org, PUC-Rio"
#define LUA_AUTHORS	"R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes"


/* mark for precompiled code ('<esc>Lua') */
#define LUA_SIGNATURE	"\x1bLua"

/* option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call' */
#define LUA_MULTRET	(-1)


/*
** Pseudo-indices
** (-LUAI_MAXSTACK is the minimum valid index; we keep some free empty
** space after that to help overflow detection)
*/
#define LUA_REGISTRYINDEX	(-LUAI_MAXSTACK - 1000)
#define lua_upvalueindex(i)	(LUA_REGISTRYINDEX - (i))


/* thread status */
#define LUA_OK		0
#define LUA_YIELD	1
#define LUA_ERRRUN	2
#define LUA_ERRSYNTAX	3
#define LUA_ERRMEM	4
#define LUA_ERRERR	5


typedef struct lua_State lua_State;


/*
** basic types
*/
#define LUA_TNONE		(-1)

#define LUA_TNIL		0
#define LUA_TBOOLEAN		1
#define LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA	2
#define LUA_TNUMBER		3
#define LUA_TSTRING		4
#define LUA_TTABLE		5
#define LUA_TFUNCTION		6
#define LUA_TUSERDATA		7
#define LUA_TTHREAD		8

#define LUA_NUMTYPES		9



/* minimum Lua stack available to a C function */
#define LUA_MINSTACK	20


/* predefined values in the registry */
#define LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD	1
#define LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS	2
#define LUA_RIDX_LAST		LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS


/* type of numbers in Lua */
typedef LUA_NUMBER lua_Number;


/* type for integer functions */
typedef LUA_INTEGER lua_Integer;

/* unsigned integer type */
typedef LUA_UNSIGNED lua_Unsigned;

/* type for continuation-function contexts */
typedef LUA_KCONTEXT lua_KContext;


/*
** Type for C functions registered with Lua
*/
typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);

/*
** Type for continuation functions
*/
typedef int (*lua_KFunction) (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx);


/*
** Type for functions that read/write blocks when loading/dumping Lua chunks
*/
typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *sz);

typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, const void *p, size_t sz, void *ud);


/*
** Type for memory-allocation functions
*/
typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize);


/*
** Type for warning functions
*/
typedef void (*lua_WarnFunction) (void *ud, const char *msg, int tocont);




/*
** generic extra include file
*/
#if defined(LUA_USER_H)
#include LUA_USER_H
#endif


/*
** RCS ident string
*/
extern const char lua_ident[];


/*
** state manipulation
*/
LUA_API lua_State *(lua_newstate) (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);
LUA_API void       (lua_close) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API lua_State *(lua_newthread) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API int        (lua_resetthread) (lua_State *L);

LUA_API lua_CFunction (lua_atpanic) (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);


LUA_API lua_Number (lua_version) (lua_State *L);


/*
** basic stack manipulation
*/
LUA_API int   (lua_absindex) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int   (lua_gettop) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API void  (lua_settop) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void  (lua_pushvalue) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void  (lua_rotate) (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);
LUA_API void  (lua_copy) (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);
LUA_API int   (lua_checkstack) (lua_State *L, int n);

LUA_API void  (lua_xmove) (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);


/*
** access functions (stack -> C)
*/

LUA_API int             (lua_isnumber) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int             (lua_isstring) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int             (lua_iscfunction) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int             (lua_isinteger) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int             (lua_isuserdata) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int             (lua_type) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API const char     *(lua_typename) (lua_State *L, int tp);

LUA_API lua_Number      (lua_tonumberx) (lua_State *L, int idx, int *isnum);
LUA_API lua_Integer     (lua_tointegerx) (lua_State *L, int idx, int *isnum);
LUA_API int             (lua_toboolean) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API const char     *(lua_tolstring) (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);
LUA_API lua_Unsigned    (lua_rawlen) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API lua_CFunction   (lua_tocfunction) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void	       *(lua_touserdata) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API lua_State      *(lua_tothread) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API const void     *(lua_topointer) (lua_State *L, int idx);


/*
** Comparison and arithmetic functions
*/

#define LUA_OPADD	0	/* ORDER TM, ORDER OP */
#define LUA_OPSUB	1
#define LUA_OPMUL	2
#define LUA_OPMOD	3
#define LUA_OPPOW	4
#define LUA_OPDIV	5
#define LUA_OPIDIV	6
#define LUA_OPBAND	7
#define LUA_OPBOR	8
#define LUA_OPBXOR	9
#define LUA_OPSHL	10
#define LUA_OPSHR	11
#define LUA_OPUNM	12
#define LUA_OPBNOT	13

LUA_API void  (lua_arith) (lua_State *L, int op);

#define LUA_OPEQ	0
#define LUA_OPLT	1
#define LUA_OPLE	2

LUA_API int   (lua_rawequal) (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2);
LUA_API int   (lua_compare) (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2, int op);


/*
** push functions (C -> stack)
*/
LUA_API void        (lua_pushnil) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API void        (lua_pushnumber) (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);
LUA_API void        (lua_pushinteger) (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API const char *(lua_pushlstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);
LUA_API const char *(lua_pushstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s);
LUA_API const char *(lua_pushvfstring) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                                      va_list argp);
LUA_API const char *(lua_pushfstring) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
LUA_API void  (lua_pushcclosure) (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);
LUA_API void  (lua_pushboolean) (lua_State *L, int b);
LUA_API void  (lua_pushlightuserdata) (lua_State *L, void *p);
LUA_API int   (lua_pushthread) (lua_State *L);


/*
** get functions (Lua -> stack)
*/
LUA_API int (lua_getglobal) (lua_State *L, const char *name);
LUA_API int (lua_gettable) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int (lua_getfield) (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k);
LUA_API int (lua_geti) (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API int (lua_rawget) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API int (lua_rawgeti) (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API int (lua_rawgetp) (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p);

LUA_API void  (lua_createtable) (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);
LUA_API void *(lua_newuserdatauv) (lua_State *L, size_t sz, int nuvalue);
LUA_API int   (lua_getmetatable) (lua_State *L, int objindex);
LUA_API int  (lua_getiuservalue) (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);


/*
** set functions (stack -> Lua)
*/
LUA_API void  (lua_setglobal) (lua_State *L, const char *name);
LUA_API void  (lua_settable) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void  (lua_setfield) (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k);
LUA_API void  (lua_seti) (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API void  (lua_rawset) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void  (lua_rawseti) (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n);
LUA_API void  (lua_rawsetp) (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p);
LUA_API int   (lua_setmetatable) (lua_State *L, int objindex);
LUA_API int   (lua_setiuservalue) (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);


/*
** 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
*/
LUA_API void  (lua_callk) (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults,
                           lua_KContext ctx, lua_KFunction k);
#define lua_call(L,n,r)		lua_callk(L, (n), (r), 0, NULL)

LUA_API int   (lua_pcallk) (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc,
                            lua_KContext ctx, lua_KFunction k);
#define lua_pcall(L,n,r,f)	lua_pcallk(L, (n), (r), (f), 0, NULL)

LUA_API int   (lua_load) (lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *dt,
                          const char *chunkname, const char *mode);

LUA_API int (lua_dump) (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data, int strip);


/*
** coroutine functions
*/
LUA_API int  (lua_yieldk)     (lua_State *L, int nresults, lua_KContext ctx,
                               lua_KFunction k);
LUA_API int  (lua_resume)     (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int narg,
                               int *nres);
LUA_API int  (lua_status)     (lua_State *L);
LUA_API int (lua_isyieldable) (lua_State *L);

#define lua_yield(L,n)		lua_yieldk(L, (n), 0, NULL)


/*
** Warning-related functions
*/
LUA_API void (lua_setwarnf) (lua_State *L, lua_WarnFunction f, void *ud);
LUA_API void (lua_warning)  (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont);


/*
** garbage-collection function and options
*/

#define LUA_GCSTOP		0
#define LUA_GCRESTART		1
#define LUA_GCCOLLECT		2
#define LUA_GCCOUNT		3
#define LUA_GCCOUNTB		4
#define LUA_GCSTEP		5
#define LUA_GCSETPAUSE		6
#define LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL	7
#define LUA_GCISRUNNING		9
#define LUA_GCGEN		10
#define LUA_GCINC		11

LUA_API int (lua_gc) (lua_State *L, int what, ...);


/*
** miscellaneous functions
*/

LUA_API int   (lua_error) (lua_State *L);

LUA_API int   (lua_next) (lua_State *L, int idx);

LUA_API void  (lua_concat) (lua_State *L, int n);
LUA_API void  (lua_len)    (lua_State *L, int idx);

LUA_API size_t   (lua_stringtonumber) (lua_State *L, const char *s);

LUA_API lua_Alloc (lua_getallocf) (lua_State *L, void **ud);
LUA_API void      (lua_setallocf) (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);

LUA_API void (lua_toclose) (lua_State *L, int idx);
LUA_API void (lua_closeslot) (lua_State *L, int idx);


/*
** {==============================================================
** some useful macros
** ===============================================================
*/

#define lua_getextraspace(L)	((void *)((char *)(L) - LUA_EXTRASPACE))

#define lua_tonumber(L,i)	lua_tonumberx(L,(i),NULL)
#define lua_tointeger(L,i)	lua_tointegerx(L,(i),NULL)

#define lua_pop(L,n)		lua_settop(L, -(n)-1)

#define lua_newtable(L)		lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)

#define lua_register(L,n,f) (lua_pushcfunction(L, (f)), lua_setglobal(L, (n)))

#define lua_pushcfunction(L,f)	lua_pushcclosure(L, (f), 0)

#define lua_isfunction(L,n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TFUNCTION)
#define lua_istable(L,n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TTABLE)
#define lua_islightuserdata(L,n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA)
#define lua_isnil(L,n)		(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TNIL)
#define lua_isboolean(L,n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TBOOLEAN)
#define lua_isthread(L,n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TTHREAD)
#define lua_isnone(L,n)		(lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TNONE)
#define lua_isnoneornil(L, n)	(lua_type(L, (n)) <= 0)

#define lua_pushliteral(L, s)	lua_pushstring(L, "" s)

#define lua_pushglobaltable(L)  \
	((void)lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS))

#define lua_tostring(L,i)	lua_tolstring(L, (i), NULL)


#define lua_insert(L,idx)	lua_rotate(L, (idx), 1)

#define lua_remove(L,idx)	(lua_rotate(L, (idx), -1), lua_pop(L, 1))

#define lua_replace(L,idx)	(lua_copy(L, -1, (idx)), lua_pop(L, 1))

/* }============================================================== */


/*
** {==============================================================
** compatibility macros
** ===============================================================
*/
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_APIINTCASTS)

#define lua_pushunsigned(L,n)	lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)(n))
#define lua_tounsignedx(L,i,is)	((lua_Unsigned)lua_tointegerx(L,i,is))
#define lua_tounsigned(L,i)	lua_tounsignedx(L,(i),NULL)

#endif

#define lua_newuserdata(L,s)	lua_newuserdatauv(L,s,1)
#define lua_getuservalue(L,idx)	lua_getiuservalue(L,idx,1)
#define lua_setuservalue(L,idx)	lua_setiuservalue(L,idx,1)

#define LUA_NUMTAGS		LUA_NUMTYPES

/* }============================================================== */

/*
** {======================================================================
** Debug API
** =======================================================================
*/


/*
** Event codes
*/
#define LUA_HOOKCALL	0
#define LUA_HOOKRET	1
#define LUA_HOOKLINE	2
#define LUA_HOOKCOUNT	3
#define LUA_HOOKTAILCALL 4


/*
** Event masks
*/
#define LUA_MASKCALL	(1 << LUA_HOOKCALL)
#define LUA_MASKRET	(1 << LUA_HOOKRET)
#define LUA_MASKLINE	(1 << LUA_HOOKLINE)
#define LUA_MASKCOUNT	(1 << LUA_HOOKCOUNT)

typedef struct lua_Debug lua_Debug;  /* activation record */


/* Functions to be called by the debugger in specific events */
typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);


LUA_API int (lua_getstack) (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);
LUA_API int (lua_getinfo) (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);
LUA_API const char *(lua_getlocal) (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
LUA_API const char *(lua_setlocal) (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
LUA_API const char *(lua_getupvalue) (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);
LUA_API const char *(lua_setupvalue) (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);

LUA_API void *(lua_upvalueid) (lua_State *L, int fidx, int n);
LUA_API void  (lua_upvaluejoin) (lua_State *L, int fidx1, int n1,
                                               int fidx2, int n2);

LUA_API void (lua_sethook) (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func, int mask, int count);
LUA_API lua_Hook (lua_gethook) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API int (lua_gethookmask) (lua_State *L);
LUA_API int (lua_gethookcount) (lua_State *L);

LUA_API int (lua_setcstacklimit) (lua_State *L, unsigned int limit);

struct lua_Debug {
  int event;
  const char *name;	/* (n) */
  const char *namewhat;	/* (n) 'global', 'local', 'field', 'method' */
  const char *what;	/* (S) 'Lua', 'C', 'main', 'tail' */
  const char *source;	/* (S) */
  size_t srclen;	/* (S) */
  int currentline;	/* (l) */
  int linedefined;	/* (S) */
  int lastlinedefined;	/* (S) */
  unsigned char nups;	/* (u) number of upvalues */
  unsigned char nparams;/* (u) number of parameters */
  char isvararg;        /* (u) */
  char istailcall;	/* (t) */
  unsigned short ftransfer;   /* (r) index of first value transferred */
  unsigned short ntransfer;   /* (r) number of transferred values */
  char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
  /* private part */
  struct CallInfo *i_ci;  /* active function */
};

/* }====================================================================== */


/******************************************************************************
* Copyright (C) 1994-2022 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
******************************************************************************/


#endif
/*
** $Id: lauxlib.h $
** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#ifndef lauxlib_h
#define lauxlib_h


#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>

/*#include "luaconf.h"*/
/*#include "lua.h"*/


/* global table */
#define LUA_GNAME	"_G"


typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;


/* extra error code for 'luaL_loadfilex' */
#define LUA_ERRFILE     (LUA_ERRERR+1)


/* key, in the registry, for table of loaded modules */
#define LUA_LOADED_TABLE	"_LOADED"


/* key, in the registry, for table of preloaded loaders */
#define LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE	"_PRELOAD"


typedef struct luaL_Reg {
  const char *name;
  lua_CFunction func;
} luaL_Reg;


#define LUAL_NUMSIZES	(sizeof(lua_Integer)*16 + sizeof(lua_Number))

LUALIB_API void (luaL_checkversion_) (lua_State *L, lua_Number ver, size_t sz);
#define luaL_checkversion(L)  \
	  luaL_checkversion_(L, LUA_VERSION_NUM, LUAL_NUMSIZES)

LUALIB_API int (luaL_getmetafield) (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_callmeta) (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);
LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_tolstring) (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_argerror) (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_typeerror) (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);
LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_checklstring) (lua_State *L, int arg,
                                                          size_t *l);
LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_optlstring) (lua_State *L, int arg,
                                          const char *def, size_t *l);
LUALIB_API lua_Number (luaL_checknumber) (lua_State *L, int arg);
LUALIB_API lua_Number (luaL_optnumber) (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number def);

LUALIB_API lua_Integer (luaL_checkinteger) (lua_State *L, int arg);
LUALIB_API lua_Integer (luaL_optinteger) (lua_State *L, int arg,
                                          lua_Integer def);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_checkstack) (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_checktype) (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_checkany) (lua_State *L, int arg);

LUALIB_API int   (luaL_newmetatable) (lua_State *L, const char *tname);
LUALIB_API void  (luaL_setmetatable) (lua_State *L, const char *tname);
LUALIB_API void *(luaL_testudata) (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname);
LUALIB_API void *(luaL_checkudata) (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_where) (lua_State *L, int lvl);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_error) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);

LUALIB_API int (luaL_checkoption) (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *def,
                                   const char *const lst[]);

LUALIB_API int (luaL_fileresult) (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_execresult) (lua_State *L, int stat);


/* predefined references */
#define LUA_NOREF       (-2)
#define LUA_REFNIL      (-1)

LUALIB_API int (luaL_ref) (lua_State *L, int t);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_unref) (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);

LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadfilex) (lua_State *L, const char *filename,
                                               const char *mode);

#define luaL_loadfile(L,f)	luaL_loadfilex(L,f,NULL)

LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadbufferx) (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t sz,
                                   const char *name, const char *mode);
LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s);

LUALIB_API lua_State *(luaL_newstate) (void);

LUALIB_API lua_Integer (luaL_len) (lua_State *L, int idx);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_addgsub) (luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
                                     const char *p, const char *r);
LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_gsub) (lua_State *L, const char *s,
                                    const char *p, const char *r);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_setfuncs) (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);

LUALIB_API int (luaL_getsubtable) (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_traceback) (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1,
                                  const char *msg, int level);

LUALIB_API void (luaL_requiref) (lua_State *L, const char *modname,
                                 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);

/*
** ===============================================================
** some useful macros
** ===============================================================
*/


#define luaL_newlibtable(L,l)	\
  lua_createtable(L, 0, sizeof(l)/sizeof((l)[0]) - 1)

#define luaL_newlib(L,l)  \
  (luaL_checkversion(L), luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0))

#define luaL_argcheck(L, cond,arg,extramsg)	\
	((void)(luai_likely(cond) || luaL_argerror(L, (arg), (extramsg))))

#define luaL_argexpected(L,cond,arg,tname)	\
	((void)(luai_likely(cond) || luaL_typeerror(L, (arg), (tname))))

#define luaL_checkstring(L,n)	(luaL_checklstring(L, (n), NULL))
#define luaL_optstring(L,n,d)	(luaL_optlstring(L, (n), (d), NULL))

#define luaL_typename(L,i)	lua_typename(L, lua_type(L,(i)))

#define luaL_dofile(L, fn) \
	(luaL_loadfile(L, fn) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))

#define luaL_dostring(L, s) \
	(luaL_loadstring(L, s) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))

#define luaL_getmetatable(L,n)	(lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (n)))

#define luaL_opt(L,f,n,d)	(lua_isnoneornil(L,(n)) ? (d) : f(L,(n)))

#define luaL_loadbuffer(L,s,sz,n)	luaL_loadbufferx(L,s,sz,n,NULL)


/*
** Perform arithmetic operations on lua_Integer values with wrap-around
** semantics, as the Lua core does.
*/
#define luaL_intop(op,v1,v2)  \
	((lua_Integer)((lua_Unsigned)(v1) op (lua_Unsigned)(v2)))


/* push the value used to represent failure/error */
#define luaL_pushfail(L)	lua_pushnil(L)


/*
** Internal assertions for in-house debugging
*/
#if !defined(lua_assert)

#if defined LUAI_ASSERT
  #include <assert.h>
  #define lua_assert(c)		assert(c)
#else
  #define lua_assert(c)		((void)0)
#endif

#endif



/*
** {======================================================
** Generic Buffer manipulation
** =======================================================
*/

struct luaL_Buffer {
  char *b;  /* buffer address */
  size_t size;  /* buffer size */
  size_t n;  /* number of characters in buffer */
  lua_State *L;
  union {
    LUAI_MAXALIGN;  /* ensure maximum alignment for buffer */
    char b[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];  /* initial buffer */
  } init;
};


#define luaL_bufflen(bf)	((bf)->n)
#define luaL_buffaddr(bf)	((bf)->b)


#define luaL_addchar(B,c) \
  ((void)((B)->n < (B)->size || luaL_prepbuffsize((B), 1)), \
   ((B)->b[(B)->n++] = (c)))

#define luaL_addsize(B,s)	((B)->n += (s))

#define luaL_buffsub(B,s)	((B)->n -= (s))

LUALIB_API void (luaL_buffinit) (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);
LUALIB_API char *(luaL_prepbuffsize) (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_addlstring) (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_addstring) (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_addvalue) (luaL_Buffer *B);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_pushresult) (luaL_Buffer *B);
LUALIB_API void (luaL_pushresultsize) (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);
LUALIB_API char *(luaL_buffinitsize) (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);

#define luaL_prepbuffer(B)	luaL_prepbuffsize(B, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE)

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** File handles for IO library
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** A file handle is a userdata with metatable 'LUA_FILEHANDLE' and
** initial structure 'luaL_Stream' (it may contain other fields
** after that initial structure).
*/

#define LUA_FILEHANDLE          "FILE*"


typedef struct luaL_Stream {
  FILE *f;  /* stream (NULL for incompletely created streams) */
  lua_CFunction closef;  /* to close stream (NULL for closed streams) */
} luaL_Stream;

/* }====================================================== */

/*
** {==================================================================
** "Abstraction Layer" for basic report of messages and errors
** ===================================================================
*/

/* print a string */
#if !defined(lua_writestring)
#define lua_writestring(s,l)   fwrite((s), sizeof(char), (l), stdout)
#endif

/* print a newline and flush the output */
#if !defined(lua_writeline)
#define lua_writeline()        (lua_writestring("\n", 1), fflush(stdout))
#endif

/* print an error message */
#if !defined(lua_writestringerror)
#define lua_writestringerror(s,p) \
        (fprintf(stderr, (s), (p)), fflush(stderr))
#endif

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {============================================================
** Compatibility with deprecated conversions
** =============================================================
*/
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_APIINTCASTS)

#define luaL_checkunsigned(L,a)	((lua_Unsigned)luaL_checkinteger(L,a))
#define luaL_optunsigned(L,a,d)	\
	((lua_Unsigned)luaL_optinteger(L,a,(lua_Integer)(d)))

#define luaL_checkint(L,n)	((int)luaL_checkinteger(L, (n)))
#define luaL_optint(L,n,d)	((int)luaL_optinteger(L, (n), (d)))

#define luaL_checklong(L,n)	((long)luaL_checkinteger(L, (n)))
#define luaL_optlong(L,n,d)	((long)luaL_optinteger(L, (n), (d)))

#endif
/* }============================================================ */



#endif


/*
** $Id: lualib.h $
** Lua standard libraries
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#ifndef lualib_h
#define lualib_h

/*#include "lua.h"*/


/* version suffix for environment variable names */
#define LUA_VERSUFFIX          "_" LUA_VERSION_MAJOR "_" LUA_VERSION_MINOR


LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_base) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_COLIBNAME	"coroutine"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_coroutine) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_TABLIBNAME	"table"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_table) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_IOLIBNAME	"io"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_io) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_OSLIBNAME	"os"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_os) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_STRLIBNAME	"string"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_string) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_UTF8LIBNAME	"utf8"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_utf8) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_MATHLIBNAME	"math"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_math) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_DBLIBNAME	"debug"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_debug) (lua_State *L);

#define LUA_LOADLIBNAME	"package"
LUAMOD_API int (luaopen_package) (lua_State *L);


/* open all previous libraries */
LUALIB_API void (luaL_openlibs) (lua_State *L);


#endif
#ifdef LUA_IMPL
/*
** $Id: llimits.h $
** Limits, basic types, and some other 'installation-dependent' definitions
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef llimits_h
#define llimits_h


#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>


/*#include "lua.h"*/


/*
** 'lu_mem' and 'l_mem' are unsigned/signed integers big enough to count
** the total memory used by Lua (in bytes). Usually, 'size_t' and
** 'ptrdiff_t' should work, but we use 'long' for 16-bit machines.
*/
#if defined(LUAI_MEM)		/* { external definitions? */
typedef LUAI_UMEM lu_mem;
typedef LUAI_MEM l_mem;
#elif LUAI_IS32INT	/* }{ */
typedef size_t lu_mem;
typedef ptrdiff_t l_mem;
#else  /* 16-bit ints */	/* }{ */
typedef unsigned long lu_mem;
typedef long l_mem;
#endif				/* } */


/* chars used as small naturals (so that 'char' is reserved for characters) */
typedef unsigned char lu_byte;
typedef signed char ls_byte;


/* maximum value for size_t */
#define MAX_SIZET	((size_t)(~(size_t)0))

/* maximum size visible for Lua (must be representable in a lua_Integer) */
#define MAX_SIZE	(sizeof(size_t) < sizeof(lua_Integer) ? MAX_SIZET \
                          : (size_t)(LUA_MAXINTEGER))


#define MAX_LUMEM	((lu_mem)(~(lu_mem)0))

#define MAX_LMEM	((l_mem)(MAX_LUMEM >> 1))


#define MAX_INT		INT_MAX  /* maximum value of an int */


/*
** floor of the log2 of the maximum signed value for integral type 't'.
** (That is, maximum 'n' such that '2^n' fits in the given signed type.)
*/
#define log2maxs(t)	(sizeof(t) * 8 - 2)


/*
** test whether an unsigned value is a power of 2 (or zero)
*/
#define ispow2(x)	(((x) & ((x) - 1)) == 0)


/* number of chars of a literal string without the ending \0 */
#define LL(x)   (sizeof(x)/sizeof(char) - 1)


/*
** conversion of pointer to unsigned integer:
** this is for hashing only; there is no problem if the integer
** cannot hold the whole pointer value
*/
#define point2uint(p)	((unsigned int)((size_t)(p) & UINT_MAX))



/* types of 'usual argument conversions' for lua_Number and lua_Integer */
typedef LUAI_UACNUMBER l_uacNumber;
typedef LUAI_UACINT l_uacInt;


/*
** Internal assertions for in-house debugging
*/
#if defined LUAI_ASSERT
#undef NDEBUG
#include <assert.h>
#define lua_assert(c)           assert(c)
#endif

#if defined(lua_assert)
#define check_exp(c,e)		(lua_assert(c), (e))
/* to avoid problems with conditions too long */
#define lua_longassert(c)	((c) ? (void)0 : lua_assert(0))
#else
#define lua_assert(c)		((void)0)
#define check_exp(c,e)		(e)
#define lua_longassert(c)	((void)0)
#endif

/*
** assertion for checking API calls
*/
#if !defined(luai_apicheck)
#define luai_apicheck(l,e)	((void)l, lua_assert(e))
#endif

#define api_check(l,e,msg)	luai_apicheck(l,(e) && msg)


/* macro to avoid warnings about unused variables */
#if !defined(UNUSED)
#define UNUSED(x)	((void)(x))
#endif


/* type casts (a macro highlights casts in the code) */
#define cast(t, exp)	((t)(exp))

#define cast_void(i)	cast(void, (i))
#define cast_voidp(i)	cast(void *, (i))
#define cast_num(i)	cast(lua_Number, (i))
#define cast_int(i)	cast(int, (i))
#define cast_uint(i)	cast(unsigned int, (i))
#define cast_byte(i)	cast(lu_byte, (i))
#define cast_uchar(i)	cast(unsigned char, (i))
#define cast_char(i)	cast(char, (i))
#define cast_charp(i)	cast(char *, (i))
#define cast_sizet(i)	cast(size_t, (i))


/* cast a signed lua_Integer to lua_Unsigned */
#if !defined(l_castS2U)
#define l_castS2U(i)	((lua_Unsigned)(i))
#endif

/*
** cast a lua_Unsigned to a signed lua_Integer; this cast is
** not strict ISO C, but two-complement architectures should
** work fine.
*/
#if !defined(l_castU2S)
#define l_castU2S(i)	((lua_Integer)(i))
#endif


/*
** non-return type
*/
#if !defined(l_noret)

#if defined(__GNUC__)
#define l_noret		void __attribute__((noreturn))
#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1200
#define l_noret		void __declspec(noreturn)
#else
#define l_noret		void
#endif

#endif


/*
** Inline functions
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#define l_inline	inline
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
#define l_inline	__inline__
#else
#define l_inline	/* empty */
#endif

#define l_sinline	static l_inline


/*
** type for virtual-machine instructions;
** must be an unsigned with (at least) 4 bytes (see details in lopcodes.h)
*/
#if LUAI_IS32INT
typedef unsigned int l_uint32;
#else
typedef unsigned long l_uint32;
#endif

typedef l_uint32 Instruction;



/*
** Maximum length for short strings, that is, strings that are
** internalized. (Cannot be smaller than reserved words or tags for
** metamethods, as these strings must be internalized;
** #("function") = 8, #("__newindex") = 10.)
*/
#if !defined(LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN)
#define LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN	40
#endif


/*
** Initial size for the string table (must be power of 2).
** The Lua core alone registers ~50 strings (reserved words +
** metaevent keys + a few others). Libraries would typically add
** a few dozens more.
*/
#if !defined(MINSTRTABSIZE)
#define MINSTRTABSIZE	128
#endif


/*
** Size of cache for strings in the API. 'N' is the number of
** sets (better be a prime) and "M" is the size of each set (M == 1
** makes a direct cache.)
*/
#if !defined(STRCACHE_N)
#define STRCACHE_N		53
#define STRCACHE_M		2
#endif


/* minimum size for string buffer */
#if !defined(LUA_MINBUFFER)
#define LUA_MINBUFFER	32
#endif


/*
** Maximum depth for nested C calls, syntactical nested non-terminals,
** and other features implemented through recursion in C. (Value must
** fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer. It must also be compatible with
** the size of the C stack.)
*/
#if !defined(LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
#define LUAI_MAXCCALLS		200
#endif


/*
** macros that are executed whenever program enters the Lua core
** ('lua_lock') and leaves the core ('lua_unlock')
*/
#if !defined(lua_lock)
#define lua_lock(L)	((void) 0)
#define lua_unlock(L)	((void) 0)
#endif

/*
** macro executed during Lua functions at points where the
** function can yield.
*/
#if !defined(luai_threadyield)
#define luai_threadyield(L)	{lua_unlock(L); lua_lock(L);}
#endif


/*
** these macros allow user-specific actions when a thread is
** created/deleted/resumed/yielded.
*/
#if !defined(luai_userstateopen)
#define luai_userstateopen(L)		((void)L)
#endif

#if !defined(luai_userstateclose)
#define luai_userstateclose(L)		((void)L)
#endif

#if !defined(luai_userstatethread)
#define luai_userstatethread(L,L1)	((void)L)
#endif

#if !defined(luai_userstatefree)
#define luai_userstatefree(L,L1)	((void)L)
#endif

#if !defined(luai_userstateresume)
#define luai_userstateresume(L,n)	((void)L)
#endif

#if !defined(luai_userstateyield)
#define luai_userstateyield(L,n)	((void)L)
#endif



/*
** The luai_num* macros define the primitive operations over numbers.
*/

/* floor division (defined as 'floor(a/b)') */
#if !defined(luai_numidiv)
#define luai_numidiv(L,a,b)     ((void)L, l_floor(luai_numdiv(L,a,b)))
#endif

/* float division */
#if !defined(luai_numdiv)
#define luai_numdiv(L,a,b)      ((a)/(b))
#endif

/*
** modulo: defined as 'a - floor(a/b)*b'; the direct computation
** using this definition has several problems with rounding errors,
** so it is better to use 'fmod'. 'fmod' gives the result of
** 'a - trunc(a/b)*b', and therefore must be corrected when
** 'trunc(a/b) ~= floor(a/b)'. That happens when the division has a
** non-integer negative result: non-integer result is equivalent to
** a non-zero remainder 'm'; negative result is equivalent to 'a' and
** 'b' with different signs, or 'm' and 'b' with different signs
** (as the result 'm' of 'fmod' has the same sign of 'a').
*/
#if !defined(luai_nummod)
#define luai_nummod(L,a,b,m)  \
  { (void)L; (m) = l_mathop(fmod)(a,b); \
    if (((m) > 0) ? (b) < 0 : ((m) < 0 && (b) > 0)) (m) += (b); }
#endif

/* exponentiation */
#if !defined(luai_numpow)
#define luai_numpow(L,a,b)  \
  ((void)L, (b == 2) ? (a)*(a) : l_mathop(pow)(a,b))
#endif

/* the others are quite standard operations */
#if !defined(luai_numadd)
#define luai_numadd(L,a,b)      ((a)+(b))
#define luai_numsub(L,a,b)      ((a)-(b))
#define luai_nummul(L,a,b)      ((a)*(b))
#define luai_numunm(L,a)        (-(a))
#define luai_numeq(a,b)         ((a)==(b))
#define luai_numlt(a,b)         ((a)<(b))
#define luai_numle(a,b)         ((a)<=(b))
#define luai_numgt(a,b)         ((a)>(b))
#define luai_numge(a,b)         ((a)>=(b))
#define luai_numisnan(a)        (!luai_numeq((a), (a)))
#endif





/*
** macro to control inclusion of some hard tests on stack reallocation
*/
#if !defined(HARDSTACKTESTS)
#define condmovestack(L,pre,pos)	((void)0)
#else
/* realloc stack keeping its size */
#define condmovestack(L,pre,pos)  \
  { int sz_ = stacksize(L); pre; luaD_reallocstack((L), sz_, 0); pos; }
#endif

#if !defined(HARDMEMTESTS)
#define condchangemem(L,pre,pos)	((void)0)
#else
#define condchangemem(L,pre,pos)  \
	{ if (gcrunning(G(L))) { pre; luaC_fullgc(L, 0); pos; } }
#endif

#endif
/*
** $Id: lobject.h $
** Type definitions for Lua objects
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#ifndef lobject_h
#define lobject_h


#include <stdarg.h>


/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lua.h"*/


/*
** Extra types for collectable non-values
*/
#define LUA_TUPVAL	LUA_NUMTYPES  /* upvalues */
#define LUA_TPROTO	(LUA_NUMTYPES+1)  /* function prototypes */
#define LUA_TDEADKEY	(LUA_NUMTYPES+2)  /* removed keys in tables */



/*
** number of all possible types (including LUA_TNONE but excluding DEADKEY)
*/
#define LUA_TOTALTYPES		(LUA_TPROTO + 2)


/*
** tags for Tagged Values have the following use of bits:
** bits 0-3: actual tag (a LUA_T* constant)
** bits 4-5: variant bits
** bit 6: whether value is collectable
*/

/* add variant bits to a type */
#define makevariant(t,v)	((t) | ((v) << 4))



/*
** Union of all Lua values
*/
typedef union Value {
  struct GCObject *gc;    /* collectable objects */
  void *p;         /* light userdata */
  lua_CFunction f; /* light C functions */
  lua_Integer i;   /* integer numbers */
  lua_Number n;    /* float numbers */
} Value;


/*
** Tagged Values. This is the basic representation of values in Lua:
** an actual value plus a tag with its type.
*/

#define TValuefields	Value value_; lu_byte tt_

typedef struct TValue {
  TValuefields;
} TValue;


#define val_(o)		((o)->value_)
#define valraw(o)	(val_(o))


/* raw type tag of a TValue */
#define rawtt(o)	((o)->tt_)

/* tag with no variants (bits 0-3) */
#define novariant(t)	((t) & 0x0F)

/* type tag of a TValue (bits 0-3 for tags + variant bits 4-5) */
#define withvariant(t)	((t) & 0x3F)
#define ttypetag(o)	withvariant(rawtt(o))

/* type of a TValue */
#define ttype(o)	(novariant(rawtt(o)))


/* Macros to test type */
#define checktag(o,t)		(rawtt(o) == (t))
#define checktype(o,t)		(ttype(o) == (t))


/* Macros for internal tests */

/* collectable object has the same tag as the original value */
#define righttt(obj)		(ttypetag(obj) == gcvalue(obj)->tt)

/*
** Any value being manipulated by the program either is non
** collectable, or the collectable object has the right tag
** and it is not dead. The option 'L == NULL' allows other
** macros using this one to be used where L is not available.
*/
#define checkliveness(L,obj) \
	((void)L, lua_longassert(!iscollectable(obj) || \
		(righttt(obj) && (L == NULL || !isdead(G(L),gcvalue(obj))))))


/* Macros to set values */

/* set a value's tag */
#define settt_(o,t)	((o)->tt_=(t))


/* main macro to copy values (from 'obj2' to 'obj1') */
#define setobj(L,obj1,obj2) \
	{ TValue *io1=(obj1); const TValue *io2=(obj2); \
          io1->value_ = io2->value_; settt_(io1, io2->tt_); \
	  checkliveness(L,io1); lua_assert(!isnonstrictnil(io1)); }

/*
** Different types of assignments, according to source and destination.
** (They are mostly equal now, but may be different in the future.)
*/

/* from stack to stack */
#define setobjs2s(L,o1,o2)	setobj(L,s2v(o1),s2v(o2))
/* to stack (not from same stack) */
#define setobj2s(L,o1,o2)	setobj(L,s2v(o1),o2)
/* from table to same table */
#define setobjt2t	setobj
/* to new object */
#define setobj2n	setobj
/* to table */
#define setobj2t	setobj


/*
** Entries in a Lua stack. Field 'tbclist' forms a list of all
** to-be-closed variables active in this stack. Dummy entries are
** used when the distance between two tbc variables does not fit
** in an unsigned short. They are represented by delta==0, and
** their real delta is always the maximum value that fits in
** that field.
*/
typedef union StackValue {
  TValue val;
  struct {
    TValuefields;
    unsigned short delta;
  } tbclist;
} StackValue;


/* index to stack elements */
typedef StackValue *StkId;

/* convert a 'StackValue' to a 'TValue' */
#define s2v(o)	(&(o)->val)



/*
** {==================================================================
** Nil
** ===================================================================
*/

/* Standard nil */
#define LUA_VNIL	makevariant(LUA_TNIL, 0)

/* Empty slot (which might be different from a slot containing nil) */
#define LUA_VEMPTY	makevariant(LUA_TNIL, 1)

/* Value returned for a key not found in a table (absent key) */
#define LUA_VABSTKEY	makevariant(LUA_TNIL, 2)


/* macro to test for (any kind of) nil */
#define ttisnil(v)		checktype((v), LUA_TNIL)


/* macro to test for a standard nil */
#define ttisstrictnil(o)	checktag((o), LUA_VNIL)


#define setnilvalue(obj) settt_(obj, LUA_VNIL)


#define isabstkey(v)		checktag((v), LUA_VABSTKEY)


/*
** macro to detect non-standard nils (used only in assertions)
*/
#define isnonstrictnil(v)	(ttisnil(v) && !ttisstrictnil(v))


/*
** By default, entries with any kind of nil are considered empty.
** (In any definition, values associated with absent keys must also
** be accepted as empty.)
*/
#define isempty(v)		ttisnil(v)


/* macro defining a value corresponding to an absent key */
#define ABSTKEYCONSTANT		{NULL}, LUA_VABSTKEY


/* mark an entry as empty */
#define setempty(v)		settt_(v, LUA_VEMPTY)



/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Booleans
** ===================================================================
*/


#define LUA_VFALSE	makevariant(LUA_TBOOLEAN, 0)
#define LUA_VTRUE	makevariant(LUA_TBOOLEAN, 1)

#define ttisboolean(o)		checktype((o), LUA_TBOOLEAN)
#define ttisfalse(o)		checktag((o), LUA_VFALSE)
#define ttistrue(o)		checktag((o), LUA_VTRUE)


#define l_isfalse(o)	(ttisfalse(o) || ttisnil(o))


#define setbfvalue(obj)		settt_(obj, LUA_VFALSE)
#define setbtvalue(obj)		settt_(obj, LUA_VTRUE)

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Threads
** ===================================================================
*/

#define LUA_VTHREAD		makevariant(LUA_TTHREAD, 0)

#define ttisthread(o)		checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VTHREAD))

#define thvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisthread(o), gco2th(val_(o).gc))

#define setthvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); lua_State *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_VTHREAD)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }

#define setthvalue2s(L,o,t)	setthvalue(L,s2v(o),t)

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Collectable Objects
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** Common Header for all collectable objects (in macro form, to be
** included in other objects)
*/
#define CommonHeader	struct GCObject *next; lu_byte tt; lu_byte marked


/* Common type for all collectable objects */
typedef struct GCObject {
  CommonHeader;
} GCObject;


/* Bit mark for collectable types */
#define BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE	(1 << 6)

#define iscollectable(o)	(rawtt(o) & BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE)

/* mark a tag as collectable */
#define ctb(t)			((t) | BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE)

#define gcvalue(o)	check_exp(iscollectable(o), val_(o).gc)

#define gcvalueraw(v)	((v).gc)

#define setgcovalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); GCObject *i_g=(x); \
    val_(io).gc = i_g; settt_(io, ctb(i_g->tt)); }

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Numbers
** ===================================================================
*/

/* Variant tags for numbers */
#define LUA_VNUMINT	makevariant(LUA_TNUMBER, 0)  /* integer numbers */
#define LUA_VNUMFLT	makevariant(LUA_TNUMBER, 1)  /* float numbers */

#define ttisnumber(o)		checktype((o), LUA_TNUMBER)
#define ttisfloat(o)		checktag((o), LUA_VNUMFLT)
#define ttisinteger(o)		checktag((o), LUA_VNUMINT)

#define nvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisnumber(o), \
	(ttisinteger(o) ? cast_num(ivalue(o)) : fltvalue(o)))
#define fltvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisfloat(o), val_(o).n)
#define ivalue(o)	check_exp(ttisinteger(o), val_(o).i)

#define fltvalueraw(v)	((v).n)
#define ivalueraw(v)	((v).i)

#define setfltvalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).n=(x); settt_(io, LUA_VNUMFLT); }

#define chgfltvalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); lua_assert(ttisfloat(io)); val_(io).n=(x); }

#define setivalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).i=(x); settt_(io, LUA_VNUMINT); }

#define chgivalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); lua_assert(ttisinteger(io)); val_(io).i=(x); }

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Strings
** ===================================================================
*/

/* Variant tags for strings */
#define LUA_VSHRSTR	makevariant(LUA_TSTRING, 0)  /* short strings */
#define LUA_VLNGSTR	makevariant(LUA_TSTRING, 1)  /* long strings */

#define ttisstring(o)		checktype((o), LUA_TSTRING)
#define ttisshrstring(o)	checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VSHRSTR))
#define ttislngstring(o)	checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VLNGSTR))

#define tsvalueraw(v)	(gco2ts((v).gc))

#define tsvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisstring(o), gco2ts(val_(o).gc))

#define setsvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); TString *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(x_->tt)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }

/* set a string to the stack */
#define setsvalue2s(L,o,s)	setsvalue(L,s2v(o),s)

/* set a string to a new object */
#define setsvalue2n	setsvalue


/*
** Header for a string value.
*/
typedef struct TString {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte extra;  /* reserved words for short strings; "has hash" for longs */
  lu_byte shrlen;  /* length for short strings */
  unsigned int hash;
  union {
    size_t lnglen;  /* length for long strings */
    struct TString *hnext;  /* linked list for hash table */
  } u;
  char contents[1];
} TString;



/*
** Get the actual string (array of bytes) from a 'TString'.
*/
#define getstr(ts)  ((ts)->contents)


/* get the actual string (array of bytes) from a Lua value */
#define svalue(o)       getstr(tsvalue(o))

/* get string length from 'TString *s' */
#define tsslen(s)	((s)->tt == LUA_VSHRSTR ? (s)->shrlen : (s)->u.lnglen)

/* get string length from 'TValue *o' */
#define vslen(o)	tsslen(tsvalue(o))

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Userdata
** ===================================================================
*/


/*
** Light userdata should be a variant of userdata, but for compatibility
** reasons they are also different types.
*/
#define LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA	makevariant(LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA, 0)

#define LUA_VUSERDATA		makevariant(LUA_TUSERDATA, 0)

#define ttislightuserdata(o)	checktag((o), LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA)
#define ttisfulluserdata(o)	checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VUSERDATA))

#define pvalue(o)	check_exp(ttislightuserdata(o), val_(o).p)
#define uvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisfulluserdata(o), gco2u(val_(o).gc))

#define pvalueraw(v)	((v).p)

#define setpvalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).p=(x); settt_(io, LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA); }

#define setuvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); Udata *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_VUSERDATA)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }


/* Ensures that addresses after this type are always fully aligned. */
typedef union UValue {
  TValue uv;
  LUAI_MAXALIGN;  /* ensures maximum alignment for udata bytes */
} UValue;


/*
** Header for userdata with user values;
** memory area follows the end of this structure.
*/
typedef struct Udata {
  CommonHeader;
  unsigned short nuvalue;  /* number of user values */
  size_t len;  /* number of bytes */
  struct Table *metatable;
  GCObject *gclist;
  UValue uv[1];  /* user values */
} Udata;


/*
** Header for userdata with no user values. These userdata do not need
** to be gray during GC, and therefore do not need a 'gclist' field.
** To simplify, the code always use 'Udata' for both kinds of userdata,
** making sure it never accesses 'gclist' on userdata with no user values.
** This structure here is used only to compute the correct size for
** this representation. (The 'bindata' field in its end ensures correct
** alignment for binary data following this header.)
*/
typedef struct Udata0 {
  CommonHeader;
  unsigned short nuvalue;  /* number of user values */
  size_t len;  /* number of bytes */
  struct Table *metatable;
  union {LUAI_MAXALIGN;} bindata;
} Udata0;


/* compute the offset of the memory area of a userdata */
#define udatamemoffset(nuv) \
	((nuv) == 0 ? offsetof(Udata0, bindata)  \
                    : offsetof(Udata, uv) + (sizeof(UValue) * (nuv)))

/* get the address of the memory block inside 'Udata' */
#define getudatamem(u)	(cast_charp(u) + udatamemoffset((u)->nuvalue))

/* compute the size of a userdata */
#define sizeudata(nuv,nb)	(udatamemoffset(nuv) + (nb))

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Prototypes
** ===================================================================
*/

#define LUA_VPROTO	makevariant(LUA_TPROTO, 0)


/*
** Description of an upvalue for function prototypes
*/
typedef struct Upvaldesc {
  TString *name;  /* upvalue name (for debug information) */
  lu_byte instack;  /* whether it is in stack (register) */
  lu_byte idx;  /* index of upvalue (in stack or in outer function's list) */
  lu_byte kind;  /* kind of corresponding variable */
} Upvaldesc;


/*
** Description of a local variable for function prototypes
** (used for debug information)
*/
typedef struct LocVar {
  TString *varname;
  int startpc;  /* first point where variable is active */
  int endpc;    /* first point where variable is dead */
} LocVar;


/*
** Associates the absolute line source for a given instruction ('pc').
** The array 'lineinfo' gives, for each instruction, the difference in
** lines from the previous instruction. When that difference does not
** fit into a byte, Lua saves the absolute line for that instruction.
** (Lua also saves the absolute line periodically, to speed up the
** computation of a line number: we can use binary search in the
** absolute-line array, but we must traverse the 'lineinfo' array
** linearly to compute a line.)
*/
typedef struct AbsLineInfo {
  int pc;
  int line;
} AbsLineInfo;

/*
** Function Prototypes
*/
typedef struct Proto {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte numparams;  /* number of fixed (named) parameters */
  lu_byte is_vararg;
  lu_byte maxstacksize;  /* number of registers needed by this function */
  int sizeupvalues;  /* size of 'upvalues' */
  int sizek;  /* size of 'k' */
  int sizecode;
  int sizelineinfo;
  int sizep;  /* size of 'p' */
  int sizelocvars;
  int sizeabslineinfo;  /* size of 'abslineinfo' */
  int linedefined;  /* debug information  */
  int lastlinedefined;  /* debug information  */
  TValue *k;  /* constants used by the function */
  Instruction *code;  /* opcodes */
  struct Proto **p;  /* functions defined inside the function */
  Upvaldesc *upvalues;  /* upvalue information */
  ls_byte *lineinfo;  /* information about source lines (debug information) */
  AbsLineInfo *abslineinfo;  /* idem */
  LocVar *locvars;  /* information about local variables (debug information) */
  TString  *source;  /* used for debug information */
  GCObject *gclist;
} Proto;

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Functions
** ===================================================================
*/

#define LUA_VUPVAL	makevariant(LUA_TUPVAL, 0)


/* Variant tags for functions */
#define LUA_VLCL	makevariant(LUA_TFUNCTION, 0)  /* Lua closure */
#define LUA_VLCF	makevariant(LUA_TFUNCTION, 1)  /* light C function */
#define LUA_VCCL	makevariant(LUA_TFUNCTION, 2)  /* C closure */

#define ttisfunction(o)		checktype(o, LUA_TFUNCTION)
#define ttisLclosure(o)		checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VLCL))
#define ttislcf(o)		checktag((o), LUA_VLCF)
#define ttisCclosure(o)		checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VCCL))
#define ttisclosure(o)         (ttisLclosure(o) || ttisCclosure(o))


#define isLfunction(o)	ttisLclosure(o)

#define clvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisclosure(o), gco2cl(val_(o).gc))
#define clLvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisLclosure(o), gco2lcl(val_(o).gc))
#define fvalue(o)	check_exp(ttislcf(o), val_(o).f)
#define clCvalue(o)	check_exp(ttisCclosure(o), gco2ccl(val_(o).gc))

#define fvalueraw(v)	((v).f)

#define setclLvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); LClosure *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_VLCL)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }

#define setclLvalue2s(L,o,cl)	setclLvalue(L,s2v(o),cl)

#define setfvalue(obj,x) \
  { TValue *io=(obj); val_(io).f=(x); settt_(io, LUA_VLCF); }

#define setclCvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); CClosure *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_VCCL)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }


/*
** Upvalues for Lua closures
*/
typedef struct UpVal {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte tbc;  /* true if it represents a to-be-closed variable */
  TValue *v;  /* points to stack or to its own value */
  union {
    struct {  /* (when open) */
      struct UpVal *next;  /* linked list */
      struct UpVal **previous;
    } open;
    TValue value;  /* the value (when closed) */
  } u;
} UpVal;



#define ClosureHeader \
	CommonHeader; lu_byte nupvalues; GCObject *gclist

typedef struct CClosure {
  ClosureHeader;
  lua_CFunction f;
  TValue upvalue[1];  /* list of upvalues */
} CClosure;


typedef struct LClosure {
  ClosureHeader;
  struct Proto *p;
  UpVal *upvals[1];  /* list of upvalues */
} LClosure;


typedef union Closure {
  CClosure c;
  LClosure l;
} Closure;


#define getproto(o)	(clLvalue(o)->p)

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Tables
** ===================================================================
*/

#define LUA_VTABLE	makevariant(LUA_TTABLE, 0)

#define ttistable(o)		checktag((o), ctb(LUA_VTABLE))

#define hvalue(o)	check_exp(ttistable(o), gco2t(val_(o).gc))

#define sethvalue(L,obj,x) \
  { TValue *io = (obj); Table *x_ = (x); \
    val_(io).gc = obj2gco(x_); settt_(io, ctb(LUA_VTABLE)); \
    checkliveness(L,io); }

#define sethvalue2s(L,o,h)	sethvalue(L,s2v(o),h)


/*
** Nodes for Hash tables: A pack of two TValue's (key-value pairs)
** plus a 'next' field to link colliding entries. The distribution
** of the key's fields ('key_tt' and 'key_val') not forming a proper
** 'TValue' allows for a smaller size for 'Node' both in 4-byte
** and 8-byte alignments.
*/
typedef union Node {
  struct NodeKey {
    TValuefields;  /* fields for value */
    lu_byte key_tt;  /* key type */
    int next;  /* for chaining */
    Value key_val;  /* key value */
  } u;
  TValue i_val;  /* direct access to node's value as a proper 'TValue' */
} Node;


/* copy a value into a key */
#define setnodekey(L,node,obj) \
	{ Node *n_=(node); const TValue *io_=(obj); \
	  n_->u.key_val = io_->value_; n_->u.key_tt = io_->tt_; \
	  checkliveness(L,io_); }


/* copy a value from a key */
#define getnodekey(L,obj,node) \
	{ TValue *io_=(obj); const Node *n_=(node); \
	  io_->value_ = n_->u.key_val; io_->tt_ = n_->u.key_tt; \
	  checkliveness(L,io_); }


/*
** About 'alimit': if 'isrealasize(t)' is true, then 'alimit' is the
** real size of 'array'. Otherwise, the real size of 'array' is the
** smallest power of two not smaller than 'alimit' (or zero iff 'alimit'
** is zero); 'alimit' is then used as a hint for #t.
*/

#define BITRAS		(1 << 7)
#define isrealasize(t)		(!((t)->flags & BITRAS))
#define setrealasize(t)		((t)->flags &= cast_byte(~BITRAS))
#define setnorealasize(t)	((t)->flags |= BITRAS)


typedef struct Table {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte flags;  /* 1<<p means tagmethod(p) is not present */
  lu_byte lsizenode;  /* log2 of size of 'node' array */
  unsigned int alimit;  /* "limit" of 'array' array */
  TValue *array;  /* array part */
  Node *node;
  Node *lastfree;  /* any free position is before this position */
  struct Table *metatable;
  GCObject *gclist;
} Table;


/*
** Macros to manipulate keys inserted in nodes
*/
#define keytt(node)		((node)->u.key_tt)
#define keyval(node)		((node)->u.key_val)

#define keyisnil(node)		(keytt(node) == LUA_TNIL)
#define keyisinteger(node)	(keytt(node) == LUA_VNUMINT)
#define keyival(node)		(keyval(node).i)
#define keyisshrstr(node)	(keytt(node) == ctb(LUA_VSHRSTR))
#define keystrval(node)		(gco2ts(keyval(node).gc))

#define setnilkey(node)		(keytt(node) = LUA_TNIL)

#define keyiscollectable(n)	(keytt(n) & BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE)

#define gckey(n)	(keyval(n).gc)
#define gckeyN(n)	(keyiscollectable(n) ? gckey(n) : NULL)


/*
** Dead keys in tables have the tag DEADKEY but keep their original
** gcvalue. This distinguishes them from regular keys but allows them to
** be found when searched in a special way. ('next' needs that to find
** keys removed from a table during a traversal.)
*/
#define setdeadkey(node)	(keytt(node) = LUA_TDEADKEY)
#define keyisdead(node)		(keytt(node) == LUA_TDEADKEY)

/* }================================================================== */



/*
** 'module' operation for hashing (size is always a power of 2)
*/
#define lmod(s,size) \
	(check_exp((size&(size-1))==0, (cast_int((s) & ((size)-1)))))


#define twoto(x)	(1<<(x))
#define sizenode(t)	(twoto((t)->lsizenode))


/* size of buffer for 'luaO_utf8esc' function */
#define UTF8BUFFSZ	8

LUAI_FUNC int luaO_utf8esc (char *buff, unsigned long x);
LUAI_FUNC int luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x);
LUAI_FUNC int luaO_rawarith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1,
                             const TValue *p2, TValue *res);
LUAI_FUNC void luaO_arith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1,
                           const TValue *p2, StkId res);
LUAI_FUNC size_t luaO_str2num (const char *s, TValue *o);
LUAI_FUNC int luaO_hexavalue (int c);
LUAI_FUNC void luaO_tostring (lua_State *L, TValue *obj);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                                       va_list argp);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
LUAI_FUNC void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, size_t srclen);


#endif

/*
** $Id: lmem.h $
** Interface to Memory Manager
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lmem_h
#define lmem_h


#include <stddef.h>

/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lua.h"*/


#define luaM_error(L)	luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRMEM)


/*
** This macro tests whether it is safe to multiply 'n' by the size of
** type 't' without overflows. Because 'e' is always constant, it avoids
** the runtime division MAX_SIZET/(e).
** (The macro is somewhat complex to avoid warnings:  The 'sizeof'
** comparison avoids a runtime comparison when overflow cannot occur.
** The compiler should be able to optimize the real test by itself, but
** when it does it, it may give a warning about "comparison is always
** false due to limited range of data type"; the +1 tricks the compiler,
** avoiding this warning but also this optimization.)
*/
#define luaM_testsize(n,e)  \
	(sizeof(n) >= sizeof(size_t) && cast_sizet((n)) + 1 > MAX_SIZET/(e))

#define luaM_checksize(L,n,e)  \
	(luaM_testsize(n,e) ? luaM_toobig(L) : cast_void(0))


/*
** Computes the minimum between 'n' and 'MAX_SIZET/sizeof(t)', so that
** the result is not larger than 'n' and cannot overflow a 'size_t'
** when multiplied by the size of type 't'. (Assumes that 'n' is an
** 'int' or 'unsigned int' and that 'int' is not larger than 'size_t'.)
*/
#define luaM_limitN(n,t)  \
  ((cast_sizet(n) <= MAX_SIZET/sizeof(t)) ? (n) :  \
     cast_uint((MAX_SIZET/sizeof(t))))


/*
** Arrays of chars do not need any test
*/
#define luaM_reallocvchar(L,b,on,n)  \
  cast_charp(luaM_saferealloc_(L, (b), (on)*sizeof(char), (n)*sizeof(char)))

#define luaM_freemem(L, b, s)	luaM_free_(L, (b), (s))
#define luaM_free(L, b)		luaM_free_(L, (b), sizeof(*(b)))
#define luaM_freearray(L, b, n)   luaM_free_(L, (b), (n)*sizeof(*(b)))

#define luaM_new(L,t)		cast(t*, luaM_malloc_(L, sizeof(t), 0))
#define luaM_newvector(L,n,t)	cast(t*, luaM_malloc_(L, (n)*sizeof(t), 0))
#define luaM_newvectorchecked(L,n,t) \
  (luaM_checksize(L,n,sizeof(t)), luaM_newvector(L,n,t))

#define luaM_newobject(L,tag,s)	luaM_malloc_(L, (s), tag)

#define luaM_growvector(L,v,nelems,size,t,limit,e) \
	((v)=cast(t *, luaM_growaux_(L,v,nelems,&(size),sizeof(t), \
                         luaM_limitN(limit,t),e)))

#define luaM_reallocvector(L, v,oldn,n,t) \
   (cast(t *, luaM_realloc_(L, v, cast_sizet(oldn) * sizeof(t), \
                                  cast_sizet(n) * sizeof(t))))

#define luaM_shrinkvector(L,v,size,fs,t) \
   ((v)=cast(t *, luaM_shrinkvector_(L, v, &(size), fs, sizeof(t))))

LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaM_toobig (lua_State *L);

/* not to be called directly */
LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t oldsize,
                                                          size_t size);
LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_saferealloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t oldsize,
                                                              size_t size);
LUAI_FUNC void luaM_free_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize);
LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int nelems,
                               int *size, int size_elem, int limit,
                               const char *what);
LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_shrinkvector_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *nelem,
                                    int final_n, int size_elem);
LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_malloc_ (lua_State *L, size_t size, int tag);

#endif

/*
** $Id: ltm.h $
** Tag methods
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef ltm_h
#define ltm_h


/*#include "lobject.h"*/


/*
* WARNING: if you change the order of this enumeration,
* grep "ORDER TM" and "ORDER OP"
*/
typedef enum {
  TM_INDEX,
  TM_NEWINDEX,
  TM_GC,
  TM_MODE,
  TM_LEN,
  TM_EQ,  /* last tag method with fast access */
  TM_ADD,
  TM_SUB,
  TM_MUL,
  TM_MOD,
  TM_POW,
  TM_DIV,
  TM_IDIV,
  TM_BAND,
  TM_BOR,
  TM_BXOR,
  TM_SHL,
  TM_SHR,
  TM_UNM,
  TM_BNOT,
  TM_LT,
  TM_LE,
  TM_CONCAT,
  TM_CALL,
  TM_CLOSE,
  TM_N		/* number of elements in the enum */
} TMS;


/*
** Mask with 1 in all fast-access methods. A 1 in any of these bits
** in the flag of a (meta)table means the metatable does not have the
** corresponding metamethod field. (Bit 7 of the flag is used for
** 'isrealasize'.)
*/
#define maskflags	(~(~0u << (TM_EQ + 1)))


/*
** Test whether there is no tagmethod.
** (Because tagmethods use raw accesses, the result may be an "empty" nil.)
*/
#define notm(tm)	ttisnil(tm)


#define gfasttm(g,et,e) ((et) == NULL ? NULL : \
  ((et)->flags & (1u<<(e))) ? NULL : luaT_gettm(et, e, (g)->tmname[e]))

#define fasttm(l,et,e)	gfasttm(G(l), et, e)

#define ttypename(x)	luaT_typenames_[(x) + 1]

LUAI_DDEC(const char *const luaT_typenames_[LUA_TOTALTYPES];)


LUAI_FUNC const char *luaT_objtypename (lua_State *L, const TValue *o);

LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaT_gettm (Table *events, TMS event, TString *ename);
LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaT_gettmbyobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *o,
                                                       TMS event);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_init (lua_State *L);

LUAI_FUNC void luaT_callTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *f, const TValue *p1,
                            const TValue *p2, const TValue *p3);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_callTMres (lua_State *L, const TValue *f,
                            const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2, StkId p3);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_trybinTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                              StkId res, TMS event);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_tryconcatTM (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_trybinassocTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
       const TValue *p2, int inv, StkId res, TMS event);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_trybiniTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, lua_Integer i2,
                               int inv, StkId res, TMS event);
LUAI_FUNC int luaT_callorderTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                                const TValue *p2, TMS event);
LUAI_FUNC int luaT_callorderiTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, int v2,
                                 int inv, int isfloat, TMS event);

LUAI_FUNC void luaT_adjustvarargs (lua_State *L, int nfixparams,
                                   struct CallInfo *ci, const Proto *p);
LUAI_FUNC void luaT_getvarargs (lua_State *L, struct CallInfo *ci,
                                              StkId where, int wanted);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lstate.h $
** Global State
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lstate_h
#define lstate_h

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


/*
** Some notes about garbage-collected objects: All objects in Lua must
** be kept somehow accessible until being freed, so all objects always
** belong to one (and only one) of these lists, using field 'next' of
** the 'CommonHeader' for the link:
**
** 'allgc': all objects not marked for finalization;
** 'finobj': all objects marked for finalization;
** 'tobefnz': all objects ready to be finalized;
** 'fixedgc': all objects that are not to be collected (currently
** only small strings, such as reserved words).
**
** For the generational collector, some of these lists have marks for
** generations. Each mark points to the first element in the list for
** that particular generation; that generation goes until the next mark.
**
** 'allgc' -> 'survival': new objects;
** 'survival' -> 'old': objects that survived one collection;
** 'old1' -> 'reallyold': objects that became old in last collection;
** 'reallyold' -> NULL: objects old for more than one cycle.
**
** 'finobj' -> 'finobjsur': new objects marked for finalization;
** 'finobjsur' -> 'finobjold1': survived   """";
** 'finobjold1' -> 'finobjrold': just old  """";
** 'finobjrold' -> NULL: really old       """".
**
** All lists can contain elements older than their main ages, due
** to 'luaC_checkfinalizer' and 'udata2finalize', which move
** objects between the normal lists and the "marked for finalization"
** lists. Moreover, barriers can age young objects in young lists as
** OLD0, which then become OLD1. However, a list never contains
** elements younger than their main ages.
**
** The generational collector also uses a pointer 'firstold1', which
** points to the first OLD1 object in the list. It is used to optimize
** 'markold'. (Potentially OLD1 objects can be anywhere between 'allgc'
** and 'reallyold', but often the list has no OLD1 objects or they are
** after 'old1'.) Note the difference between it and 'old1':
** 'firstold1': no OLD1 objects before this point; there can be all
**   ages after it.
** 'old1': no objects younger than OLD1 after this point.
*/

/*
** Moreover, there is another set of lists that control gray objects.
** These lists are linked by fields 'gclist'. (All objects that
** can become gray have such a field. The field is not the same
** in all objects, but it always has this name.)  Any gray object
** must belong to one of these lists, and all objects in these lists
** must be gray (with two exceptions explained below):
**
** 'gray': regular gray objects, still waiting to be visited.
** 'grayagain': objects that must be revisited at the atomic phase.
**   That includes
**   - black objects got in a write barrier;
**   - all kinds of weak tables during propagation phase;
**   - all threads.
** 'weak': tables with weak values to be cleared;
** 'ephemeron': ephemeron tables with white->white entries;
** 'allweak': tables with weak keys and/or weak values to be cleared.
**
** The exceptions to that "gray rule" are:
** - TOUCHED2 objects in generational mode stay in a gray list (because
** they must be visited again at the end of the cycle), but they are
** marked black because assignments to them must activate barriers (to
** move them back to TOUCHED1).
** - Open upvales are kept gray to avoid barriers, but they stay out
** of gray lists. (They don't even have a 'gclist' field.)
*/



/*
** About 'nCcalls':  This count has two parts: the lower 16 bits counts
** the number of recursive invocations in the C stack; the higher
** 16 bits counts the number of non-yieldable calls in the stack.
** (They are together so that we can change and save both with one
** instruction.)
*/


/* true if this thread does not have non-yieldable calls in the stack */
#define yieldable(L)		(((L)->nCcalls & 0xffff0000) == 0)

/* real number of C calls */
#define getCcalls(L)	((L)->nCcalls & 0xffff)


/* Increment the number of non-yieldable calls */
#define incnny(L)	((L)->nCcalls += 0x10000)

/* Decrement the number of non-yieldable calls */
#define decnny(L)	((L)->nCcalls -= 0x10000)

/* Non-yieldable call increment */
#define nyci	(0x10000 | 1)




struct lua_longjmp;  /* defined in ldo.c */


/*
** Atomic type (relative to signals) to better ensure that 'lua_sethook'
** is thread safe
*/
#if !defined(l_signalT)
#include <signal.h>
#define l_signalT	sig_atomic_t
#endif


/*
** Extra stack space to handle TM calls and some other extras. This
** space is not included in 'stack_last'. It is used only to avoid stack
** checks, either because the element will be promptly popped or because
** there will be a stack check soon after the push. Function frames
** never use this extra space, so it does not need to be kept clean.
*/
#define EXTRA_STACK   5


#define BASIC_STACK_SIZE        (2*LUA_MINSTACK)

#define stacksize(th)	cast_int((th)->stack_last - (th)->stack)


/* kinds of Garbage Collection */
#define KGC_INC		0	/* incremental gc */
#define KGC_GEN		1	/* generational gc */


typedef struct stringtable {
  TString **hash;
  int nuse;  /* number of elements */
  int size;
} stringtable;


/*
** Information about a call.
** About union 'u':
** - field 'l' is used only for Lua functions;
** - field 'c' is used only for C functions.
** About union 'u2':
** - field 'funcidx' is used only by C functions while doing a
** protected call;
** - field 'nyield' is used only while a function is "doing" an
** yield (from the yield until the next resume);
** - field 'nres' is used only while closing tbc variables when
** returning from a function;
** - field 'transferinfo' is used only during call/returnhooks,
** before the function starts or after it ends.
*/
typedef struct CallInfo {
  StkId func;  /* function index in the stack */
  StkId	top;  /* top for this function */
  struct CallInfo *previous, *next;  /* dynamic call link */
  union {
    struct {  /* only for Lua functions */
      const Instruction *savedpc;
      volatile l_signalT trap;
      int nextraargs;  /* # of extra arguments in vararg functions */
    } l;
    struct {  /* only for C functions */
      lua_KFunction k;  /* continuation in case of yields */
      ptrdiff_t old_errfunc;
      lua_KContext ctx;  /* context info. in case of yields */
    } c;
  } u;
  union {
    int funcidx;  /* called-function index */
    int nyield;  /* number of values yielded */
    int nres;  /* number of values returned */
    struct {  /* info about transferred values (for call/return hooks) */
      unsigned short ftransfer;  /* offset of first value transferred */
      unsigned short ntransfer;  /* number of values transferred */
    } transferinfo;
  } u2;
  short nresults;  /* expected number of results from this function */
  unsigned short callstatus;
} CallInfo;


/*
** Bits in CallInfo status
*/
#define CIST_OAH	(1<<0)	/* original value of 'allowhook' */
#define CIST_C		(1<<1)	/* call is running a C function */
#define CIST_FRESH	(1<<2)	/* call is on a fresh "luaV_execute" frame */
#define CIST_HOOKED	(1<<3)	/* call is running a debug hook */
#define CIST_YPCALL	(1<<4)	/* doing a yieldable protected call */
#define CIST_TAIL	(1<<5)	/* call was tail called */
#define CIST_HOOKYIELD	(1<<6)	/* last hook called yielded */
#define CIST_FIN	(1<<7)	/* function "called" a finalizer */
#define CIST_TRAN	(1<<8)	/* 'ci' has transfer information */
#define CIST_CLSRET	(1<<9)  /* function is closing tbc variables */
/* Bits 10-12 are used for CIST_RECST (see below) */
#define CIST_RECST	10
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE)
#define CIST_LEQ	(1<<13)  /* using __lt for __le */
#endif


/*
** Field CIST_RECST stores the "recover status", used to keep the error
** status while closing to-be-closed variables in coroutines, so that
** Lua can correctly resume after an yield from a __close method called
** because of an error.  (Three bits are enough for error status.)
*/
#define getcistrecst(ci)     (((ci)->callstatus >> CIST_RECST) & 7)
#define setcistrecst(ci,st)  \
  check_exp(((st) & 7) == (st),   /* status must fit in three bits */  \
            ((ci)->callstatus = ((ci)->callstatus & ~(7 << CIST_RECST))  \
                                                  | ((st) << CIST_RECST)))


/* active function is a Lua function */
#define isLua(ci)	(!((ci)->callstatus & CIST_C))

/* call is running Lua code (not a hook) */
#define isLuacode(ci)	(!((ci)->callstatus & (CIST_C | CIST_HOOKED)))

/* assume that CIST_OAH has offset 0 and that 'v' is strictly 0/1 */
#define setoah(st,v)	((st) = ((st) & ~CIST_OAH) | (v))
#define getoah(st)	((st) & CIST_OAH)


/*
** 'global state', shared by all threads of this state
*/
typedef struct global_State {
  lua_Alloc frealloc;  /* function to reallocate memory */
  void *ud;         /* auxiliary data to 'frealloc' */
  l_mem totalbytes;  /* number of bytes currently allocated - GCdebt */
  l_mem GCdebt;  /* bytes allocated not yet compensated by the collector */
  lu_mem GCestimate;  /* an estimate of the non-garbage memory in use */
  lu_mem lastatomic;  /* see function 'genstep' in file 'lgc.c' */
  stringtable strt;  /* hash table for strings */
  TValue l_registry;
  TValue nilvalue;  /* a nil value */
  unsigned int seed;  /* randomized seed for hashes */
  lu_byte currentwhite;
  lu_byte gcstate;  /* state of garbage collector */
  lu_byte gckind;  /* kind of GC running */
  lu_byte gcstopem;  /* stops emergency collections */
  lu_byte genminormul;  /* control for minor generational collections */
  lu_byte genmajormul;  /* control for major generational collections */
  lu_byte gcstp;  /* control whether GC is running */
  lu_byte gcemergency;  /* true if this is an emergency collection */
  lu_byte gcpause;  /* size of pause between successive GCs */
  lu_byte gcstepmul;  /* GC "speed" */
  lu_byte gcstepsize;  /* (log2 of) GC granularity */
  GCObject *allgc;  /* list of all collectable objects */
  GCObject **sweepgc;  /* current position of sweep in list */
  GCObject *finobj;  /* list of collectable objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *gray;  /* list of gray objects */
  GCObject *grayagain;  /* list of objects to be traversed atomically */
  GCObject *weak;  /* list of tables with weak values */
  GCObject *ephemeron;  /* list of ephemeron tables (weak keys) */
  GCObject *allweak;  /* list of all-weak tables */
  GCObject *tobefnz;  /* list of userdata to be GC */
  GCObject *fixedgc;  /* list of objects not to be collected */
  /* fields for generational collector */
  GCObject *survival;  /* start of objects that survived one GC cycle */
  GCObject *old1;  /* start of old1 objects */
  GCObject *reallyold;  /* objects more than one cycle old ("really old") */
  GCObject *firstold1;  /* first OLD1 object in the list (if any) */
  GCObject *finobjsur;  /* list of survival objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *finobjold1;  /* list of old1 objects with finalizers */
  GCObject *finobjrold;  /* list of really old objects with finalizers */
  struct lua_State *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues */
  lua_CFunction panic;  /* to be called in unprotected errors */
  struct lua_State *mainthread;
  TString *memerrmsg;  /* message for memory-allocation errors */
  TString *tmname[TM_N];  /* array with tag-method names */
  struct Table *mt[LUA_NUMTAGS];  /* metatables for basic types */
  TString *strcache[STRCACHE_N][STRCACHE_M];  /* cache for strings in API */
  lua_WarnFunction warnf;  /* warning function */
  void *ud_warn;         /* auxiliary data to 'warnf' */
} global_State;


/*
** 'per thread' state
*/
struct lua_State {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte status;
  lu_byte allowhook;
  unsigned short nci;  /* number of items in 'ci' list */
  StkId top;  /* first free slot in the stack */
  global_State *l_G;
  CallInfo *ci;  /* call info for current function */
  StkId stack_last;  /* end of stack (last element + 1) */
  StkId stack;  /* stack base */
  UpVal *openupval;  /* list of open upvalues in this stack */
  StkId tbclist;  /* list of to-be-closed variables */
  GCObject *gclist;
  struct lua_State *twups;  /* list of threads with open upvalues */
  struct lua_longjmp *errorJmp;  /* current error recover point */
  CallInfo base_ci;  /* CallInfo for first level (C calling Lua) */
  volatile lua_Hook hook;
  ptrdiff_t errfunc;  /* current error handling function (stack index) */
  l_uint32 nCcalls;  /* number of nested (non-yieldable | C)  calls */
  int oldpc;  /* last pc traced */
  int basehookcount;
  int hookcount;
  volatile l_signalT hookmask;
};


#define G(L)	(L->l_G)

/*
** 'g->nilvalue' being a nil value flags that the state was completely
** build.
*/
#define completestate(g)	ttisnil(&g->nilvalue)


/*
** Union of all collectable objects (only for conversions)
** ISO C99, 6.5.2.3 p.5:
** "if a union contains several structures that share a common initial
** sequence [...], and if the union object currently contains one
** of these structures, it is permitted to inspect the common initial
** part of any of them anywhere that a declaration of the complete type
** of the union is visible."
*/
union GCUnion {
  GCObject gc;  /* common header */
  struct TString ts;
  struct Udata u;
  union Closure cl;
  struct Table h;
  struct Proto p;
  struct lua_State th;  /* thread */
  struct UpVal upv;
};


/*
** ISO C99, 6.7.2.1 p.14:
** "A pointer to a union object, suitably converted, points to each of
** its members [...], and vice versa."
*/
#define cast_u(o)	cast(union GCUnion *, (o))

/* macros to convert a GCObject into a specific value */
#define gco2ts(o)  \
	check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TSTRING, &((cast_u(o))->ts))
#define gco2u(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VUSERDATA, &((cast_u(o))->u))
#define gco2lcl(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VLCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.l))
#define gco2ccl(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VCCL, &((cast_u(o))->cl.c))
#define gco2cl(o)  \
	check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TFUNCTION, &((cast_u(o))->cl))
#define gco2t(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VTABLE, &((cast_u(o))->h))
#define gco2p(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VPROTO, &((cast_u(o))->p))
#define gco2th(o)  check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VTHREAD, &((cast_u(o))->th))
#define gco2upv(o)	check_exp((o)->tt == LUA_VUPVAL, &((cast_u(o))->upv))


/*
** macro to convert a Lua object into a GCObject
** (The access to 'tt' tries to ensure that 'v' is actually a Lua object.)
*/
#define obj2gco(v)	check_exp((v)->tt >= LUA_TSTRING, &(cast_u(v)->gc))


/* actual number of total bytes allocated */
#define gettotalbytes(g)	cast(lu_mem, (g)->totalbytes + (g)->GCdebt)

LUAI_FUNC void luaE_setdebt (global_State *g, l_mem debt);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1);
LUAI_FUNC CallInfo *luaE_extendCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freeCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_shrinkCI (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_checkcstack (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_incCstack (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont);
LUAI_FUNC void luaE_warnerror (lua_State *L, const char *where);
LUAI_FUNC int luaE_resetthread (lua_State *L, int status);


#endif

/*
** $Id: lzio.h $
** Buffered streams
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#ifndef lzio_h
#define lzio_h

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lmem.h"*/


#define EOZ	(-1)			/* end of stream */

typedef struct Zio ZIO;

#define zgetc(z)  (((z)->n--)>0 ?  cast_uchar(*(z)->p++) : luaZ_fill(z))


typedef struct Mbuffer {
  char *buffer;
  size_t n;
  size_t buffsize;
} Mbuffer;

#define luaZ_initbuffer(L, buff) ((buff)->buffer = NULL, (buff)->buffsize = 0)

#define luaZ_buffer(buff)	((buff)->buffer)
#define luaZ_sizebuffer(buff)	((buff)->buffsize)
#define luaZ_bufflen(buff)	((buff)->n)

#define luaZ_buffremove(buff,i)	((buff)->n -= (i))
#define luaZ_resetbuffer(buff) ((buff)->n = 0)


#define luaZ_resizebuffer(L, buff, size) \
	((buff)->buffer = luaM_reallocvchar(L, (buff)->buffer, \
				(buff)->buffsize, size), \
	(buff)->buffsize = size)

#define luaZ_freebuffer(L, buff)	luaZ_resizebuffer(L, buff, 0)


LUAI_FUNC void luaZ_init (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, lua_Reader reader,
                                        void *data);
LUAI_FUNC size_t luaZ_read (ZIO* z, void *b, size_t n);	/* read next n bytes */



/* --------- Private Part ------------------ */

struct Zio {
  size_t n;			/* bytes still unread */
  const char *p;		/* current position in buffer */
  lua_Reader reader;		/* reader function */
  void *data;			/* additional data */
  lua_State *L;			/* Lua state (for reader) */
};


LUAI_FUNC int luaZ_fill (ZIO *z);

#endif
/*
** $Id: lopcodes.h $
** Opcodes for Lua virtual machine
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lopcodes_h
#define lopcodes_h

/*#include "llimits.h"*/


/*===========================================================================
  We assume that instructions are unsigned 32-bit integers.
  All instructions have an opcode in the first 7 bits.
  Instructions can have the following formats:

        3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
        1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
iABC          C(8)     |      B(8)     |k|     A(8)      |   Op(7)     |
iABx                Bx(17)               |     A(8)      |   Op(7)     |
iAsBx              sBx (signed)(17)      |     A(8)      |   Op(7)     |
iAx                           Ax(25)                     |   Op(7)     |
isJ                           sJ(25)                     |   Op(7)     |

  A signed argument is represented in excess K: the represented value is
  the written unsigned value minus K, where K is half the maximum for the
  corresponding unsigned argument.
===========================================================================*/


enum OpMode {iABC, iABx, iAsBx, iAx, isJ};  /* basic instruction formats */


/*
** size and position of opcode arguments.
*/
#define SIZE_C		8
#define SIZE_B		8
#define SIZE_Bx		(SIZE_C + SIZE_B + 1)
#define SIZE_A		8
#define SIZE_Ax		(SIZE_Bx + SIZE_A)
#define SIZE_sJ		(SIZE_Bx + SIZE_A)

#define SIZE_OP		7

#define POS_OP		0

#define POS_A		(POS_OP + SIZE_OP)
#define POS_k		(POS_A + SIZE_A)
#define POS_B		(POS_k + 1)
#define POS_C		(POS_B + SIZE_B)

#define POS_Bx		POS_k

#define POS_Ax		POS_A

#define POS_sJ		POS_A


/*
** limits for opcode arguments.
** we use (signed) 'int' to manipulate most arguments,
** so they must fit in ints.
*/

/* Check whether type 'int' has at least 'b' bits ('b' < 32) */
#define L_INTHASBITS(b)		((UINT_MAX >> ((b) - 1)) >= 1)


#if L_INTHASBITS(SIZE_Bx)
#define MAXARG_Bx	((1<<SIZE_Bx)-1)
#else
#define MAXARG_Bx	MAX_INT
#endif

#define OFFSET_sBx	(MAXARG_Bx>>1)         /* 'sBx' is signed */


#if L_INTHASBITS(SIZE_Ax)
#define MAXARG_Ax	((1<<SIZE_Ax)-1)
#else
#define MAXARG_Ax	MAX_INT
#endif

#if L_INTHASBITS(SIZE_sJ)
#define MAXARG_sJ	((1 << SIZE_sJ) - 1)
#else
#define MAXARG_sJ	MAX_INT
#endif

#define OFFSET_sJ	(MAXARG_sJ >> 1)


#define MAXARG_A	((1<<SIZE_A)-1)
#define MAXARG_B	((1<<SIZE_B)-1)
#define MAXARG_C	((1<<SIZE_C)-1)
#define OFFSET_sC	(MAXARG_C >> 1)

#define int2sC(i)	((i) + OFFSET_sC)
#define sC2int(i)	((i) - OFFSET_sC)


/* creates a mask with 'n' 1 bits at position 'p' */
#define MASK1(n,p)	((~((~(Instruction)0)<<(n)))<<(p))

/* creates a mask with 'n' 0 bits at position 'p' */
#define MASK0(n,p)	(~MASK1(n,p))

/*
** the following macros help to manipulate instructions
*/

#define GET_OPCODE(i)	(cast(OpCode, ((i)>>POS_OP) & MASK1(SIZE_OP,0)))
#define SET_OPCODE(i,o)	((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_OP,POS_OP)) | \
		((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP)&MASK1(SIZE_OP,POS_OP))))

#define checkopm(i,m)	(getOpMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == m)


#define getarg(i,pos,size)	(cast_int(((i)>>(pos)) & MASK1(size,0)))
#define setarg(i,v,pos,size)	((i) = (((i)&MASK0(size,pos)) | \
                ((cast(Instruction, v)<<pos)&MASK1(size,pos))))

#define GETARG_A(i)	getarg(i, POS_A, SIZE_A)
#define SETARG_A(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_A, SIZE_A)

#define GETARG_B(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iABC), getarg(i, POS_B, SIZE_B))
#define GETARG_sB(i)	sC2int(GETARG_B(i))
#define SETARG_B(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_B, SIZE_B)

#define GETARG_C(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iABC), getarg(i, POS_C, SIZE_C))
#define GETARG_sC(i)	sC2int(GETARG_C(i))
#define SETARG_C(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_C, SIZE_C)

#define TESTARG_k(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iABC), (cast_int(((i) & (1u << POS_k)))))
#define GETARG_k(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iABC), getarg(i, POS_k, 1))
#define SETARG_k(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_k, 1)

#define GETARG_Bx(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iABx), getarg(i, POS_Bx, SIZE_Bx))
#define SETARG_Bx(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_Bx, SIZE_Bx)

#define GETARG_Ax(i)	check_exp(checkopm(i, iAx), getarg(i, POS_Ax, SIZE_Ax))
#define SETARG_Ax(i,v)	setarg(i, v, POS_Ax, SIZE_Ax)

#define GETARG_sBx(i)  \
	check_exp(checkopm(i, iAsBx), getarg(i, POS_Bx, SIZE_Bx) - OFFSET_sBx)
#define SETARG_sBx(i,b)	SETARG_Bx((i),cast_uint((b)+OFFSET_sBx))

#define GETARG_sJ(i)  \
	check_exp(checkopm(i, isJ), getarg(i, POS_sJ, SIZE_sJ) - OFFSET_sJ)
#define SETARG_sJ(i,j) \
	setarg(i, cast_uint((j)+OFFSET_sJ), POS_sJ, SIZE_sJ)


#define CREATE_ABCk(o,a,b,c,k)	((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP) \
			| (cast(Instruction, a)<<POS_A) \
			| (cast(Instruction, b)<<POS_B) \
			| (cast(Instruction, c)<<POS_C) \
			| (cast(Instruction, k)<<POS_k))

#define CREATE_ABx(o,a,bc)	((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP) \
			| (cast(Instruction, a)<<POS_A) \
			| (cast(Instruction, bc)<<POS_Bx))

#define CREATE_Ax(o,a)		((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP) \
			| (cast(Instruction, a)<<POS_Ax))

#define CREATE_sJ(o,j,k)	((cast(Instruction, o) << POS_OP) \
			| (cast(Instruction, j) << POS_sJ) \
			| (cast(Instruction, k) << POS_k))


#if !defined(MAXINDEXRK)  /* (for debugging only) */
#define MAXINDEXRK	MAXARG_B
#endif


/*
** invalid register that fits in 8 bits
*/
#define NO_REG		MAXARG_A


/*
** R[x] - register
** K[x] - constant (in constant table)
** RK(x) == if k(i) then K[x] else R[x]
*/


/*
** Grep "ORDER OP" if you change these enums. Opcodes marked with a (*)
** has extra descriptions in the notes after the enumeration.
*/

typedef enum {
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------
  name		args	description
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
OP_MOVE,/*	A B	R[A] := R[B]					*/
OP_LOADI,/*	A sBx	R[A] := sBx					*/
OP_LOADF,/*	A sBx	R[A] := (lua_Number)sBx				*/
OP_LOADK,/*	A Bx	R[A] := K[Bx]					*/
OP_LOADKX,/*	A	R[A] := K[extra arg]				*/
OP_LOADFALSE,/*	A	R[A] := false					*/
OP_LFALSESKIP,/*A	R[A] := false; pc++	(*)			*/
OP_LOADTRUE,/*	A	R[A] := true					*/
OP_LOADNIL,/*	A B	R[A], R[A+1], ..., R[A+B] := nil		*/
OP_GETUPVAL,/*	A B	R[A] := UpValue[B]				*/
OP_SETUPVAL,/*	A B	UpValue[B] := R[A]				*/

OP_GETTABUP,/*	A B C	R[A] := UpValue[B][K[C]:string]			*/
OP_GETTABLE,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B][R[C]]				*/
OP_GETI,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B][C]					*/
OP_GETFIELD,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B][K[C]:string]			*/

OP_SETTABUP,/*	A B C	UpValue[A][K[B]:string] := RK(C)		*/
OP_SETTABLE,/*	A B C	R[A][R[B]] := RK(C)				*/
OP_SETI,/*	A B C	R[A][B] := RK(C)				*/
OP_SETFIELD,/*	A B C	R[A][K[B]:string] := RK(C)			*/

OP_NEWTABLE,/*	A B C k	R[A] := {}					*/

OP_SELF,/*	A B C	R[A+1] := R[B]; R[A] := R[B][RK(C):string]	*/

OP_ADDI,/*	A B sC	R[A] := R[B] + sC				*/

OP_ADDK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] + K[C]:number			*/
OP_SUBK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] - K[C]:number			*/
OP_MULK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] * K[C]:number			*/
OP_MODK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] % K[C]:number			*/
OP_POWK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] ^ K[C]:number			*/
OP_DIVK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] / K[C]:number			*/
OP_IDIVK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] // K[C]:number			*/

OP_BANDK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] & K[C]:integer			*/
OP_BORK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] | K[C]:integer			*/
OP_BXORK,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] ~ K[C]:integer			*/

OP_SHRI,/*	A B sC	R[A] := R[B] >> sC				*/
OP_SHLI,/*	A B sC	R[A] := sC << R[B]				*/

OP_ADD,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] + R[C]				*/
OP_SUB,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] - R[C]				*/
OP_MUL,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] * R[C]				*/
OP_MOD,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] % R[C]				*/
OP_POW,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] ^ R[C]				*/
OP_DIV,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] / R[C]				*/
OP_IDIV,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] // R[C]				*/

OP_BAND,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] & R[C]				*/
OP_BOR,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] | R[C]				*/
OP_BXOR,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] ~ R[C]				*/
OP_SHL,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] << R[C]				*/
OP_SHR,/*	A B C	R[A] := R[B] >> R[C]				*/

OP_MMBIN,/*	A B C	call C metamethod over R[A] and R[B]	(*)	*/
OP_MMBINI,/*	A sB C k	call C metamethod over R[A] and sB	*/
OP_MMBINK,/*	A B C k		call C metamethod over R[A] and K[B]	*/

OP_UNM,/*	A B	R[A] := -R[B]					*/
OP_BNOT,/*	A B	R[A] := ~R[B]					*/
OP_NOT,/*	A B	R[A] := not R[B]				*/
OP_LEN,/*	A B	R[A] := #R[B] (length operator)			*/

OP_CONCAT,/*	A B	R[A] := R[A].. ... ..R[A + B - 1]		*/

OP_CLOSE,/*	A	close all upvalues >= R[A]			*/
OP_TBC,/*	A	mark variable A "to be closed"			*/
OP_JMP,/*	sJ	pc += sJ					*/
OP_EQ,/*	A B k	if ((R[A] == R[B]) ~= k) then pc++		*/
OP_LT,/*	A B k	if ((R[A] <  R[B]) ~= k) then pc++		*/
OP_LE,/*	A B k	if ((R[A] <= R[B]) ~= k) then pc++		*/

OP_EQK,/*	A B k	if ((R[A] == K[B]) ~= k) then pc++		*/
OP_EQI,/*	A sB k	if ((R[A] == sB) ~= k) then pc++		*/
OP_LTI,/*	A sB k	if ((R[A] < sB) ~= k) then pc++			*/
OP_LEI,/*	A sB k	if ((R[A] <= sB) ~= k) then pc++		*/
OP_GTI,/*	A sB k	if ((R[A] > sB) ~= k) then pc++			*/
OP_GEI,/*	A sB k	if ((R[A] >= sB) ~= k) then pc++		*/

OP_TEST,/*	A k	if (not R[A] == k) then pc++			*/
OP_TESTSET,/*	A B k	if (not R[B] == k) then pc++ else R[A] := R[B] (*) */

OP_CALL,/*	A B C	R[A], ... ,R[A+C-2] := R[A](R[A+1], ... ,R[A+B-1]) */
OP_TAILCALL,/*	A B C k	return R[A](R[A+1], ... ,R[A+B-1])		*/

OP_RETURN,/*	A B C k	return R[A], ... ,R[A+B-2]	(see note)	*/
OP_RETURN0,/*		return						*/
OP_RETURN1,/*	A	return R[A]					*/

OP_FORLOOP,/*	A Bx	update counters; if loop continues then pc-=Bx; */
OP_FORPREP,/*	A Bx	<check values and prepare counters>;
                        if not to run then pc+=Bx+1;			*/

OP_TFORPREP,/*	A Bx	create upvalue for R[A + 3]; pc+=Bx		*/
OP_TFORCALL,/*	A C	R[A+4], ... ,R[A+3+C] := R[A](R[A+1], R[A+2]);	*/
OP_TFORLOOP,/*	A Bx	if R[A+2] ~= nil then { R[A]=R[A+2]; pc -= Bx }	*/

OP_SETLIST,/*	A B C k	R[A][C+i] := R[A+i], 1 <= i <= B		*/

OP_CLOSURE,/*	A Bx	R[A] := closure(KPROTO[Bx])			*/

OP_VARARG,/*	A C	R[A], R[A+1], ..., R[A+C-2] = vararg		*/

OP_VARARGPREP,/*A	(adjust vararg parameters)			*/

OP_EXTRAARG/*	Ax	extra (larger) argument for previous opcode	*/
} OpCode;


#define NUM_OPCODES	((int)(OP_EXTRAARG) + 1)



/*===========================================================================
  Notes:

  (*) Opcode OP_LFALSESKIP is used to convert a condition to a boolean
  value, in a code equivalent to (not cond ? false : true).  (It
  produces false and skips the next instruction producing true.)

  (*) Opcodes OP_MMBIN and variants follow each arithmetic and
  bitwise opcode. If the operation succeeds, it skips this next
  opcode. Otherwise, this opcode calls the corresponding metamethod.

  (*) Opcode OP_TESTSET is used in short-circuit expressions that need
  both to jump and to produce a value, such as (a = b or c).

  (*) In OP_CALL, if (B == 0) then B = top - A. If (C == 0), then
  'top' is set to last_result+1, so next open instruction (OP_CALL,
  OP_RETURN*, OP_SETLIST) may use 'top'.

  (*) In OP_VARARG, if (C == 0) then use actual number of varargs and
  set top (like in OP_CALL with C == 0).

  (*) In OP_RETURN, if (B == 0) then return up to 'top'.

  (*) In OP_LOADKX and OP_NEWTABLE, the next instruction is always
  OP_EXTRAARG.

  (*) In OP_SETLIST, if (B == 0) then real B = 'top'; if k, then
  real C = EXTRAARG _ C (the bits of EXTRAARG concatenated with the
  bits of C).

  (*) In OP_NEWTABLE, B is log2 of the hash size (which is always a
  power of 2) plus 1, or zero for size zero. If not k, the array size
  is C. Otherwise, the array size is EXTRAARG _ C.

  (*) For comparisons, k specifies what condition the test should accept
  (true or false).

  (*) In OP_MMBINI/OP_MMBINK, k means the arguments were flipped
   (the constant is the first operand).

  (*) All 'skips' (pc++) assume that next instruction is a jump.

  (*) In instructions OP_RETURN/OP_TAILCALL, 'k' specifies that the
  function builds upvalues, which may need to be closed. C > 0 means
  the function is vararg, so that its 'func' must be corrected before
  returning; in this case, (C - 1) is its number of fixed parameters.

  (*) In comparisons with an immediate operand, C signals whether the
  original operand was a float. (It must be corrected in case of
  metamethods.)

===========================================================================*/


/*
** masks for instruction properties. The format is:
** bits 0-2: op mode
** bit 3: instruction set register A
** bit 4: operator is a test (next instruction must be a jump)
** bit 5: instruction uses 'L->top' set by previous instruction (when B == 0)
** bit 6: instruction sets 'L->top' for next instruction (when C == 0)
** bit 7: instruction is an MM instruction (call a metamethod)
*/

LUAI_DDEC(const lu_byte luaP_opmodes[NUM_OPCODES];)

#define getOpMode(m)	(cast(enum OpMode, luaP_opmodes[m] & 7))
#define testAMode(m)	(luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 3))
#define testTMode(m)	(luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 4))
#define testITMode(m)	(luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 5))
#define testOTMode(m)	(luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 6))
#define testMMMode(m)	(luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 7))

/* "out top" (set top for next instruction) */
#define isOT(i)  \
	((testOTMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) && GETARG_C(i) == 0) || \
          GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TAILCALL)

/* "in top" (uses top from previous instruction) */
#define isIT(i)		(testITMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) && GETARG_B(i) == 0)

#define opmode(mm,ot,it,t,a,m)  \
    (((mm) << 7) | ((ot) << 6) | ((it) << 5) | ((t) << 4) | ((a) << 3) | (m))


/* number of list items to accumulate before a SETLIST instruction */
#define LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH	50

#endif
/*
** $Id: ldebug.h $
** Auxiliary functions from Debug Interface module
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef ldebug_h
#define ldebug_h


/*#include "lstate.h"*/


#define pcRel(pc, p)	(cast_int((pc) - (p)->code) - 1)


/* Active Lua function (given call info) */
#define ci_func(ci)		(clLvalue(s2v((ci)->func)))


#define resethookcount(L)	(L->hookcount = L->basehookcount)

/*
** mark for entries in 'lineinfo' array that has absolute information in
** 'abslineinfo' array
*/
#define ABSLINEINFO	(-0x80)


/*
** MAXimum number of successive Instructions WiTHout ABSolute line
** information. (A power of two allows fast divisions.)
*/
#if !defined(MAXIWTHABS)
#define MAXIWTHABS	128
#endif


LUAI_FUNC int luaG_getfuncline (const Proto *f, int pc);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaG_findlocal (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int n,
                                                    StkId *pos);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o,
                                                const char *opname);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_callerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_forerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o,
                                               const char *what);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_concaterror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                                                  const TValue *p2);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_opinterror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                                                 const TValue *p2,
                                                 const char *msg);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_tointerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                                                 const TValue *p2);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                                                 const TValue *p2);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_runerror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaG_addinfo (lua_State *L, const char *msg,
                                                  TString *src, int line);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaG_errormsg (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC int luaG_traceexec (lua_State *L, const Instruction *pc);


#endif
/*
** $Id: ldo.h $
** Stack and Call structure of Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef ldo_h
#define ldo_h


/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


/*
** Macro to check stack size and grow stack if needed.  Parameters
** 'pre'/'pos' allow the macro to preserve a pointer into the
** stack across reallocations, doing the work only when needed.
** It also allows the running of one GC step when the stack is
** reallocated.
** 'condmovestack' is used in heavy tests to force a stack reallocation
** at every check.
*/
#define luaD_checkstackaux(L,n,pre,pos)  \
	if (l_unlikely(L->stack_last - L->top <= (n))) \
	  { pre; luaD_growstack(L, n, 1); pos; } \
        else { condmovestack(L,pre,pos); }

/* In general, 'pre'/'pos' are empty (nothing to save) */
#define luaD_checkstack(L,n)	luaD_checkstackaux(L,n,(void)0,(void)0)



#define savestack(L,p)		((char *)(p) - (char *)L->stack)
#define restorestack(L,n)	((StkId)((char *)L->stack + (n)))


/* macro to check stack size, preserving 'p' */
#define checkstackGCp(L,n,p)  \
  luaD_checkstackaux(L, n, \
    ptrdiff_t t__ = savestack(L, p);  /* save 'p' */ \
    luaC_checkGC(L),  /* stack grow uses memory */ \
    p = restorestack(L, t__))  /* 'pos' part: restore 'p' */


/* macro to check stack size and GC */
#define checkstackGC(L,fsize)  \
	luaD_checkstackaux(L, (fsize), luaC_checkGC(L), (void)0)


/* type of protected functions, to be ran by 'runprotected' */
typedef void (*Pfunc) (lua_State *L, void *ud);

LUAI_FUNC void luaD_seterrorobj (lua_State *L, int errcode, StkId oldtop);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_protectedparser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, const char *name,
                                                  const char *mode);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_hook (lua_State *L, int event, int line,
                                        int fTransfer, int nTransfer);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_hookcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_pretailcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, StkId func,                                                    int narg1, int delta);
LUAI_FUNC CallInfo *luaD_precall (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_callnoyield (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults);
LUAI_FUNC StkId luaD_tryfuncTM (lua_State *L, StkId func);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_closeprotected (lua_State *L, ptrdiff_t level, int status);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_pcall (lua_State *L, Pfunc func, void *u,
                                        ptrdiff_t oldtop, ptrdiff_t ef);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_poscall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int nres);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_reallocstack (lua_State *L, int newsize, int raiseerror);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_growstack (lua_State *L, int n, int raiseerror);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_shrinkstack (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaD_inctop (lua_State *L);

LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaD_throw (lua_State *L, int errcode);
LUAI_FUNC int luaD_rawrunprotected (lua_State *L, Pfunc f, void *ud);

#endif

/*
** $Id: lgc.h $
** Garbage Collector
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lgc_h
#define lgc_h


/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/

/*
** Collectable objects may have one of three colors: white, which means
** the object is not marked; gray, which means the object is marked, but
** its references may be not marked; and black, which means that the
** object and all its references are marked.  The main invariant of the
** garbage collector, while marking objects, is that a black object can
** never point to a white one. Moreover, any gray object must be in a
** "gray list" (gray, grayagain, weak, allweak, ephemeron) so that it
** can be visited again before finishing the collection cycle. (Open
** upvalues are an exception to this rule.)  These lists have no meaning
** when the invariant is not being enforced (e.g., sweep phase).
*/


/*
** Possible states of the Garbage Collector
*/
#define GCSpropagate	0
#define GCSenteratomic	1
#define GCSatomic	2
#define GCSswpallgc	3
#define GCSswpfinobj	4
#define GCSswptobefnz	5
#define GCSswpend	6
#define GCScallfin	7
#define GCSpause	8


#define issweepphase(g)  \
	(GCSswpallgc <= (g)->gcstate && (g)->gcstate <= GCSswpend)


/*
** macro to tell when main invariant (white objects cannot point to black
** ones) must be kept. During a collection, the sweep
** phase may break the invariant, as objects turned white may point to
** still-black objects. The invariant is restored when sweep ends and
** all objects are white again.
*/

#define keepinvariant(g)	((g)->gcstate <= GCSatomic)


/*
** some useful bit tricks
*/
#define resetbits(x,m)		((x) &= cast_byte(~(m)))
#define setbits(x,m)		((x) |= (m))
#define testbits(x,m)		((x) & (m))
#define bitmask(b)		(1<<(b))
#define bit2mask(b1,b2)		(bitmask(b1) | bitmask(b2))
#define l_setbit(x,b)		setbits(x, bitmask(b))
#define resetbit(x,b)		resetbits(x, bitmask(b))
#define testbit(x,b)		testbits(x, bitmask(b))


/*
** Layout for bit use in 'marked' field. First three bits are
** used for object "age" in generational mode. Last bit is used
** by tests.
*/
#define WHITE0BIT	3  /* object is white (type 0) */
#define WHITE1BIT	4  /* object is white (type 1) */
#define BLACKBIT	5  /* object is black */
#define FINALIZEDBIT	6  /* object has been marked for finalization */

#define TESTBIT		7



#define WHITEBITS	bit2mask(WHITE0BIT, WHITE1BIT)


#define iswhite(x)      testbits((x)->marked, WHITEBITS)
#define isblack(x)      testbit((x)->marked, BLACKBIT)
#define isgray(x)  /* neither white nor black */  \
	(!testbits((x)->marked, WHITEBITS | bitmask(BLACKBIT)))

#define tofinalize(x)	testbit((x)->marked, FINALIZEDBIT)

#define otherwhite(g)	((g)->currentwhite ^ WHITEBITS)
#define isdeadm(ow,m)	((m) & (ow))
#define isdead(g,v)	isdeadm(otherwhite(g), (v)->marked)

#define changewhite(x)	((x)->marked ^= WHITEBITS)
#define nw2black(x)  \
	check_exp(!iswhite(x), l_setbit((x)->marked, BLACKBIT))

#define luaC_white(g)	cast_byte((g)->currentwhite & WHITEBITS)


/* object age in generational mode */
#define G_NEW		0	/* created in current cycle */
#define G_SURVIVAL	1	/* created in previous cycle */
#define G_OLD0		2	/* marked old by frw. barrier in this cycle */
#define G_OLD1		3	/* first full cycle as old */
#define G_OLD		4	/* really old object (not to be visited) */
#define G_TOUCHED1	5	/* old object touched this cycle */
#define G_TOUCHED2	6	/* old object touched in previous cycle */

#define AGEBITS		7  /* all age bits (111) */

#define getage(o)	((o)->marked & AGEBITS)
#define setage(o,a)  ((o)->marked = cast_byte(((o)->marked & (~AGEBITS)) | a))
#define isold(o)	(getage(o) > G_SURVIVAL)

#define changeage(o,f,t)  \
	check_exp(getage(o) == (f), (o)->marked ^= ((f)^(t)))


/* Default Values for GC parameters */
#define LUAI_GENMAJORMUL         100
#define LUAI_GENMINORMUL         20

/* wait memory to double before starting new cycle */
#define LUAI_GCPAUSE    200

/*
** some gc parameters are stored divided by 4 to allow a maximum value
** up to 1023 in a 'lu_byte'.
*/
#define getgcparam(p)	((p) * 4)
#define setgcparam(p,v)	((p) = (v) / 4)

#define LUAI_GCMUL      100

/* how much to allocate before next GC step (log2) */
#define LUAI_GCSTEPSIZE 13      /* 8 KB */


/*
** Check whether the declared GC mode is generational. While in
** generational mode, the collector can go temporarily to incremental
** mode to improve performance. This is signaled by 'g->lastatomic != 0'.
*/
#define isdecGCmodegen(g)	(g->gckind == KGC_GEN || g->lastatomic != 0)


/*
** Control when GC is running:
*/
#define GCSTPUSR	1  /* bit true when GC stopped by user */
#define GCSTPGC		2  /* bit true when GC stopped by itself */
#define GCSTPCLS	4  /* bit true when closing Lua state */
#define gcrunning(g)	((g)->gcstp == 0)


/*
** Does one step of collection when debt becomes positive. 'pre'/'pos'
** allows some adjustments to be done only when needed. macro
** 'condchangemem' is used only for heavy tests (forcing a full
** GC cycle on every opportunity)
*/
#define luaC_condGC(L,pre,pos) \
	{ if (G(L)->GCdebt > 0) { pre; luaC_step(L); pos;}; \
	  condchangemem(L,pre,pos); }

/* more often than not, 'pre'/'pos' are empty */
#define luaC_checkGC(L)		luaC_condGC(L,(void)0,(void)0)


#define luaC_barrier(L,p,v) (  \
	(iscollectable(v) && isblack(p) && iswhite(gcvalue(v))) ?  \
	luaC_barrier_(L,obj2gco(p),gcvalue(v)) : cast_void(0))

#define luaC_barrierback(L,p,v) (  \
	(iscollectable(v) && isblack(p) && iswhite(gcvalue(v))) ? \
	luaC_barrierback_(L,p) : cast_void(0))

#define luaC_objbarrier(L,p,o) (  \
	(isblack(p) && iswhite(o)) ? \
	luaC_barrier_(L,obj2gco(p),obj2gco(o)) : cast_void(0))

LUAI_FUNC void luaC_fix (lua_State *L, GCObject *o);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_freeallobjects (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_step (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_runtilstate (lua_State *L, int statesmask);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_fullgc (lua_State *L, int isemergency);
LUAI_FUNC GCObject *luaC_newobj (lua_State *L, int tt, size_t sz);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_barrier_ (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, GCObject *v);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_barrierback_ (lua_State *L, GCObject *o);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_checkfinalizer (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, Table *mt);
LUAI_FUNC void luaC_changemode (lua_State *L, int newmode);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lfunc.h $
** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lfunc_h
#define lfunc_h


/*#include "lobject.h"*/


#define sizeCclosure(n)	(cast_int(offsetof(CClosure, upvalue)) + \
                         cast_int(sizeof(TValue)) * (n))

#define sizeLclosure(n)	(cast_int(offsetof(LClosure, upvals)) + \
                         cast_int(sizeof(TValue *)) * (n))


/* test whether thread is in 'twups' list */
#define isintwups(L)	(L->twups != L)


/*
** maximum number of upvalues in a closure (both C and Lua). (Value
** must fit in a VM register.)
*/
#define MAXUPVAL	255


#define upisopen(up)	((up)->v != &(up)->u.value)


#define uplevel(up)	check_exp(upisopen(up), cast(StkId, (up)->v))


/*
** maximum number of misses before giving up the cache of closures
** in prototypes
*/
#define MAXMISS		10



/* special status to close upvalues preserving the top of the stack */
#define CLOSEKTOP	(-1)


LUAI_FUNC Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC CClosure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int nupvals);
LUAI_FUNC LClosure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int nupvals);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_initupvals (lua_State *L, LClosure *cl);
LUAI_FUNC UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_newtbcupval (lua_State *L, StkId level);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_closeupval (lua_State *L, StkId level);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level, int status, int yy);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_unlinkupval (UpVal *uv);
LUAI_FUNC void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *func, int local_number,
                                         int pc);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lstring.h $
** String table (keep all strings handled by Lua)
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lstring_h
#define lstring_h

/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/


/*
** Memory-allocation error message must be preallocated (it cannot
** be created after memory is exhausted)
*/
#define MEMERRMSG       "not enough memory"


/*
** Size of a TString: Size of the header plus space for the string
** itself (including final '\0').
*/
#define sizelstring(l)  (offsetof(TString, contents) + ((l) + 1) * sizeof(char))

#define luaS_newliteral(L, s)	(luaS_newlstr(L, "" s, \
                                 (sizeof(s)/sizeof(char))-1))


/*
** test whether a string is a reserved word
*/
#define isreserved(s)	((s)->tt == LUA_VSHRSTR && (s)->extra > 0)


/*
** equality for short strings, which are always internalized
*/
#define eqshrstr(a,b)	check_exp((a)->tt == LUA_VSHRSTR, (a) == (b))


LUAI_FUNC unsigned int luaS_hash (const char *str, size_t l, unsigned int seed);
LUAI_FUNC unsigned int luaS_hashlongstr (TString *ts);
LUAI_FUNC int luaS_eqlngstr (TString *a, TString *b);
LUAI_FUNC void luaS_resize (lua_State *L, int newsize);
LUAI_FUNC void luaS_clearcache (global_State *g);
LUAI_FUNC void luaS_init (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaS_remove (lua_State *L, TString *ts);
LUAI_FUNC Udata *luaS_newudata (lua_State *L, size_t s, int nuvalue);
LUAI_FUNC TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l);
LUAI_FUNC TString *luaS_new (lua_State *L, const char *str);
LUAI_FUNC TString *luaS_createlngstrobj (lua_State *L, size_t l);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lundump.h $
** load precompiled Lua chunks
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lundump_h
#define lundump_h

/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


/* data to catch conversion errors */
#define LUAC_DATA	"\x19\x93\r\n\x1a\n"

#define LUAC_INT	0x5678
#define LUAC_NUM	cast_num(370.5)

/*
** Encode major-minor version in one byte, one nibble for each
*/
#define MYINT(s)	(s[0]-'0')  /* assume one-digit numerals */
#define LUAC_VERSION	(MYINT(LUA_VERSION_MAJOR)*16+MYINT(LUA_VERSION_MINOR))

#define LUAC_FORMAT	0	/* this is the official format */

/* load one chunk; from lundump.c */
LUAI_FUNC LClosure* luaU_undump (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z, const char* name);

/* dump one chunk; from ldump.c */
LUAI_FUNC int luaU_dump (lua_State* L, const Proto* f, lua_Writer w,
                         void* data, int strip);

#endif
/*
** $Id: lapi.h $
** Auxiliary functions from Lua API
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lapi_h
#define lapi_h


/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/


/* Increments 'L->top', checking for stack overflows */
#define api_incr_top(L)   {L->top++; api_check(L, L->top <= L->ci->top, \
				"stack overflow");}


/*
** If a call returns too many multiple returns, the callee may not have
** stack space to accommodate all results. In this case, this macro
** increases its stack space ('L->ci->top').
*/
#define adjustresults(L,nres) \
    { if ((nres) <= LUA_MULTRET && L->ci->top < L->top) L->ci->top = L->top; }


/* Ensure the stack has at least 'n' elements */
#define api_checknelems(L,n)	api_check(L, (n) < (L->top - L->ci->func), \
				  "not enough elements in the stack")


/*
** To reduce the overhead of returning from C functions, the presence of
** to-be-closed variables in these functions is coded in the CallInfo's
** field 'nresults', in a way that functions with no to-be-closed variables
** with zero, one, or "all" wanted results have no overhead. Functions
** with other number of wanted results, as well as functions with
** variables to be closed, have an extra check.
*/

#define hastocloseCfunc(n)	((n) < LUA_MULTRET)

/* Map [-1, inf) (range of 'nresults') into (-inf, -2] */
#define codeNresults(n)		(-(n) - 3)
#define decodeNresults(n)	(-(n) - 3)

#endif
/*
** $Id: llex.h $
** Lexical Analyzer
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef llex_h
#define llex_h

#include <limits.h>

/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


/*
** Single-char tokens (terminal symbols) are represented by their own
** numeric code. Other tokens start at the following value.
*/
#define FIRST_RESERVED	(UCHAR_MAX + 1)


#if !defined(LUA_ENV)
#define LUA_ENV		"_ENV"
#endif


/*
* WARNING: if you change the order of this enumeration,
* grep "ORDER RESERVED"
*/
enum RESERVED {
  /* terminal symbols denoted by reserved words */
  TK_AND = FIRST_RESERVED, TK_BREAK,
  TK_DO, TK_ELSE, TK_ELSEIF, TK_END, TK_FALSE, TK_FOR, TK_FUNCTION,
  TK_GOTO, TK_IF, TK_IN, TK_LOCAL, TK_NIL, TK_NOT, TK_OR, TK_REPEAT,
  TK_RETURN, TK_THEN, TK_TRUE, TK_UNTIL, TK_WHILE,
  /* other terminal symbols */
  TK_IDIV, TK_CONCAT, TK_DOTS, TK_EQ, TK_GE, TK_LE, TK_NE,
  TK_SHL, TK_SHR,
  TK_DBCOLON, TK_EOS,
  TK_FLT, TK_INT, TK_NAME, TK_STRING
};

/* number of reserved words */
#define NUM_RESERVED	(cast_int(TK_WHILE-FIRST_RESERVED + 1))


typedef union {
  lua_Number r;
  lua_Integer i;
  TString *ts;
} SemInfo;  /* semantics information */


typedef struct Token {
  int token;
  SemInfo seminfo;
} Token;


/* state of the lexer plus state of the parser when shared by all
   functions */
typedef struct LexState {
  int current;  /* current character (charint) */
  int linenumber;  /* input line counter */
  int lastline;  /* line of last token 'consumed' */
  Token t;  /* current token */
  Token lookahead;  /* look ahead token */
  struct FuncState *fs;  /* current function (parser) */
  struct lua_State *L;
  ZIO *z;  /* input stream */
  Mbuffer *buff;  /* buffer for tokens */
  Table *h;  /* to avoid collection/reuse strings */
  struct Dyndata *dyd;  /* dynamic structures used by the parser */
  TString *source;  /* current source name */
  TString *envn;  /* environment variable name */
} LexState;


LUAI_FUNC void luaX_init (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *ls, ZIO *z,
                              TString *source, int firstchar);
LUAI_FUNC TString *luaX_newstring (LexState *ls, const char *str, size_t l);
LUAI_FUNC void luaX_next (LexState *ls);
LUAI_FUNC int luaX_lookahead (LexState *ls);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *s);
LUAI_FUNC const char *luaX_token2str (LexState *ls, int token);


#endif
/*
** $Id: ltable.h $
** Lua tables (hash)
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef ltable_h
#define ltable_h

/*#include "lobject.h"*/


#define gnode(t,i)	(&(t)->node[i])
#define gval(n)		(&(n)->i_val)
#define gnext(n)	((n)->u.next)


/*
** Clear all bits of fast-access metamethods, which means that the table
** may have any of these metamethods. (First access that fails after the
** clearing will set the bit again.)
*/
#define invalidateTMcache(t)	((t)->flags &= ~maskflags)


/* true when 't' is using 'dummynode' as its hash part */
#define isdummy(t)		((t)->lastfree == NULL)


/* allocated size for hash nodes */
#define allocsizenode(t)	(isdummy(t) ? 0 : sizenode(t))


/* returns the Node, given the value of a table entry */
#define nodefromval(v)	cast(Node *, (v))


LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_getint (Table *t, lua_Integer key);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_setint (lua_State *L, Table *t, lua_Integer key,
                                                    TValue *value);
LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_getshortstr (Table *t, TString *key);
LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_getstr (Table *t, TString *key);
LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_get (Table *t, const TValue *key);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_newkey (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key,
                                                    TValue *value);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_set (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key,
                                                 TValue *value);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_finishset (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key,
                                       const TValue *slot, TValue *value);
LUAI_FUNC Table *luaH_new (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_resize (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int nasize,
                                                    unsigned int nhsize);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_resizearray (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int nasize);
LUAI_FUNC void luaH_free (lua_State *L, Table *t);
LUAI_FUNC int luaH_next (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key);
LUAI_FUNC lua_Unsigned luaH_getn (Table *t);
LUAI_FUNC unsigned int luaH_realasize (const Table *t);


#if defined(LUA_DEBUG)
LUAI_FUNC Node *luaH_mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key);
LUAI_FUNC int luaH_isdummy (const Table *t);
#endif


#endif
/*
** $Id: lparser.h $
** Lua Parser
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lparser_h
#define lparser_h

/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


/*
** Expression and variable descriptor.
** Code generation for variables and expressions can be delayed to allow
** optimizations; An 'expdesc' structure describes a potentially-delayed
** variable/expression. It has a description of its "main" value plus a
** list of conditional jumps that can also produce its value (generated
** by short-circuit operators 'and'/'or').
*/

/* kinds of variables/expressions */
typedef enum {
  VVOID,  /* when 'expdesc' describes the last expression of a list,
             this kind means an empty list (so, no expression) */
  VNIL,  /* constant nil */
  VTRUE,  /* constant true */
  VFALSE,  /* constant false */
  VK,  /* constant in 'k'; info = index of constant in 'k' */
  VKFLT,  /* floating constant; nval = numerical float value */
  VKINT,  /* integer constant; ival = numerical integer value */
  VKSTR,  /* string constant; strval = TString address;
             (string is fixed by the lexer) */
  VNONRELOC,  /* expression has its value in a fixed register;
                 info = result register */
  VLOCAL,  /* local variable; var.ridx = register index;
              var.vidx = relative index in 'actvar.arr'  */
  VUPVAL,  /* upvalue variable; info = index of upvalue in 'upvalues' */
  VCONST,  /* compile-time <const> variable;
              info = absolute index in 'actvar.arr'  */
  VINDEXED,  /* indexed variable;
                ind.t = table register;
                ind.idx = key's R index */
  VINDEXUP,  /* indexed upvalue;
                ind.t = table upvalue;
                ind.idx = key's K index */
  VINDEXI, /* indexed variable with constant integer;
                ind.t = table register;
                ind.idx = key's value */
  VINDEXSTR, /* indexed variable with literal string;
                ind.t = table register;
                ind.idx = key's K index */
  VJMP,  /* expression is a test/comparison;
            info = pc of corresponding jump instruction */
  VRELOC,  /* expression can put result in any register;
              info = instruction pc */
  VCALL,  /* expression is a function call; info = instruction pc */
  VVARARG  /* vararg expression; info = instruction pc */
} expkind;


#define vkisvar(k)	(VLOCAL <= (k) && (k) <= VINDEXSTR)
#define vkisindexed(k)	(VINDEXED <= (k) && (k) <= VINDEXSTR)


typedef struct expdesc {
  expkind k;
  union {
    lua_Integer ival;    /* for VKINT */
    lua_Number nval;  /* for VKFLT */
    TString *strval;  /* for VKSTR */
    int info;  /* for generic use */
    struct {  /* for indexed variables */
      short idx;  /* index (R or "long" K) */
      lu_byte t;  /* table (register or upvalue) */
    } ind;
    struct {  /* for local variables */
      lu_byte ridx;  /* register holding the variable */
      unsigned short vidx;  /* compiler index (in 'actvar.arr')  */
    } var;
  } u;
  int t;  /* patch list of 'exit when true' */
  int f;  /* patch list of 'exit when false' */
} expdesc;


/* kinds of variables */
#define VDKREG		0   /* regular */
#define RDKCONST	1   /* constant */
#define RDKTOCLOSE	2   /* to-be-closed */
#define RDKCTC		3   /* compile-time constant */

/* description of an active local variable */
typedef union Vardesc {
  struct {
    TValuefields;  /* constant value (if it is a compile-time constant) */
    lu_byte kind;
    lu_byte ridx;  /* register holding the variable */
    short pidx;  /* index of the variable in the Proto's 'locvars' array */
    TString *name;  /* variable name */
  } vd;
  TValue k;  /* constant value (if any) */
} Vardesc;



/* description of pending goto statements and label statements */
typedef struct Labeldesc {
  TString *name;  /* label identifier */
  int pc;  /* position in code */
  int line;  /* line where it appeared */
  lu_byte nactvar;  /* number of active variables in that position */
  lu_byte close;  /* goto that escapes upvalues */
} Labeldesc;


/* list of labels or gotos */
typedef struct Labellist {
  Labeldesc *arr;  /* array */
  int n;  /* number of entries in use */
  int size;  /* array size */
} Labellist;


/* dynamic structures used by the parser */
typedef struct Dyndata {
  struct {  /* list of all active local variables */
    Vardesc *arr;
    int n;
    int size;
  } actvar;
  Labellist gt;  /* list of pending gotos */
  Labellist label;   /* list of active labels */
} Dyndata;


/* control of blocks */
struct BlockCnt;  /* defined in lparser.c */


/* state needed to generate code for a given function */
typedef struct FuncState {
  Proto *f;  /* current function header */
  struct FuncState *prev;  /* enclosing function */
  struct LexState *ls;  /* lexical state */
  struct BlockCnt *bl;  /* chain of current blocks */
  int pc;  /* next position to code (equivalent to 'ncode') */
  int lasttarget;   /* 'label' of last 'jump label' */
  int previousline;  /* last line that was saved in 'lineinfo' */
  int nk;  /* number of elements in 'k' */
  int np;  /* number of elements in 'p' */
  int nabslineinfo;  /* number of elements in 'abslineinfo' */
  int firstlocal;  /* index of first local var (in Dyndata array) */
  int firstlabel;  /* index of first label (in 'dyd->label->arr') */
  short ndebugvars;  /* number of elements in 'f->locvars' */
  lu_byte nactvar;  /* number of active local variables */
  lu_byte nups;  /* number of upvalues */
  lu_byte freereg;  /* first free register */
  lu_byte iwthabs;  /* instructions issued since last absolute line info */
  lu_byte needclose;  /* function needs to close upvalues when returning */
} FuncState;


LUAI_FUNC int luaY_nvarstack (FuncState *fs);
LUAI_FUNC LClosure *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff,
                                 Dyndata *dyd, const char *name, int firstchar);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lcode.h $
** Code generator for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lcode_h
#define lcode_h

/*#include "llex.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lparser.h"*/


/*
** Marks the end of a patch list. It is an invalid value both as an absolute
** address, and as a list link (would link an element to itself).
*/
#define NO_JUMP (-1)


/*
** grep "ORDER OPR" if you change these enums  (ORDER OP)
*/
typedef enum BinOpr {
  /* arithmetic operators */
  OPR_ADD, OPR_SUB, OPR_MUL, OPR_MOD, OPR_POW,
  OPR_DIV, OPR_IDIV,
  /* bitwise operators */
  OPR_BAND, OPR_BOR, OPR_BXOR,
  OPR_SHL, OPR_SHR,
  /* string operator */
  OPR_CONCAT,
  /* comparison operators */
  OPR_EQ, OPR_LT, OPR_LE,
  OPR_NE, OPR_GT, OPR_GE,
  /* logical operators */
  OPR_AND, OPR_OR,
  OPR_NOBINOPR
} BinOpr;


/* true if operation is foldable (that is, it is arithmetic or bitwise) */
#define foldbinop(op)	((op) <= OPR_SHR)


#define luaK_codeABC(fs,o,a,b,c)	luaK_codeABCk(fs,o,a,b,c,0)


typedef enum UnOpr { OPR_MINUS, OPR_BNOT, OPR_NOT, OPR_LEN, OPR_NOUNOPR } UnOpr;


/* get (pointer to) instruction of given 'expdesc' */
#define getinstruction(fs,e)	((fs)->f->code[(e)->u.info])


#define luaK_setmultret(fs,e)	luaK_setreturns(fs, e, LUA_MULTRET)

#define luaK_jumpto(fs,t)	luaK_patchlist(fs, luaK_jump(fs), t)

LUAI_FUNC int luaK_code (FuncState *fs, Instruction i);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int A, unsigned int Bx);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_codeAsBx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int A, int Bx);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_codeABCk (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int A,
                                            int B, int C, int k);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_isKint (expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_exp2const (FuncState *fs, const expdesc *e, TValue *v);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_int (FuncState *fs, int reg, lua_Integer n);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_exp2anyregup (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_goiffalse (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2);
LUAI_FUNC int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *v, int line);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v1,
                            expdesc *v2, int line);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_settablesize (FuncState *fs, int pc,
                                  int ra, int asize, int hsize);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore);
LUAI_FUNC void luaK_finish (FuncState *fs);
LUAI_FUNC l_noret luaK_semerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg);


#endif
/*
** $Id: lvm.h $
** Lua virtual machine
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lvm_h
#define lvm_h


/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/


#if !defined(LUA_NOCVTN2S)
#define cvt2str(o)	ttisnumber(o)
#else
#define cvt2str(o)	0	/* no conversion from numbers to strings */
#endif


#if !defined(LUA_NOCVTS2N)
#define cvt2num(o)	ttisstring(o)
#else
#define cvt2num(o)	0	/* no conversion from strings to numbers */
#endif


/*
** You can define LUA_FLOORN2I if you want to convert floats to integers
** by flooring them (instead of raising an error if they are not
** integral values)
*/
#if !defined(LUA_FLOORN2I)
#define LUA_FLOORN2I		F2Ieq
#endif


/*
** Rounding modes for float->integer coercion
 */
typedef enum {
  F2Ieq,     /* no rounding; accepts only integral values */
  F2Ifloor,  /* takes the floor of the number */
  F2Iceil    /* takes the ceil of the number */
} F2Imod;


/* convert an object to a float (including string coercion) */
#define tonumber(o,n) \
	(ttisfloat(o) ? (*(n) = fltvalue(o), 1) : luaV_tonumber_(o,n))


/* convert an object to a float (without string coercion) */
#define tonumberns(o,n) \
	(ttisfloat(o) ? ((n) = fltvalue(o), 1) : \
	(ttisinteger(o) ? ((n) = cast_num(ivalue(o)), 1) : 0))


/* convert an object to an integer (including string coercion) */
#define tointeger(o,i) \
  (l_likely(ttisinteger(o)) ? (*(i) = ivalue(o), 1) \
                          : luaV_tointeger(o,i,LUA_FLOORN2I))


/* convert an object to an integer (without string coercion) */
#define tointegerns(o,i) \
  (l_likely(ttisinteger(o)) ? (*(i) = ivalue(o), 1) \
                          : luaV_tointegerns(o,i,LUA_FLOORN2I))


#define intop(op,v1,v2) l_castU2S(l_castS2U(v1) op l_castS2U(v2))

#define luaV_rawequalobj(t1,t2)		luaV_equalobj(NULL,t1,t2)


/*
** fast track for 'gettable': if 't' is a table and 't[k]' is present,
** return 1 with 'slot' pointing to 't[k]' (position of final result).
** Otherwise, return 0 (meaning it will have to check metamethod)
** with 'slot' pointing to an empty 't[k]' (if 't' is a table) or NULL
** (otherwise). 'f' is the raw get function to use.
*/
#define luaV_fastget(L,t,k,slot,f) \
  (!ttistable(t)  \
   ? (slot = NULL, 0)  /* not a table; 'slot' is NULL and result is 0 */  \
   : (slot = f(hvalue(t), k),  /* else, do raw access */  \
      !isempty(slot)))  /* result not empty? */


/*
** Special case of 'luaV_fastget' for integers, inlining the fast case
** of 'luaH_getint'.
*/
#define luaV_fastgeti(L,t,k,slot) \
  (!ttistable(t)  \
   ? (slot = NULL, 0)  /* not a table; 'slot' is NULL and result is 0 */  \
   : (slot = (l_castS2U(k) - 1u < hvalue(t)->alimit) \
              ? &hvalue(t)->array[k - 1] : luaH_getint(hvalue(t), k), \
      !isempty(slot)))  /* result not empty? */


/*
** Finish a fast set operation (when fast get succeeds). In that case,
** 'slot' points to the place to put the value.
*/
#define luaV_finishfastset(L,t,slot,v) \
    { setobj2t(L, cast(TValue *,slot), v); \
      luaC_barrierback(L, gcvalue(t), v); }




LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tonumber_ (const TValue *obj, lua_Number *n);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tointeger (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tointegerns (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p,
                                F2Imod mode);
LUAI_FUNC int luaV_flttointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishget (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
                               StkId val, const TValue *slot);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishset (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
                               TValue *val, const TValue *slot);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishOp (lua_State *L);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_execute (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total);
LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_idiv (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
LUAI_FUNC lua_Number luaV_modf (lua_State *L, lua_Number x, lua_Number y);
LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
LUAI_FUNC void luaV_objlen (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb);

#endif
/*
** $Id: lctype.h $
** 'ctype' functions for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#ifndef lctype_h
#define lctype_h

/*#include "lua.h"*/


/*
** WARNING: the functions defined here do not necessarily correspond
** to the similar functions in the standard C ctype.h. They are
** optimized for the specific needs of Lua.
*/

#if !defined(LUA_USE_CTYPE)

#if 'A' == 65 && '0' == 48
/* ASCII case: can use its own tables; faster and fixed */
#define LUA_USE_CTYPE	0
#else
/* must use standard C ctype */
#define LUA_USE_CTYPE	1
#endif

#endif


#if !LUA_USE_CTYPE	/* { */

#include <limits.h>

/*#include "llimits.h"*/


#define ALPHABIT	0
#define DIGITBIT	1
#define PRINTBIT	2
#define SPACEBIT	3
#define XDIGITBIT	4


#define MASK(B)		(1 << (B))


/*
** add 1 to char to allow index -1 (EOZ)
*/
#define testprop(c,p)	(luai_ctype_[(c)+1] & (p))

/*
** 'lalpha' (Lua alphabetic) and 'lalnum' (Lua alphanumeric) both include '_'
*/
#define lislalpha(c)	testprop(c, MASK(ALPHABIT))
#define lislalnum(c)	testprop(c, (MASK(ALPHABIT) | MASK(DIGITBIT)))
#define lisdigit(c)	testprop(c, MASK(DIGITBIT))
#define lisspace(c)	testprop(c, MASK(SPACEBIT))
#define lisprint(c)	testprop(c, MASK(PRINTBIT))
#define lisxdigit(c)	testprop(c, MASK(XDIGITBIT))


/*
** In ASCII, this 'ltolower' is correct for alphabetic characters and
** for '.'. That is enough for Lua needs. ('check_exp' ensures that
** the character either is an upper-case letter or is unchanged by
** the transformation, which holds for lower-case letters and '.'.)
*/
#define ltolower(c)  \
  check_exp(('A' <= (c) && (c) <= 'Z') || (c) == ((c) | ('A' ^ 'a')),  \
            (c) | ('A' ^ 'a'))


/* one entry for each character and for -1 (EOZ) */
LUAI_DDEC(const lu_byte luai_ctype_[UCHAR_MAX + 2];)


#else			/* }{ */

/*
** use standard C ctypes
*/

#include <ctype.h>


#define lislalpha(c)	(isalpha(c) || (c) == '_')
#define lislalnum(c)	(isalnum(c) || (c) == '_')
#define lisdigit(c)	(isdigit(c))
#define lisspace(c)	(isspace(c))
#define lisprint(c)	(isprint(c))
#define lisxdigit(c)	(isxdigit(c))

#define ltolower(c)	(tolower(c))

#endif			/* } */

#endif

/*
** $Id: lzio.c $
** Buffered streams
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lzio_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "llimits.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


int luaZ_fill (ZIO *z) {
  size_t size;
  lua_State *L = z->L;
  const char *buff;
  lua_unlock(L);
  buff = z->reader(L, z->data, &size);
  lua_lock(L);
  if (buff == NULL || size == 0)
    return EOZ;
  z->n = size - 1;  /* discount char being returned */
  z->p = buff;
  return cast_uchar(*(z->p++));
}


void luaZ_init (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, lua_Reader reader, void *data) {
  z->L = L;
  z->reader = reader;
  z->data = data;
  z->n = 0;
  z->p = NULL;
}


/* --------------------------------------------------------------- read --- */
size_t luaZ_read (ZIO *z, void *b, size_t n) {
  while (n) {
    size_t m;
    if (z->n == 0) {  /* no bytes in buffer? */
      if (luaZ_fill(z) == EOZ)  /* try to read more */
        return n;  /* no more input; return number of missing bytes */
      else {
        z->n++;  /* luaZ_fill consumed first byte; put it back */
        z->p--;
      }
    }
    m = (n <= z->n) ? n : z->n;  /* min. between n and z->n */
    memcpy(b, z->p, m);
    z->n -= m;
    z->p += m;
    b = (char *)b + m;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    n -= m;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** $Id: lctype.c $
** 'ctype' functions for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lctype_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


/*#include "lctype.h"*/

#if !LUA_USE_CTYPE	/* { */

#include <limits.h>


#if defined (LUA_UCID)		/* accept UniCode IDentifiers? */
/* consider all non-ascii codepoints to be alphabetic */
#define NONA		0x01
#else
#define NONA		0x00	/* default */
#endif


LUAI_DDEF const lu_byte luai_ctype_[UCHAR_MAX + 2] = {
  0x00,  /* EOZ */
  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,	/* 0. */
  0x00,  0x08,  0x08,  0x08,  0x08,  0x08,  0x00,  0x00,
  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,	/* 1. */
  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,
  0x0c,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,	/* 2. */
  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,
  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,  0x16,	/* 3. */
  0x16,  0x16,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,
  0x04,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x05,	/* 4. */
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,	/* 5. */
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x05,
  0x04,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x15,  0x05,	/* 6. */
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,	/* 7. */
  0x05,  0x05,  0x05,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x04,  0x00,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* 8. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* 9. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* a. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* b. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  0x00,  0x00,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* c. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* d. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,	/* e. */
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,
  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  NONA,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,	/* f. */
  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00,  0x00
};

#endif			/* } */
/*
** $Id: lopcodes.c $
** Opcodes for Lua virtual machine
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lopcodes_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/


/* ORDER OP */

LUAI_DDEF const lu_byte luaP_opmodes[NUM_OPCODES] = {
/*       MM OT IT T  A  mode		   opcode  */
  opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_MOVE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iAsBx)		/* OP_LOADI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iAsBx)		/* OP_LOADF */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_LOADK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_LOADKX */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_LOADFALSE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_LFALSESKIP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_LOADTRUE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_LOADNIL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_GETUPVAL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETUPVAL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_GETTABUP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_GETTABLE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_GETI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_GETFIELD */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETTABUP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETTABLE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETFIELD */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_NEWTABLE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SELF */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_ADDI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_ADDK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SUBK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_MULK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_MODK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_POWK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_DIVK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_IDIVK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BANDK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BORK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BXORK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SHRI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SHLI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_ADD */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SUB */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_MUL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_MOD */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_POW */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_DIV */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_IDIV */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BAND */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BOR */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BXOR */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SHL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_SHR */
 ,opmode(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_MMBIN */
 ,opmode(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_MMBINI*/
 ,opmode(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_MMBINK*/
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_UNM */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_BNOT */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_NOT */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_LEN */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_CONCAT */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_CLOSE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_TBC */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, isJ)		/* OP_JMP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_EQ */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_LT */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_LE */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_EQK */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_EQI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_LTI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_LEI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_GTI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_GEI */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, iABC)		/* OP_TEST */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, iABC)		/* OP_TESTSET */
 ,opmode(0, 1, 1, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_CALL */
 ,opmode(0, 1, 1, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_TAILCALL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_RETURN */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_RETURN0 */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_RETURN1 */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_FORLOOP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_FORPREP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABx)		/* OP_TFORPREP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_TFORCALL */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_TFORLOOP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, iABC)		/* OP_SETLIST */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, iABx)		/* OP_CLOSURE */
 ,opmode(0, 1, 0, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_VARARG */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, iABC)		/* OP_VARARGPREP */
 ,opmode(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, iAx)		/* OP_EXTRAARG */
};

/*
** $Id: lmem.c $
** Interface to Memory Manager
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lmem_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stddef.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/


#if defined(EMERGENCYGCTESTS)
/*
** First allocation will fail whenever not building initial state.
** (This fail will trigger 'tryagain' and a full GC cycle at every
** allocation.)
*/
static void *firsttry (global_State *g, void *block, size_t os, size_t ns) {
  if (completestate(g) && ns > 0)  /* frees never fail */
    return NULL;  /* fail */
  else  /* normal allocation */
    return (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, os, ns);
}
#else
#define firsttry(g,block,os,ns)    ((*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, os, ns))
#endif





/*
** About the realloc function:
** void *frealloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize);
** ('osize' is the old size, 'nsize' is the new size)
**
** - frealloc(ud, p, x, 0) frees the block 'p' and returns NULL.
** Particularly, frealloc(ud, NULL, 0, 0) does nothing,
** which is equivalent to free(NULL) in ISO C.
**
** - frealloc(ud, NULL, x, s) creates a new block of size 's'
** (no matter 'x'). Returns NULL if it cannot create the new block.
**
** - otherwise, frealloc(ud, b, x, y) reallocates the block 'b' from
** size 'x' to size 'y'. Returns NULL if it cannot reallocate the
** block to the new size.
*/




/*
** {==================================================================
** Functions to allocate/deallocate arrays for the Parser
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** Minimum size for arrays during parsing, to avoid overhead of
** reallocating to size 1, then 2, and then 4. All these arrays
** will be reallocated to exact sizes or erased when parsing ends.
*/
#define MINSIZEARRAY	4


void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int nelems, int *psize,
                     int size_elems, int limit, const char *what) {
  void *newblock;
  int size = *psize;
  if (nelems + 1 <= size)  /* does one extra element still fit? */
    return block;  /* nothing to be done */
  if (size >= limit / 2) {  /* cannot double it? */
    if (l_unlikely(size >= limit))  /* cannot grow even a little? */
      luaG_runerror(L, "too many %s (limit is %d)", what, limit);<--- Calling function luaG_runerror, 1st argument is null
    size = limit;  /* still have at least one free place */
  }
  else {
    size *= 2;
    if (size < MINSIZEARRAY)
      size = MINSIZEARRAY;  /* minimum size */
  }
  lua_assert(nelems + 1 <= size && size <= limit);
  /* 'limit' ensures that multiplication will not overflow */
  newblock = luaM_saferealloc_(L, block, cast_sizet(*psize) * size_elems,
                                         cast_sizet(size) * size_elems);
  *psize = size;  /* update only when everything else is OK */
  return newblock;
}


/*
** In prototypes, the size of the array is also its number of
** elements (to save memory). So, if it cannot shrink an array
** to its number of elements, the only option is to raise an
** error.
*/
void *luaM_shrinkvector_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size,
                          int final_n, int size_elem) {
  void *newblock;
  size_t oldsize = cast_sizet((*size) * size_elem);
  size_t newsize = cast_sizet(final_n * size_elem);
  lua_assert(newsize <= oldsize);
  newblock = luaM_saferealloc_(L, block, oldsize, newsize);
  *size = final_n;
  return newblock;
}

/* }================================================================== */


l_noret luaM_toobig (lua_State *L) {
  luaG_runerror(L, "memory allocation error: block too big");
}


/*
** Free memory
*/
void luaM_free_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize) {
  global_State *g = G(L);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  lua_assert((osize == 0) == (block == NULL));
  (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, osize, 0);
  g->GCdebt -= osize;
}


/*
** In case of allocation fail, this function will do an emergency
** collection to free some memory and then try the allocation again.
** The GC should not be called while state is not fully built, as the
** collector is not yet fully initialized. Also, it should not be called
** when 'gcstopem' is true, because then the interpreter is in the
** middle of a collection step.
*/
static void *tryagain (lua_State *L, void *block,
                       size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  if (completestate(g) && !g->gcstopem) {
    luaC_fullgc(L, 1);  /* try to free some memory... */
    return (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, osize, nsize);  /* try again */
  }
  else return NULL;  /* cannot free any memory without a full state */
}


/*
** Generic allocation routine.
*/
void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
  void *newblock;
  global_State *g = G(L);<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  lua_assert((osize == 0) == (block == NULL));
  newblock = firsttry(g, block, osize, nsize);
  if (l_unlikely(newblock == NULL && nsize > 0)) {
    newblock = tryagain(L, block, osize, nsize);
    if (newblock == NULL)  /* still no memory? */
      return NULL;  /* do not update 'GCdebt' */
  }
  lua_assert((nsize == 0) == (newblock == NULL));
  g->GCdebt = (g->GCdebt + nsize) - osize;
  return newblock;
}


void *luaM_saferealloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize,
                                                    size_t nsize) {
  void *newblock = luaM_realloc_(L, block, osize, nsize);<--- Calling function luaM_realloc_, 1st argument is null
  if (l_unlikely(newblock == NULL && nsize > 0))  /* allocation failed? */
    luaM_error(L);
  return newblock;
}


void *luaM_malloc_ (lua_State *L, size_t size, int tag) {
  if (size == 0)
    return NULL;  /* that's all */
  else {
    global_State *g = G(L);
    void *newblock = firsttry(g, NULL, tag, size);
    if (l_unlikely(newblock == NULL)) {
      newblock = tryagain(L, NULL, tag, size);
      if (newblock == NULL)
        luaM_error(L);
    }
    g->GCdebt += size;
    return newblock;
  }
}
/*
** $Id: lundump.c $
** load precompiled Lua chunks
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lundump_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "lundump.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/


#if !defined(luai_verifycode)
#define luai_verifycode(L,f)  /* empty */
#endif


typedef struct {
  lua_State *L;
  ZIO *Z;
  const char *name;
} LoadState;


static l_noret error (LoadState *S, const char *why) {<--- Shadowed declaration
  luaO_pushfstring(S->L, "%s: bad binary format (%s)", S->name, why);
  luaD_throw(S->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
}


/*
** All high-level loads go through loadVector; you can change it to
** adapt to the endianness of the input
*/
#define loadVector(S,b,n)	loadBlock(S,b,(n)*sizeof((b)[0]))

static void loadBlock (LoadState *S, void *b, size_t size) {
  if (luaZ_read(S->Z, b, size) != 0)
    error(S, "truncated chunk");
}


#define loadVar(S,x)		loadVector(S,&x,1)


static lu_byte loadByte (LoadState *S) {
  int b = zgetc(S->Z);
  if (b == EOZ)
    error(S, "truncated chunk");
  return cast_byte(b);
}


static size_t loadUnsigned (LoadState *S, size_t limit) {
  size_t x = 0;
  int b;
  limit >>= 7;
  do {
    b = loadByte(S);
    if (x >= limit)
      error(S, "integer overflow");
    x = (x << 7) | (b & 0x7f);
  } while ((b & 0x80) == 0);
  return x;
}


static size_t loadSize (LoadState *S) {
  return loadUnsigned(S, ~(size_t)0);
}


static int loadInt (LoadState *S) {
  return cast_int(loadUnsigned(S, INT_MAX));
}


static lua_Number loadNumber (LoadState *S) {
  lua_Number x;
  loadVar(S, x);<--- The address of local variable 'x' might be accessed at non-zero index.<--- Address of variable taken here.
  return x;
}


static lua_Integer loadInteger (LoadState *S) {
  lua_Integer x;
  loadVar(S, x);<--- The address of local variable 'x' might be accessed at non-zero index.<--- Address of variable taken here.
  return x;
}


/*
** Load a nullable string into prototype 'p'.
*/
static TString *loadStringN (LoadState *S, Proto *p) {
  lua_State *L = S->L;
  TString *ts;
  size_t size = loadSize(S);
  if (size == 0)  /* no string? */
    return NULL;
  else if (--size <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN) {  /* short string? */
    char buff[LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN];
    loadVector(S, buff, size);  /* load string into buffer */
    ts = luaS_newlstr(L, buff, size);  /* create string */
  }
  else {  /* long string */
    ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(L, size);  /* create string */<--- Calling function 'luaS_createlngstrobj', 1st argument 'L' value is 0
    setsvalue2s(L, L->top, ts);  /* anchor it ('loadVector' can GC) */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    luaD_inctop(L);
    loadVector(S, getstr(ts), size);  /* load directly in final place */
    L->top--;  /* pop string */
  }
  luaC_objbarrier(L, p, ts);
  return ts;
}


/*
** Load a non-nullable string into prototype 'p'.
*/
static TString *loadString (LoadState *S, Proto *p) {
  TString *st = loadStringN(S, p);
  if (st == NULL)
    error(S, "bad format for constant string");
  return st;
}


static void loadCode (LoadState *S, Proto *f) {
  int n = loadInt(S);
  f->code = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, Instruction);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizecode = n;
  loadVector(S, f->code, n);
}


static void loadFunction(LoadState *S, Proto *f, TString *psource);


static void loadConstants (LoadState *S, Proto *f) {
  int i;
  int n = loadInt(S);
  f->k = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, TValue);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizek = n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    setnilvalue(&f->k[i]);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    TValue *o = &f->k[i];
    int t = loadByte(S);
    switch (t) {
      case LUA_VNIL:
        setnilvalue(o);
        break;
      case LUA_VFALSE:
        setbfvalue(o);
        break;
      case LUA_VTRUE:
        setbtvalue(o);
        break;
      case LUA_VNUMFLT:
        setfltvalue(o, loadNumber(S));
        break;
      case LUA_VNUMINT:
        setivalue(o, loadInteger(S));
        break;
      case LUA_VSHRSTR:
      case LUA_VLNGSTR:
        setsvalue2n(S->L, o, loadString(S, f));
        break;
      default: lua_assert(0);
    }
  }
}


static void loadProtos (LoadState *S, Proto *f) {
  int i;
  int n = loadInt(S);
  f->p = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, Proto *);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizep = n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    f->p[i] = NULL;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    f->p[i] = luaF_newproto(S->L);
    luaC_objbarrier(S->L, f, f->p[i]);
    loadFunction(S, f->p[i], f->source);
  }
}


/*
** Load the upvalues for a function. The names must be filled first,
** because the filling of the other fields can raise read errors and
** the creation of the error message can call an emergency collection;
** in that case all prototypes must be consistent for the GC.
*/
static void loadUpvalues (LoadState *S, Proto *f) {
  int i, n;
  n = loadInt(S);
  f->upvalues = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, Upvaldesc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizeupvalues = n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)  /* make array valid for GC */
    f->upvalues[i].name = NULL;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {  /* following calls can raise errors */
    f->upvalues[i].instack = loadByte(S);
    f->upvalues[i].idx = loadByte(S);
    f->upvalues[i].kind = loadByte(S);
  }
}


static void loadDebug (LoadState *S, Proto *f) {
  int i, n;
  n = loadInt(S);
  f->lineinfo = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, ls_byte);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizelineinfo = n;
  loadVector(S, f->lineinfo, n);
  n = loadInt(S);
  f->abslineinfo = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, AbsLineInfo);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizeabslineinfo = n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    f->abslineinfo[i].pc = loadInt(S);
    f->abslineinfo[i].line = loadInt(S);
  }
  n = loadInt(S);
  f->locvars = luaM_newvectorchecked(S->L, n, LocVar);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  f->sizelocvars = n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    f->locvars[i].varname = NULL;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    f->locvars[i].varname = loadStringN(S, f);
    f->locvars[i].startpc = loadInt(S);
    f->locvars[i].endpc = loadInt(S);
  }
  n = loadInt(S);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    f->upvalues[i].name = loadStringN(S, f);
}


static void loadFunction (LoadState *S, Proto *f, TString *psource) {
  f->source = loadStringN(S, f);
  if (f->source == NULL)  /* no source in dump? */
    f->source = psource;  /* reuse parent's source */
  f->linedefined = loadInt(S);
  f->lastlinedefined = loadInt(S);
  f->numparams = loadByte(S);
  f->is_vararg = loadByte(S);
  f->maxstacksize = loadByte(S);
  loadCode(S, f);
  loadConstants(S, f);
  loadUpvalues(S, f);
  loadProtos(S, f);
  loadDebug(S, f);
}


static void checkliteral (LoadState *S, const char *s, const char *msg) {
  char buff[sizeof(LUA_SIGNATURE) + sizeof(LUAC_DATA)]; /* larger than both */
  size_t len = strlen(s);
  loadVector(S, buff, len);
  if (memcmp(s, buff, len) != 0)
    error(S, msg);
}


static void fchecksize (LoadState *S, size_t size, const char *tname) {
  if (loadByte(S) != size)
    error(S, luaO_pushfstring(S->L, "%s size mismatch", tname));
}


#define checksize(S,t)	fchecksize(S,sizeof(t),#t)

static void checkHeader (LoadState *S) {
  /* skip 1st char (already read and checked) */
  checkliteral(S, &LUA_SIGNATURE[1], "not a binary chunk");
  if (loadByte(S) != LUAC_VERSION)
    error(S, "version mismatch");
  if (loadByte(S) != LUAC_FORMAT)
    error(S, "format mismatch");
  checkliteral(S, LUAC_DATA, "corrupted chunk");
  checksize(S, Instruction);
  checksize(S, lua_Integer);
  checksize(S, lua_Number);
  if (loadInteger(S) != LUAC_INT)
    error(S, "integer format mismatch");
  if (loadNumber(S) != LUAC_NUM)
    error(S, "float format mismatch");
}


/*
** Load precompiled chunk.
*/
LClosure *luaU_undump(lua_State *L, ZIO *Z, const char *name) {
  LoadState S;
  LClosure *cl;
  if (*name == '@' || *name == '=')
    S.name = name + 1;
  else if (*name == LUA_SIGNATURE[0])
    S.name = "binary string";
  else
    S.name = name;
  S.L = L;
  S.Z = Z;
  checkHeader(&S);
  cl = luaF_newLclosure(L, loadByte(&S));
  setclLvalue2s(L, L->top, cl);
  luaD_inctop(L);
  cl->p = luaF_newproto(L);
  luaC_objbarrier(L, cl, cl->p);
  loadFunction(&S, cl->p, NULL);
  lua_assert(cl->nupvalues == cl->p->sizeupvalues);
  luai_verifycode(L, cl->p);
  return cl;
}

/*
** $Id: ldump.c $
** save precompiled Lua chunks
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ldump_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stddef.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lundump.h"*/


typedef struct {
  lua_State *L;
  lua_Writer writer;
  void *data;
  int strip;
  int status;
} DumpState;


/*
** All high-level dumps go through dumpVector; you can change it to
** change the endianness of the result
*/
#define dumpVector(D,v,n)	dumpBlock(D,v,(n)*sizeof((v)[0]))

#define dumpLiteral(D, s)	dumpBlock(D,s,sizeof(s) - sizeof(char))


static void dumpBlock (DumpState *D, const void *b, size_t size) {
  if (D->status == 0 && size > 0) {
    lua_unlock(D->L);
    D->status = (*D->writer)(D->L, b, size, D->data);
    lua_lock(D->L);
  }
}


#define dumpVar(D,x)		dumpVector(D,&x,1)


static void dumpByte (DumpState *D, int y) {
  lu_byte x = (lu_byte)y;
  dumpVar(D, x);<--- The address of local variable 'x' might be accessed at non-zero index.<--- Address of variable taken here.
}


/* dumpInt Buff Size */
#define DIBS    ((sizeof(size_t) * 8 / 7) + 1)

static void dumpSize (DumpState *D, size_t x) {
  lu_byte buff[DIBS];
  int n = 0;
  do {
    buff[DIBS - (++n)] = x & 0x7f;  /* fill buffer in reverse order */
    x >>= 7;
  } while (x != 0);
  buff[DIBS - 1] |= 0x80;  /* mark last byte */
  dumpVector(D, buff + DIBS - n, n);
}


static void dumpInt (DumpState *D, int x) {
  dumpSize(D, x);
}


static void dumpNumber (DumpState *D, lua_Number x) {
  dumpVar(D, x);<--- The address of local variable 'x' might be accessed at non-zero index.<--- Address of variable taken here.
}


static void dumpInteger (DumpState *D, lua_Integer x) {
  dumpVar(D, x);<--- The address of local variable 'x' might be accessed at non-zero index.<--- Address of variable taken here.
}


static void dumpString (DumpState *D, const TString *s) {
  if (s == NULL)
    dumpSize(D, 0);
  else {
    size_t size = tsslen(s);
    const char *str = getstr(s);
    dumpSize(D, size + 1);
    dumpVector(D, str, size);
  }
}


static void dumpCode (DumpState *D, const Proto *f) {
  dumpInt(D, f->sizecode);
  dumpVector(D, f->code, f->sizecode);
}


static void dumpFunction(DumpState *D, const Proto *f, TString *psource);

static void dumpConstants (DumpState *D, const Proto *f) {
  int i;
  int n = f->sizek;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    const TValue *o = &f->k[i];
    int tt = ttypetag(o);
    dumpByte(D, tt);
    switch (tt) {
      case LUA_VNUMFLT:
        dumpNumber(D, fltvalue(o));
        break;
      case LUA_VNUMINT:
        dumpInteger(D, ivalue(o));
        break;
      case LUA_VSHRSTR:
      case LUA_VLNGSTR:
        dumpString(D, tsvalue(o));
        break;
      default:
        lua_assert(tt == LUA_VNIL || tt == LUA_VFALSE || tt == LUA_VTRUE);
    }
  }
}


static void dumpProtos (DumpState *D, const Proto *f) {
  int i;
  int n = f->sizep;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    dumpFunction(D, f->p[i], f->source);
}


static void dumpUpvalues (DumpState *D, const Proto *f) {
  int i, n = f->sizeupvalues;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    dumpByte(D, f->upvalues[i].instack);
    dumpByte(D, f->upvalues[i].idx);
    dumpByte(D, f->upvalues[i].kind);
  }
}


static void dumpDebug (DumpState *D, const Proto *f) {
  int i, n;
  n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelineinfo;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  dumpVector(D, f->lineinfo, n);
  n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizeabslineinfo;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    dumpInt(D, f->abslineinfo[i].pc);
    dumpInt(D, f->abslineinfo[i].line);
  }
  n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelocvars;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    dumpString(D, f->locvars[i].varname);
    dumpInt(D, f->locvars[i].startpc);
    dumpInt(D, f->locvars[i].endpc);
  }
  n = (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizeupvalues;
  dumpInt(D, n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    dumpString(D, f->upvalues[i].name);
}


static void dumpFunction (DumpState *D, const Proto *f, TString *psource) {<--- Parameter 'psource' can be declared as pointer to const
  if (D->strip || f->source == psource)
    dumpString(D, NULL);  /* no debug info or same source as its parent */
  else
    dumpString(D, f->source);
  dumpInt(D, f->linedefined);
  dumpInt(D, f->lastlinedefined);
  dumpByte(D, f->numparams);
  dumpByte(D, f->is_vararg);
  dumpByte(D, f->maxstacksize);
  dumpCode(D, f);
  dumpConstants(D, f);
  dumpUpvalues(D, f);
  dumpProtos(D, f);
  dumpDebug(D, f);
}


static void dumpHeader (DumpState *D) {
  dumpLiteral(D, LUA_SIGNATURE);
  dumpByte(D, LUAC_VERSION);
  dumpByte(D, LUAC_FORMAT);
  dumpLiteral(D, LUAC_DATA);
  dumpByte(D, sizeof(Instruction));
  dumpByte(D, sizeof(lua_Integer));
  dumpByte(D, sizeof(lua_Number));
  dumpInteger(D, LUAC_INT);
  dumpNumber(D, LUAC_NUM);
}


/*
** dump Lua function as precompiled chunk
*/
int luaU_dump(lua_State *L, const Proto *f, lua_Writer w, void *data,
              int strip) {
  DumpState D;
  D.L = L;
  D.writer = w;
  D.data = data;
  D.strip = strip;
  D.status = 0;
  dumpHeader(&D);
  dumpByte(&D, f->sizeupvalues);
  dumpFunction(&D, f, NULL);
  return D.status;
}

/*
** $Id: lstate.c $
** Global State
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lstate_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lapi.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "llex.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/



/*
** thread state + extra space
*/
typedef struct LX {
  lu_byte extra_[LUA_EXTRASPACE];
  lua_State l;
} LX;


/*
** Main thread combines a thread state and the global state
*/
typedef struct LG {
  LX l;
  global_State g;
} LG;



#define fromstate(L)	(cast(LX *, cast(lu_byte *, (L)) - offsetof(LX, l)))


/*
** A macro to create a "random" seed when a state is created;
** the seed is used to randomize string hashes.
*/
#if !defined(luai_makeseed)

#include <time.h>

/*
** Compute an initial seed with some level of randomness.
** Rely on Address Space Layout Randomization (if present) and
** current time.
*/
#define addbuff(b,p,e) \
  { size_t t = cast_sizet(e); \
    memcpy(b + p, &t, sizeof(t)); p += sizeof(t); }

static unsigned int luai_makeseed (lua_State *L) {
  char buff[3 * sizeof(size_t)];
  unsigned int h = cast_uint(time(NULL));
  int p = 0;
  addbuff(buff, p, L);  /* heap variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &h);  /* local variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &lua_newstate);  /* public function */
  lua_assert(p == sizeof(buff));
  return luaS_hash(buff, p, h);
}

#endif


/*
** set GCdebt to a new value keeping the value (totalbytes + GCdebt)
** invariant (and avoiding underflows in 'totalbytes')
*/
void luaE_setdebt (global_State *g, l_mem debt) {
  l_mem tb = gettotalbytes(g);
  lua_assert(tb > 0);
  if (debt < tb - MAX_LMEM)
    debt = tb - MAX_LMEM;  /* will make 'totalbytes == MAX_LMEM' */
  g->totalbytes = tb - debt;
  g->GCdebt = debt;
}


LUA_API int lua_setcstacklimit (lua_State *L, unsigned int limit) {
  UNUSED(L); UNUSED(limit);
  return LUAI_MAXCCALLS;  /* warning?? */
}


CallInfo *luaE_extendCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  lua_assert(L->ci->next == NULL);
  ci = luaM_new(L, CallInfo);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  lua_assert(L->ci->next == NULL);
  L->ci->next = ci;
  ci->previous = L->ci;
  ci->next = NULL;
  ci->u.l.trap = 0;
  L->nci++;
  return ci;
}


/*
** free all CallInfo structures not in use by a thread
*/
void luaE_freeCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  CallInfo *next = ci->next;
  ci->next = NULL;
  while ((ci = next) != NULL) {
    next = ci->next;
    luaM_free(L, ci);
    L->nci--;
  }
}


/*
** free half of the CallInfo structures not in use by a thread,
** keeping the first one.
*/
void luaE_shrinkCI (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci->next;  /* first free CallInfo */
  CallInfo *next;
  if (ci == NULL)
    return;  /* no extra elements */
  while ((next = ci->next) != NULL) {  /* two extra elements? */
    CallInfo *next2 = next->next;  /* next's next */
    ci->next = next2;  /* remove next from the list */
    L->nci--;
    luaM_free(L, next);  /* free next */
    if (next2 == NULL)
      break;  /* no more elements */
    else {
      next2->previous = ci;
      ci = next2;  /* continue */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Called when 'getCcalls(L)' larger or equal to LUAI_MAXCCALLS.
** If equal, raises an overflow error. If value is larger than
** LUAI_MAXCCALLS (which means it is handling an overflow) but
** not much larger, does not report an error (to allow overflow
** handling to work).
*/
void luaE_checkcstack (lua_State *L) {
  if (getCcalls(L) == LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
    luaG_runerror(L, "C stack overflow");
  else if (getCcalls(L) >= (LUAI_MAXCCALLS / 10 * 11))
    luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);  /* error while handling stack error */
}


LUAI_FUNC void luaE_incCstack (lua_State *L) {
  L->nCcalls++;
  if (l_unlikely(getCcalls(L) >= LUAI_MAXCCALLS))
    luaE_checkcstack(L);
}


static void stack_init (lua_State *L1, lua_State *L) {
  int i; CallInfo *ci;
  /* initialize stack array */
  L1->stack = luaM_newvector(L, BASIC_STACK_SIZE + EXTRA_STACK, StackValue);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  L1->tbclist = L1->stack;
  for (i = 0; i < BASIC_STACK_SIZE + EXTRA_STACK; i++)
    setnilvalue(s2v(L1->stack + i));  /* erase new stack */
  L1->top = L1->stack;
  L1->stack_last = L1->stack + BASIC_STACK_SIZE;
  /* initialize first ci */
  ci = &L1->base_ci;
  ci->next = ci->previous = NULL;
  ci->callstatus = CIST_C;
  ci->func = L1->top;
  ci->u.c.k = NULL;
  ci->nresults = 0;
  setnilvalue(s2v(L1->top));  /* 'function' entry for this 'ci' */
  L1->top++;
  ci->top = L1->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
  L1->ci = ci;
}


static void freestack (lua_State *L) {
  if (L->stack == NULL)
    return;  /* stack not completely built yet */
  L->ci = &L->base_ci;  /* free the entire 'ci' list */
  luaE_freeCI(L);
  lua_assert(L->nci == 0);
  luaM_freearray(L, L->stack, stacksize(L) + EXTRA_STACK);  /* free stack */
}


/*
** Create registry table and its predefined values
*/
static void init_registry (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  /* create registry */
  Table *registry = luaH_new(L);
  sethvalue(L, &g->l_registry, registry);
  luaH_resize(L, registry, LUA_RIDX_LAST, 0);
  /* registry[LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD] = L */
  setthvalue(L, &registry->array[LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD - 1], L);
  /* registry[LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS] = new table (table of globals) */
  sethvalue(L, &registry->array[LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS - 1], luaH_new(L));
}


/*
** open parts of the state that may cause memory-allocation errors.
*/
static void f_luaopen (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  UNUSED(ud);
  stack_init(L, L);  /* init stack */
  init_registry(L, g);
  luaS_init(L);
  luaT_init(L);
  luaX_init(L);
  g->gcstp = 0;  /* allow gc */
  setnilvalue(&g->nilvalue);  /* now state is complete */
  luai_userstateopen(L);
}


/*
** preinitialize a thread with consistent values without allocating
** any memory (to avoid errors)
*/
static void preinit_thread (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  G(L) = g;
  L->stack = NULL;
  L->ci = NULL;
  L->nci = 0;
  L->twups = L;  /* thread has no upvalues */
  L->nCcalls = 0;
  L->errorJmp = NULL;
  L->hook = NULL;
  L->hookmask = 0;
  L->basehookcount = 0;
  L->allowhook = 1;
  resethookcount(L);
  L->openupval = NULL;
  L->status = LUA_OK;
  L->errfunc = 0;
  L->oldpc = 0;
}


static void close_state (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  if (!completestate(g))  /* closing a partially built state? */
    luaC_freeallobjects(L);  /* just collect its objects */
  else {  /* closing a fully built state */
    L->ci = &L->base_ci;  /* unwind CallInfo list */
    luaD_closeprotected(L, 1, LUA_OK);  /* close all upvalues */
    luaC_freeallobjects(L);  /* collect all objects */
    luai_userstateclose(L);
  }
  luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->strt.hash, G(L)->strt.size);
  freestack(L);
  lua_assert(gettotalbytes(g) == sizeof(LG));
  (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, fromstate(L), sizeof(LG), 0);  /* free main block */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}


LUA_API lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g;
  lua_State *L1;
  lua_lock(L);
  g = G(L);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  /* create new thread */
  L1 = &cast(LX *, luaM_newobject(L, LUA_TTHREAD, sizeof(LX)))->l;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  L1->marked = luaC_white(g);
  L1->tt = LUA_VTHREAD;
  /* link it on list 'allgc' */
  L1->next = g->allgc;
  g->allgc = obj2gco(L1);
  /* anchor it on L stack */
  setthvalue2s(L, L->top, L1);
  api_incr_top(L);
  preinit_thread(L1, g);
  L1->hookmask = L->hookmask;
  L1->basehookcount = L->basehookcount;
  L1->hook = L->hook;
  resethookcount(L1);
  /* initialize L1 extra space */
  memcpy(lua_getextraspace(L1), lua_getextraspace(g->mainthread),<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
         LUA_EXTRASPACE);
  luai_userstatethread(L, L1);
  stack_init(L1, L);  /* init stack */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return L1;
}


void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1) {
  LX *l = fromstate(L1);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaF_closeupval(L1, L1->stack);  /* close all upvalues */
  lua_assert(L1->openupval == NULL);
  luai_userstatefree(L, L1);
  freestack(L1);
  luaM_free(L, l);
}


int luaE_resetthread (lua_State *L, int status) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci = &L->base_ci;  /* unwind CallInfo list */<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  setnilvalue(s2v(L->stack));  /* 'function' entry for basic 'ci' */
  ci->func = L->stack;<--- Null pointer dereference
  ci->callstatus = CIST_C;
  if (status == LUA_YIELD)
    status = LUA_OK;
  L->status = LUA_OK;  /* so it can run __close metamethods */
  status = luaD_closeprotected(L, 1, status);
  if (status != LUA_OK)  /* errors? */
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, L->stack + 1);
  else
    L->top = L->stack + 1;
  ci->top = L->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
  luaD_reallocstack(L, cast_int(ci->top - L->stack), 0);
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_resetthread (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  lua_lock(L);
  status = luaE_resetthread(L, L->status);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
  int i;
  lua_State *L;
  global_State *g;
  LG *l = cast(LG *, (*f)(ud, NULL, LUA_TTHREAD, sizeof(LG)));
  if (l == NULL) return NULL;
  L = &l->l.l;
  g = &l->g;
  L->tt = LUA_VTHREAD;
  g->currentwhite = bitmask(WHITE0BIT);
  L->marked = luaC_white(g);
  preinit_thread(L, g);
  g->allgc = obj2gco(L);  /* by now, only object is the main thread */
  L->next = NULL;
  incnny(L);  /* main thread is always non yieldable */
  g->frealloc = f;
  g->ud = ud;
  g->warnf = NULL;
  g->ud_warn = NULL;
  g->mainthread = L;
  g->seed = luai_makeseed(L);
  g->gcstp = GCSTPGC;  /* no GC while building state */
  g->strt.size = g->strt.nuse = 0;
  g->strt.hash = NULL;
  setnilvalue(&g->l_registry);
  g->panic = NULL;
  g->gcstate = GCSpause;
  g->gckind = KGC_INC;
  g->gcstopem = 0;
  g->gcemergency = 0;
  g->finobj = g->tobefnz = g->fixedgc = NULL;
  g->firstold1 = g->survival = g->old1 = g->reallyold = NULL;
  g->finobjsur = g->finobjold1 = g->finobjrold = NULL;
  g->sweepgc = NULL;
  g->gray = g->grayagain = NULL;
  g->weak = g->ephemeron = g->allweak = NULL;
  g->twups = NULL;
  g->totalbytes = sizeof(LG);
  g->GCdebt = 0;
  g->lastatomic = 0;
  setivalue(&g->nilvalue, 0);  /* to signal that state is not yet built */
  setgcparam(g->gcpause, LUAI_GCPAUSE);
  setgcparam(g->gcstepmul, LUAI_GCMUL);
  g->gcstepsize = LUAI_GCSTEPSIZE;
  setgcparam(g->genmajormul, LUAI_GENMAJORMUL);
  g->genminormul = LUAI_GENMINORMUL;
  for (i=0; i < LUA_NUMTAGS; i++) g->mt[i] = NULL;
  if (luaD_rawrunprotected(L, f_luaopen, NULL) != LUA_OK) {
    /* memory allocation error: free partial state */
    close_state(L);
    L = NULL;
  }
  return L;
}


LUA_API void lua_close (lua_State *L) {
  lua_lock(L);
  L = G(L)->mainthread;  /* only the main thread can be closed */
  close_state(L);
}


void luaE_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont) {
  lua_WarnFunction wf = G(L)->warnf;
  if (wf != NULL)
    wf(G(L)->ud_warn, msg, tocont);
}


/*
** Generate a warning from an error message
*/
void luaE_warnerror (lua_State *L, const char *where) {
  TValue *errobj = s2v(L->top - 1);  /* error object */
  const char *msg = (ttisstring(errobj))
                  ? svalue(errobj)
                  : "error object is not a string";
  /* produce warning "error in %s (%s)" (where, msg) */
  luaE_warning(L, "error in ", 1);
  luaE_warning(L, where, 1);
  luaE_warning(L, " (", 1);
  luaE_warning(L, msg, 1);
  luaE_warning(L, ")", 0);
}

/*
** $Id: lgc.c $
** Garbage Collector
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lgc_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>


/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/


/*
** Maximum number of elements to sweep in each single step.
** (Large enough to dissipate fixed overheads but small enough
** to allow small steps for the collector.)
*/
#define GCSWEEPMAX	100

/*
** Maximum number of finalizers to call in each single step.
*/
#define GCFINMAX	10


/*
** Cost of calling one finalizer.
*/
#define GCFINALIZECOST	50


/*
** The equivalent, in bytes, of one unit of "work" (visiting a slot,
** sweeping an object, etc.)
*/
#define WORK2MEM	sizeof(TValue)


/*
** macro to adjust 'pause': 'pause' is actually used like
** 'pause / PAUSEADJ' (value chosen by tests)
*/
#define PAUSEADJ		100


/* mask with all color bits */
#define maskcolors	(bitmask(BLACKBIT) | WHITEBITS)

/* mask with all GC bits */
#define maskgcbits      (maskcolors | AGEBITS)


/* macro to erase all color bits then set only the current white bit */
#define makewhite(g,x)	\
  (x->marked = cast_byte((x->marked & ~maskcolors) | luaC_white(g)))

/* make an object gray (neither white nor black) */
#define set2gray(x)	resetbits(x->marked, maskcolors)


/* make an object black (coming from any color) */
#define set2black(x)  \
  (x->marked = cast_byte((x->marked & ~WHITEBITS) | bitmask(BLACKBIT)))


#define valiswhite(x)   (iscollectable(x) && iswhite(gcvalue(x)))

#define keyiswhite(n)   (keyiscollectable(n) && iswhite(gckey(n)))


/*
** Protected access to objects in values
*/
#define gcvalueN(o)     (iscollectable(o) ? gcvalue(o) : NULL)


#define markvalue(g,o) { checkliveness(g->mainthread,o); \
  if (valiswhite(o)) reallymarkobject(g,gcvalue(o)); }

#define markkey(g, n)	{ if keyiswhite(n) reallymarkobject(g,gckey(n)); }

#define markobject(g,t)	{ if (iswhite(t)) reallymarkobject(g, obj2gco(t)); }

/*
** mark an object that can be NULL (either because it is really optional,
** or it was stripped as debug info, or inside an uncompleted structure)
*/
#define markobjectN(g,t)	{ if (t) markobject(g,t); }

static void reallymarkobject (global_State *g, GCObject *o);
static lu_mem atomic (lua_State *L);
static void entersweep (lua_State *L);


/*
** {======================================================
** Generic functions
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** one after last element in a hash array
*/
#define gnodelast(h)	gnode(h, cast_sizet(sizenode(h)))


static GCObject **getgclist (GCObject *o) {
  switch (o->tt) {
    case LUA_VTABLE: return &gco2t(o)->gclist;
    case LUA_VLCL: return &gco2lcl(o)->gclist;
    case LUA_VCCL: return &gco2ccl(o)->gclist;
    case LUA_VTHREAD: return &gco2th(o)->gclist;
    case LUA_VPROTO: return &gco2p(o)->gclist;
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: {
      Udata *u = gco2u(o);
      lua_assert(u->nuvalue > 0);
      return &u->gclist;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Link a collectable object 'o' with a known type into the list 'p'.
** (Must be a macro to access the 'gclist' field in different types.)
*/
#define linkgclist(o,p)	linkgclist_(obj2gco(o), &(o)->gclist, &(p))

static void linkgclist_ (GCObject *o, GCObject **pnext, GCObject **list) {
  lua_assert(!isgray(o));  /* cannot be in a gray list */
  *pnext = *list;
  *list = o;
  set2gray(o);  /* now it is */
}


/*
** Link a generic collectable object 'o' into the list 'p'.
*/
#define linkobjgclist(o,p) linkgclist_(obj2gco(o), getgclist(o), &(p))



/*
** Clear keys for empty entries in tables. If entry is empty, mark its
** entry as dead. This allows the collection of the key, but keeps its
** entry in the table: its removal could break a chain and could break
** a table traversal.  Other places never manipulate dead keys, because
** its associated empty value is enough to signal that the entry is
** logically empty.
*/
static void clearkey (Node *n) {
  lua_assert(isempty(gval(n)));
  if (keyiscollectable(n))
    setdeadkey(n);  /* unused key; remove it */
}


/*
** tells whether a key or value can be cleared from a weak
** table. Non-collectable objects are never removed from weak
** tables. Strings behave as 'values', so are never removed too. for
** other objects: if really collected, cannot keep them; for objects
** being finalized, keep them in keys, but not in values
*/
static int iscleared (global_State *g, const GCObject *o) {
  if (o == NULL) return 0;  /* non-collectable value */
  else if (novariant(o->tt) == LUA_TSTRING) {
    markobject(g, o);  /* strings are 'values', so are never weak */
    return 0;
  }
  else return iswhite(o);
}


/*
** Barrier that moves collector forward, that is, marks the white object
** 'v' being pointed by the black object 'o'.  In the generational
** mode, 'v' must also become old, if 'o' is old; however, it cannot
** be changed directly to OLD, because it may still point to non-old
** objects. So, it is marked as OLD0. In the next cycle it will become
** OLD1, and in the next it will finally become OLD (regular old). By
** then, any object it points to will also be old.  If called in the
** incremental sweep phase, it clears the black object to white (sweep
** it) to avoid other barrier calls for this same object. (That cannot
** be done is generational mode, as its sweep does not distinguish
** whites from deads.)
*/
void luaC_barrier_ (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, GCObject *v) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_assert(isblack(o) && iswhite(v) && !isdead(g, v) && !isdead(g, o));
  if (keepinvariant(g)) {  /* must keep invariant? */
    reallymarkobject(g, v);  /* restore invariant */
    if (isold(o)) {
      lua_assert(!isold(v));  /* white object could not be old */
      setage(v, G_OLD0);  /* restore generational invariant */
    }
  }
  else {  /* sweep phase */
    lua_assert(issweepphase(g));
    if (g->gckind == KGC_INC)  /* incremental mode? */
      makewhite(g, o);  /* mark 'o' as white to avoid other barriers */
  }
}


/*
** barrier that moves collector backward, that is, mark the black object
** pointing to a white object as gray again.
*/
void luaC_barrierback_ (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_assert(isblack(o) && !isdead(g, o));
  lua_assert((g->gckind == KGC_GEN) == (isold(o) && getage(o) != G_TOUCHED1));
  if (getage(o) == G_TOUCHED2)  /* already in gray list? */
    set2gray(o);  /* make it gray to become touched1 */
  else  /* link it in 'grayagain' and paint it gray */
    linkobjgclist(o, g->grayagain);
  if (isold(o))  /* generational mode? */
    setage(o, G_TOUCHED1);  /* touched in current cycle */
}


void luaC_fix (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_assert(g->allgc == o);  /* object must be 1st in 'allgc' list! */
  set2gray(o);  /* they will be gray forever */
  setage(o, G_OLD);  /* and old forever */
  g->allgc = o->next;  /* remove object from 'allgc' list */
  o->next = g->fixedgc;  /* link it to 'fixedgc' list */
  g->fixedgc = o;
}


/*
** create a new collectable object (with given type and size) and link
** it to 'allgc' list.
*/
GCObject *luaC_newobj (lua_State *L, int tt, size_t sz) {
  global_State *g = G(L);<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  GCObject *o = cast(GCObject *, luaM_newobject(L, novariant(tt), sz));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  o->marked = luaC_white(g);
  o->tt = tt;
  o->next = g->allgc;
  g->allgc = o;
  return o;
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** Mark functions
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** Mark an object.  Userdata with no user values, strings, and closed
** upvalues are visited and turned black here.  Open upvalues are
** already indirectly linked through their respective threads in the
** 'twups' list, so they don't go to the gray list; nevertheless, they
** are kept gray to avoid barriers, as their values will be revisited
** by the thread or by 'remarkupvals'.  Other objects are added to the
** gray list to be visited (and turned black) later.  Both userdata and
** upvalues can call this function recursively, but this recursion goes
** for at most two levels: An upvalue cannot refer to another upvalue
** (only closures can), and a userdata's metatable must be a table.
*/
static void reallymarkobject (global_State *g, GCObject *o) {
  switch (o->tt) {
    case LUA_VSHRSTR:
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: {
      set2black(o);  /* nothing to visit */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VUPVAL: {
      UpVal *uv = gco2upv(o);
      if (upisopen(uv))
        set2gray(uv);  /* open upvalues are kept gray */
      else
        set2black(uv);  /* closed upvalues are visited here */
      markvalue(g, uv->v);  /* mark its content */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: {
      Udata *u = gco2u(o);
      if (u->nuvalue == 0) {  /* no user values? */
        markobjectN(g, u->metatable);  /* mark its metatable */
        set2black(u);  /* nothing else to mark */
        break;
      }
      /* else... */
    }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case LUA_VLCL: case LUA_VCCL: case LUA_VTABLE:
    case LUA_VTHREAD: case LUA_VPROTO: {
      linkobjgclist(o, g->gray);  /* to be visited later */
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0); break;
  }
}


/*
** mark metamethods for basic types
*/
static void markmt (global_State *g) {
  int i;
  for (i=0; i < LUA_NUMTAGS; i++)
    markobjectN(g, g->mt[i]);
}


/*
** mark all objects in list of being-finalized
*/
static lu_mem markbeingfnz (global_State *g) {
  GCObject *o;
  lu_mem count = 0;
  for (o = g->tobefnz; o != NULL; o = o->next) {
    count++;
    markobject(g, o);
  }
  return count;
}


/*
** For each non-marked thread, simulates a barrier between each open
** upvalue and its value. (If the thread is collected, the value will be
** assigned to the upvalue, but then it can be too late for the barrier
** to act. The "barrier" does not need to check colors: A non-marked
** thread must be young; upvalues cannot be older than their threads; so
** any visited upvalue must be young too.) Also removes the thread from
** the list, as it was already visited. Removes also threads with no
** upvalues, as they have nothing to be checked. (If the thread gets an
** upvalue later, it will be linked in the list again.)
*/
static int remarkupvals (global_State *g) {
  lua_State *thread;
  lua_State **p = &g->twups;
  int work = 0;  /* estimate of how much work was done here */
  while ((thread = *p) != NULL) {
    work++;
    if (!iswhite(thread) && thread->openupval != NULL)
      p = &thread->twups;  /* keep marked thread with upvalues in the list */
    else {  /* thread is not marked or without upvalues */
      UpVal *uv;
      lua_assert(!isold(thread) || thread->openupval == NULL);
      *p = thread->twups;  /* remove thread from the list */
      thread->twups = thread;  /* mark that it is out of list */
      for (uv = thread->openupval; uv != NULL; uv = uv->u.open.next) {
        lua_assert(getage(uv) <= getage(thread));
        work++;
        if (!iswhite(uv)) {  /* upvalue already visited? */
          lua_assert(upisopen(uv) && isgray(uv));
          markvalue(g, uv->v);  /* mark its value */
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return work;
}


static void cleargraylists (global_State *g) {
  g->gray = g->grayagain = NULL;
  g->weak = g->allweak = g->ephemeron = NULL;
}


/*
** mark root set and reset all gray lists, to start a new collection
*/
static void restartcollection (global_State *g) {
  cleargraylists(g);
  markobject(g, g->mainthread);
  markvalue(g, &g->l_registry);
  markmt(g);
  markbeingfnz(g);  /* mark any finalizing object left from previous cycle */
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Traverse functions
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** Check whether object 'o' should be kept in the 'grayagain' list for
** post-processing by 'correctgraylist'. (It could put all old objects
** in the list and leave all the work to 'correctgraylist', but it is
** more efficient to avoid adding elements that will be removed.) Only
** TOUCHED1 objects need to be in the list. TOUCHED2 doesn't need to go
** back to a gray list, but then it must become OLD. (That is what
** 'correctgraylist' does when it finds a TOUCHED2 object.)
*/
static void genlink (global_State *g, GCObject *o) {
  lua_assert(isblack(o));
  if (getage(o) == G_TOUCHED1) {  /* touched in this cycle? */
    linkobjgclist(o, g->grayagain);  /* link it back in 'grayagain' */
  }  /* everything else do not need to be linked back */
  else if (getage(o) == G_TOUCHED2)
    changeage(o, G_TOUCHED2, G_OLD);  /* advance age */
}


/*
** Traverse a table with weak values and link it to proper list. During
** propagate phase, keep it in 'grayagain' list, to be revisited in the
** atomic phase. In the atomic phase, if table has any white value,
** put it in 'weak' list, to be cleared.
*/
static void traverseweakvalue (global_State *g, Table *h) {
  Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h);
  /* if there is array part, assume it may have white values (it is not
     worth traversing it now just to check) */
  int hasclears = (h->alimit > 0);
  for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) {  /* traverse hash part */
    if (isempty(gval(n)))  /* entry is empty? */
      clearkey(n);  /* clear its key */
    else {
      lua_assert(!keyisnil(n));
      markkey(g, n);
      if (!hasclears && iscleared(g, gcvalueN(gval(n))))  /* a white value? */
        hasclears = 1;  /* table will have to be cleared */
    }
  }
  if (g->gcstate == GCSatomic && hasclears)
    linkgclist(h, g->weak);  /* has to be cleared later */
  else
    linkgclist(h, g->grayagain);  /* must retraverse it in atomic phase */
}


/*
** Traverse an ephemeron table and link it to proper list. Returns true
** iff any object was marked during this traversal (which implies that
** convergence has to continue). During propagation phase, keep table
** in 'grayagain' list, to be visited again in the atomic phase. In
** the atomic phase, if table has any white->white entry, it has to
** be revisited during ephemeron convergence (as that key may turn
** black). Otherwise, if it has any white key, table has to be cleared
** (in the atomic phase). In generational mode, some tables
** must be kept in some gray list for post-processing; this is done
** by 'genlink'.
*/
static int traverseephemeron (global_State *g, Table *h, int inv) {
  int marked = 0;  /* true if an object is marked in this traversal */
  int hasclears = 0;  /* true if table has white keys */
  int hasww = 0;  /* true if table has entry "white-key -> white-value" */
  unsigned int i;
  unsigned int asize = luaH_realasize(h);
  unsigned int nsize = sizenode(h);
  /* traverse array part */
  for (i = 0; i < asize; i++) {
    if (valiswhite(&h->array[i])) {
      marked = 1;
      reallymarkobject(g, gcvalue(&h->array[i]));
    }
  }
  /* traverse hash part; if 'inv', traverse descending
     (see 'convergeephemerons') */
  for (i = 0; i < nsize; i++) {
    Node *n = inv ? gnode(h, nsize - 1 - i) : gnode(h, i);
    if (isempty(gval(n)))  /* entry is empty? */
      clearkey(n);  /* clear its key */
    else if (iscleared(g, gckeyN(n))) {  /* key is not marked (yet)? */
      hasclears = 1;  /* table must be cleared */
      if (valiswhite(gval(n)))  /* value not marked yet? */
        hasww = 1;  /* white-white entry */
    }
    else if (valiswhite(gval(n))) {  /* value not marked yet? */
      marked = 1;
      reallymarkobject(g, gcvalue(gval(n)));  /* mark it now */
    }
  }
  /* link table into proper list */
  if (g->gcstate == GCSpropagate)
    linkgclist(h, g->grayagain);  /* must retraverse it in atomic phase */
  else if (hasww)  /* table has white->white entries? */
    linkgclist(h, g->ephemeron);  /* have to propagate again */
  else if (hasclears)  /* table has white keys? */
    linkgclist(h, g->allweak);  /* may have to clean white keys */
  else
    genlink(g, obj2gco(h));  /* check whether collector still needs to see it */
  return marked;
}


static void traversestrongtable (global_State *g, Table *h) {
  Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h);
  unsigned int i;
  unsigned int asize = luaH_realasize(h);
  for (i = 0; i < asize; i++)  /* traverse array part */
    markvalue(g, &h->array[i]);
  for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) {  /* traverse hash part */
    if (isempty(gval(n)))  /* entry is empty? */
      clearkey(n);  /* clear its key */
    else {
      lua_assert(!keyisnil(n));
      markkey(g, n);
      markvalue(g, gval(n));
    }
  }
  genlink(g, obj2gco(h));
}


static lu_mem traversetable (global_State *g, Table *h) {
  const char *weakkey, *weakvalue;
  const TValue *mode = gfasttm(g, h->metatable, TM_MODE);
  markobjectN(g, h->metatable);
  if (mode && ttisstring(mode) &&  /* is there a weak mode? */
      (cast_void(weakkey = strchr(svalue(mode), 'k')),
       cast_void(weakvalue = strchr(svalue(mode), 'v')),
       (weakkey || weakvalue))) {  /* is really weak? */
    if (!weakkey)  /* strong keys? */
      traverseweakvalue(g, h);
    else if (!weakvalue)  /* strong values? */
      traverseephemeron(g, h, 0);
    else  /* all weak */
      linkgclist(h, g->allweak);  /* nothing to traverse now */
  }
  else  /* not weak */
    traversestrongtable(g, h);
  return 1 + h->alimit + 2 * allocsizenode(h);
}


static int traverseudata (global_State *g, Udata *u) {
  int i;
  markobjectN(g, u->metatable);  /* mark its metatable */
  for (i = 0; i < u->nuvalue; i++)
    markvalue(g, &u->uv[i].uv);
  genlink(g, obj2gco(u));
  return 1 + u->nuvalue;
}


/*
** Traverse a prototype. (While a prototype is being build, its
** arrays can be larger than needed; the extra slots are filled with
** NULL, so the use of 'markobjectN')
*/
static int traverseproto (global_State *g, Proto *f) {
  int i;
  markobjectN(g, f->source);
  for (i = 0; i < f->sizek; i++)  /* mark literals */
    markvalue(g, &f->k[i]);
  for (i = 0; i < f->sizeupvalues; i++)  /* mark upvalue names */
    markobjectN(g, f->upvalues[i].name);
  for (i = 0; i < f->sizep; i++)  /* mark nested protos */
    markobjectN(g, f->p[i]);
  for (i = 0; i < f->sizelocvars; i++)  /* mark local-variable names */
    markobjectN(g, f->locvars[i].varname);
  return 1 + f->sizek + f->sizeupvalues + f->sizep + f->sizelocvars;
}


static int traverseCclosure (global_State *g, CClosure *cl) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++)  /* mark its upvalues */
    markvalue(g, &cl->upvalue[i]);
  return 1 + cl->nupvalues;
}

/*
** Traverse a Lua closure, marking its prototype and its upvalues.
** (Both can be NULL while closure is being created.)
*/
static int traverseLclosure (global_State *g, LClosure *cl) {
  int i;
  markobjectN(g, cl->p);  /* mark its prototype */
  for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) {  /* visit its upvalues */
    UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[i];
    markobjectN(g, uv);  /* mark upvalue */
  }
  return 1 + cl->nupvalues;
}


/*
** Traverse a thread, marking the elements in the stack up to its top
** and cleaning the rest of the stack in the final traversal. That
** ensures that the entire stack have valid (non-dead) objects.
** Threads have no barriers. In gen. mode, old threads must be visited
** at every cycle, because they might point to young objects.  In inc.
** mode, the thread can still be modified before the end of the cycle,
** and therefore it must be visited again in the atomic phase. To ensure
** these visits, threads must return to a gray list if they are not new
** (which can only happen in generational mode) or if the traverse is in
** the propagate phase (which can only happen in incremental mode).
*/
static int traversethread (global_State *g, lua_State *th) {
  UpVal *uv;
  StkId o = th->stack;
  if (isold(th) || g->gcstate == GCSpropagate)
    linkgclist(th, g->grayagain);  /* insert into 'grayagain' list */
  if (o == NULL)
    return 1;  /* stack not completely built yet */
  lua_assert(g->gcstate == GCSatomic ||
             th->openupval == NULL || isintwups(th));
  for (; o < th->top; o++)  /* mark live elements in the stack */
    markvalue(g, s2v(o));
  for (uv = th->openupval; uv != NULL; uv = uv->u.open.next)
    markobject(g, uv);  /* open upvalues cannot be collected */
  if (g->gcstate == GCSatomic) {  /* final traversal? */
    for (; o < th->stack_last + EXTRA_STACK; o++)
      setnilvalue(s2v(o));  /* clear dead stack slice */
    /* 'remarkupvals' may have removed thread from 'twups' list */
    if (!isintwups(th) && th->openupval != NULL) {
      th->twups = g->twups;  /* link it back to the list */
      g->twups = th;
    }
  }
  else if (!g->gcemergency)
    luaD_shrinkstack(th); /* do not change stack in emergency cycle */
  return 1 + stacksize(th);
}


/*
** traverse one gray object, turning it to black.
*/
static lu_mem propagatemark (global_State *g) {
  GCObject *o = g->gray;
  nw2black(o);
  g->gray = *getgclist(o);  /* remove from 'gray' list */
  switch (o->tt) {
    case LUA_VTABLE: return traversetable(g, gco2t(o));
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: return traverseudata(g, gco2u(o));
    case LUA_VLCL: return traverseLclosure(g, gco2lcl(o));
    case LUA_VCCL: return traverseCclosure(g, gco2ccl(o));
    case LUA_VPROTO: return traverseproto(g, gco2p(o));
    case LUA_VTHREAD: return traversethread(g, gco2th(o));
    default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


static lu_mem propagateall (global_State *g) {
  lu_mem tot = 0;
  while (g->gray)
    tot += propagatemark(g);
  return tot;
}


/*
** Traverse all ephemeron tables propagating marks from keys to values.
** Repeat until it converges, that is, nothing new is marked. 'dir'
** inverts the direction of the traversals, trying to speed up
** convergence on chains in the same table.
**
*/
static void convergeephemerons (global_State *g) {
  int changed;
  int dir = 0;
  do {
    GCObject *w;
    GCObject *next = g->ephemeron;  /* get ephemeron list */
    g->ephemeron = NULL;  /* tables may return to this list when traversed */
    changed = 0;
    while ((w = next) != NULL) {  /* for each ephemeron table */
      Table *h = gco2t(w);
      next = h->gclist;  /* list is rebuilt during loop */
      nw2black(h);  /* out of the list (for now) */
      if (traverseephemeron(g, h, dir)) {  /* marked some value? */
        propagateall(g);  /* propagate changes */
        changed = 1;  /* will have to revisit all ephemeron tables */
      }
    }
    dir = !dir;  /* invert direction next time */
  } while (changed);  /* repeat until no more changes */
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Sweep Functions
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** clear entries with unmarked keys from all weaktables in list 'l'
*/
static void clearbykeys (global_State *g, GCObject *l) {
  for (; l; l = gco2t(l)->gclist) {
    Table *h = gco2t(l);
    Node *limit = gnodelast(h);
    Node *n;
    for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) {
      if (iscleared(g, gckeyN(n)))  /* unmarked key? */
        setempty(gval(n));  /* remove entry */
      if (isempty(gval(n)))  /* is entry empty? */
        clearkey(n);  /* clear its key */
    }
  }
}


/*
** clear entries with unmarked values from all weaktables in list 'l' up
** to element 'f'
*/
static void clearbyvalues (global_State *g, GCObject *l, GCObject *f) {<--- Parameter 'f' can be declared as pointer to const
  for (; l != f; l = gco2t(l)->gclist) {
    Table *h = gco2t(l);
    Node *n, *limit = gnodelast(h);
    unsigned int i;
    unsigned int asize = luaH_realasize(h);
    for (i = 0; i < asize; i++) {
      TValue *o = &h->array[i];
      if (iscleared(g, gcvalueN(o)))  /* value was collected? */
        setempty(o);  /* remove entry */
    }
    for (n = gnode(h, 0); n < limit; n++) {
      if (iscleared(g, gcvalueN(gval(n))))  /* unmarked value? */
        setempty(gval(n));  /* remove entry */
      if (isempty(gval(n)))  /* is entry empty? */
        clearkey(n);  /* clear its key */
    }
  }
}


static void freeupval (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv) {
  if (upisopen(uv))
    luaF_unlinkupval(uv);
  luaM_free(L, uv);
}


static void freeobj (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) {
  switch (o->tt) {
    case LUA_VPROTO:
      luaF_freeproto(L, gco2p(o));
      break;
    case LUA_VUPVAL:
      freeupval(L, gco2upv(o));
      break;
    case LUA_VLCL: {
      LClosure *cl = gco2lcl(o);
      luaM_freemem(L, cl, sizeLclosure(cl->nupvalues));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VCCL: {
      CClosure *cl = gco2ccl(o);
      luaM_freemem(L, cl, sizeCclosure(cl->nupvalues));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VTABLE:
      luaH_free(L, gco2t(o));
      break;
    case LUA_VTHREAD:
      luaE_freethread(L, gco2th(o));
      break;
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: {
      Udata *u = gco2u(o);
      luaM_freemem(L, o, sizeudata(u->nuvalue, u->len));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: {
      TString *ts = gco2ts(o);
      luaS_remove(L, ts);  /* remove it from hash table */
      luaM_freemem(L, ts, sizelstring(ts->shrlen));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: {
      TString *ts = gco2ts(o);
      luaM_freemem(L, ts, sizelstring(ts->u.lnglen));
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** sweep at most 'countin' elements from a list of GCObjects erasing dead
** objects, where a dead object is one marked with the old (non current)
** white; change all non-dead objects back to white, preparing for next
** collection cycle. Return where to continue the traversal or NULL if
** list is finished. ('*countout' gets the number of elements traversed.)
*/
static GCObject **sweeplist (lua_State *L, GCObject **p, int countin,
                             int *countout) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  int ow = otherwhite(g);
  int i;
  int white = luaC_white(g);  /* current white */
  for (i = 0; *p != NULL && i < countin; i++) {
    GCObject *curr = *p;
    int marked = curr->marked;
    if (isdeadm(ow, marked)) {  /* is 'curr' dead? */
      *p = curr->next;  /* remove 'curr' from list */
      freeobj(L, curr);  /* erase 'curr' */
    }
    else {  /* change mark to 'white' */
      curr->marked = cast_byte((marked & ~maskgcbits) | white);
      p = &curr->next;  /* go to next element */
    }
  }
  if (countout)
    *countout = i;  /* number of elements traversed */
  return (*p == NULL) ? NULL : p;
}


/*
** sweep a list until a live object (or end of list)
*/
static GCObject **sweeptolive (lua_State *L, GCObject **p) {
  GCObject **old = p;
  do {
    p = sweeplist(L, p, 1, NULL);
  } while (p == old);
  return p;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Finalization
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** If possible, shrink string table.
*/
static void checkSizes (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  if (!g->gcemergency) {
    if (g->strt.nuse < g->strt.size / 4) {  /* string table too big? */
      l_mem olddebt = g->GCdebt;
      luaS_resize(L, g->strt.size / 2);
      g->GCestimate += g->GCdebt - olddebt;  /* correct estimate */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Get the next udata to be finalized from the 'tobefnz' list, and
** link it back into the 'allgc' list.
*/
static GCObject *udata2finalize (global_State *g) {
  GCObject *o = g->tobefnz;  /* get first element */
  lua_assert(tofinalize(o));
  g->tobefnz = o->next;  /* remove it from 'tobefnz' list */
  o->next = g->allgc;  /* return it to 'allgc' list */
  g->allgc = o;
  resetbit(o->marked, FINALIZEDBIT);  /* object is "normal" again */
  if (issweepphase(g))
    makewhite(g, o);  /* "sweep" object */
  else if (getage(o) == G_OLD1)
    g->firstold1 = o;  /* it is the first OLD1 object in the list */
  return o;
}


static void dothecall (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  UNUSED(ud);
  luaD_callnoyield(L, L->top - 2, 0);
}


static void GCTM (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  const TValue *tm;
  TValue v;
  lua_assert(!g->gcemergency);
  setgcovalue(L, &v, udata2finalize(g));
  tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, &v, TM_GC);
  if (!notm(tm)) {  /* is there a finalizer? */
    int status;
    lu_byte oldah = L->allowhook;<--- Null pointer dereference
    int oldgcstp  = g->gcstp;
    g->gcstp |= GCSTPGC;  /* avoid GC steps */
    L->allowhook = 0;  /* stop debug hooks during GC metamethod */<--- Null pointer dereference
    setobj2s(L, L->top++, tm);  /* push finalizer... */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    setobj2s(L, L->top++, &v);  /* ... and its argument */
    L->ci->callstatus |= CIST_FIN;  /* will run a finalizer */
    status = luaD_pcall(L, dothecall, NULL, savestack(L, L->top - 2), 0);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    L->ci->callstatus &= ~CIST_FIN;  /* not running a finalizer anymore */
    L->allowhook = oldah;  /* restore hooks */
    g->gcstp = oldgcstp;  /* restore state */
    if (l_unlikely(status != LUA_OK)) {  /* error while running __gc? */
      luaE_warnerror(L, "__gc");
      L->top--;  /* pops error object */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Call a few finalizers
*/
static int runafewfinalizers (lua_State *L, int n) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < n && g->tobefnz; i++)
    GCTM(L);  /* call one finalizer */
  return i;
}


/*
** call all pending finalizers
*/
static void callallpendingfinalizers (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  while (g->tobefnz)
    GCTM(L);
}


/*
** find last 'next' field in list 'p' list (to add elements in its end)
*/
static GCObject **findlast (GCObject **p) {
  while (*p != NULL)
    p = &(*p)->next;
  return p;
}


/*
** Move all unreachable objects (or 'all' objects) that need
** finalization from list 'finobj' to list 'tobefnz' (to be finalized).
** (Note that objects after 'finobjold1' cannot be white, so they
** don't need to be traversed. In incremental mode, 'finobjold1' is NULL,
** so the whole list is traversed.)
*/
static void separatetobefnz (global_State *g, int all) {
  GCObject *curr;
  GCObject **p = &g->finobj;
  GCObject **lastnext = findlast(&g->tobefnz);
  while ((curr = *p) != g->finobjold1) {  /* traverse all finalizable objects */
    lua_assert(tofinalize(curr));
    if (!(iswhite(curr) || all))  /* not being collected? */
      p = &curr->next;  /* don't bother with it */
    else {
      if (curr == g->finobjsur)  /* removing 'finobjsur'? */
        g->finobjsur = curr->next;  /* correct it */
      *p = curr->next;  /* remove 'curr' from 'finobj' list */
      curr->next = *lastnext;  /* link at the end of 'tobefnz' list */
      *lastnext = curr;
      lastnext = &curr->next;
    }
  }
}


/*
** If pointer 'p' points to 'o', move it to the next element.
*/
static void checkpointer (GCObject **p, GCObject *o) {
  if (o == *p)
    *p = o->next;
}


/*
** Correct pointers to objects inside 'allgc' list when
** object 'o' is being removed from the list.
*/
static void correctpointers (global_State *g, GCObject *o) {
  checkpointer(&g->survival, o);
  checkpointer(&g->old1, o);
  checkpointer(&g->reallyold, o);
  checkpointer(&g->firstold1, o);
}


/*
** if object 'o' has a finalizer, remove it from 'allgc' list (must
** search the list to find it) and link it in 'finobj' list.
*/
void luaC_checkfinalizer (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, Table *mt) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  if (tofinalize(o) ||                 /* obj. is already marked... */
      gfasttm(g, mt, TM_GC) == NULL ||    /* or has no finalizer... */
      (g->gcstp & GCSTPCLS))                   /* or closing state? */
    return;  /* nothing to be done */
  else {  /* move 'o' to 'finobj' list */
    GCObject **p;
    if (issweepphase(g)) {
      makewhite(g, o);  /* "sweep" object 'o' */
      if (g->sweepgc == &o->next)  /* should not remove 'sweepgc' object */
        g->sweepgc = sweeptolive(L, g->sweepgc);  /* change 'sweepgc' */
    }
    else
      correctpointers(g, o);
    /* search for pointer pointing to 'o' */
    for (p = &g->allgc; *p != o; p = &(*p)->next) { /* empty */ }
    *p = o->next;  /* remove 'o' from 'allgc' list */
    o->next = g->finobj;  /* link it in 'finobj' list */
    g->finobj = o;
    l_setbit(o->marked, FINALIZEDBIT);  /* mark it as such */
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Generational Collector
** =======================================================
*/

static void setpause (global_State *g);


/*
** Sweep a list of objects to enter generational mode.  Deletes dead
** objects and turns the non dead to old. All non-dead threads---which
** are now old---must be in a gray list. Everything else is not in a
** gray list. Open upvalues are also kept gray.
*/
static void sweep2old (lua_State *L, GCObject **p) {
  GCObject *curr;
  global_State *g = G(L);
  while ((curr = *p) != NULL) {<--- Uninitialized variable: *p
    if (iswhite(curr)) {  /* is 'curr' dead? */
      lua_assert(isdead(g, curr));
      *p = curr->next;  /* remove 'curr' from list */
      freeobj(L, curr);  /* erase 'curr' */
    }
    else {  /* all surviving objects become old */
      setage(curr, G_OLD);
      if (curr->tt == LUA_VTHREAD) {  /* threads must be watched */
        lua_State *th = gco2th(curr);
        linkgclist(th, g->grayagain);  /* insert into 'grayagain' list */
      }
      else if (curr->tt == LUA_VUPVAL && upisopen(gco2upv(curr)))
        set2gray(curr);  /* open upvalues are always gray */
      else  /* everything else is black */
        nw2black(curr);
      p = &curr->next;  /* go to next element */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Sweep for generational mode. Delete dead objects. (Because the
** collection is not incremental, there are no "new white" objects
** during the sweep. So, any white object must be dead.) For
** non-dead objects, advance their ages and clear the color of
** new objects. (Old objects keep their colors.)
** The ages of G_TOUCHED1 and G_TOUCHED2 objects cannot be advanced
** here, because these old-generation objects are usually not swept
** here.  They will all be advanced in 'correctgraylist'. That function
** will also remove objects turned white here from any gray list.
*/
static GCObject **sweepgen (lua_State *L, global_State *g, GCObject **p,
                            GCObject *limit, GCObject **pfirstold1) {<--- Parameter 'limit' can be declared as pointer to const
  static const lu_byte nextage[] = {
    G_SURVIVAL,  /* from G_NEW */
    G_OLD1,      /* from G_SURVIVAL */
    G_OLD1,      /* from G_OLD0 */
    G_OLD,       /* from G_OLD1 */
    G_OLD,       /* from G_OLD (do not change) */
    G_TOUCHED1,  /* from G_TOUCHED1 (do not change) */
    G_TOUCHED2   /* from G_TOUCHED2 (do not change) */
  };
  int white = luaC_white(g);
  GCObject *curr;
  while ((curr = *p) != limit) {<--- Uninitialized variable: *p
    if (iswhite(curr)) {  /* is 'curr' dead? */
      lua_assert(!isold(curr) && isdead(g, curr));
      *p = curr->next;  /* remove 'curr' from list */
      freeobj(L, curr);  /* erase 'curr' */
    }
    else {  /* correct mark and age */
      if (getage(curr) == G_NEW) {  /* new objects go back to white */
        int marked = curr->marked & ~maskgcbits;  /* erase GC bits */
        curr->marked = cast_byte(marked | G_SURVIVAL | white);
      }
      else {  /* all other objects will be old, and so keep their color */
        setage(curr, nextage[getage(curr)]);
        if (getage(curr) == G_OLD1 && *pfirstold1 == NULL)
          *pfirstold1 = curr;  /* first OLD1 object in the list */
      }
      p = &curr->next;  /* go to next element */
    }
  }
  return p;
}


/*
** Traverse a list making all its elements white and clearing their
** age. In incremental mode, all objects are 'new' all the time,
** except for fixed strings (which are always old).
*/
static void whitelist (global_State *g, GCObject *p) {
  int white = luaC_white(g);
  for (; p != NULL; p = p->next)
    p->marked = cast_byte((p->marked & ~maskgcbits) | white);
}


/*
** Correct a list of gray objects. Return pointer to where rest of the
** list should be linked.
** Because this correction is done after sweeping, young objects might
** be turned white and still be in the list. They are only removed.
** 'TOUCHED1' objects are advanced to 'TOUCHED2' and remain on the list;
** Non-white threads also remain on the list; 'TOUCHED2' objects become
** regular old; they and anything else are removed from the list.
*/
static GCObject **correctgraylist (GCObject **p) {
  GCObject *curr;
  while ((curr = *p) != NULL) {
    GCObject **next = getgclist(curr);
    if (iswhite(curr))
      goto remove;  /* remove all white objects */
    else if (getage(curr) == G_TOUCHED1) {  /* touched in this cycle? */
      lua_assert(isgray(curr));
      nw2black(curr);  /* make it black, for next barrier */
      changeage(curr, G_TOUCHED1, G_TOUCHED2);
      goto remain;  /* keep it in the list and go to next element */
    }
    else if (curr->tt == LUA_VTHREAD) {
      lua_assert(isgray(curr));
      goto remain;  /* keep non-white threads on the list */
    }
    else {  /* everything else is removed */
      lua_assert(isold(curr));  /* young objects should be white here */
      if (getage(curr) == G_TOUCHED2)  /* advance from TOUCHED2... */
        changeage(curr, G_TOUCHED2, G_OLD);  /* ... to OLD */
      nw2black(curr);  /* make object black (to be removed) */
      goto remove;
    }
    remove: *p = *next; continue;
    remain: p = next; continue;<--- 'continue' is redundant since it is the last statement in a loop.
  }
  return p;
}


/*
** Correct all gray lists, coalescing them into 'grayagain'.
*/
static void correctgraylists (global_State *g) {
  GCObject **list = correctgraylist(&g->grayagain);
  *list = g->weak; g->weak = NULL;
  list = correctgraylist(list);
  *list = g->allweak; g->allweak = NULL;
  list = correctgraylist(list);
  *list = g->ephemeron; g->ephemeron = NULL;
  correctgraylist(list);
}


/*
** Mark black 'OLD1' objects when starting a new young collection.
** Gray objects are already in some gray list, and so will be visited
** in the atomic step.
*/
static void markold (global_State *g, GCObject *from, GCObject *to) {<--- Parameter 'to' can be declared as pointer to const
  GCObject *p;
  for (p = from; p != to; p = p->next) {
    if (getage(p) == G_OLD1) {
      lua_assert(!iswhite(p));
      changeage(p, G_OLD1, G_OLD);  /* now they are old */
      if (isblack(p))
        reallymarkobject(g, p);
    }
  }
}


/*
** Finish a young-generation collection.
*/
static void finishgencycle (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  correctgraylists(g);
  checkSizes(L, g);
  g->gcstate = GCSpropagate;  /* skip restart */
  if (!g->gcemergency)
    callallpendingfinalizers(L);
}


/*
** Does a young collection. First, mark 'OLD1' objects. Then does the
** atomic step. Then, sweep all lists and advance pointers. Finally,
** finish the collection.
*/
static void youngcollection (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  GCObject **psurvival;  /* to point to first non-dead survival object */
  GCObject *dummy;  /* dummy out parameter to 'sweepgen' */
  lua_assert(g->gcstate == GCSpropagate);
  if (g->firstold1) {  /* are there regular OLD1 objects? */
    markold(g, g->firstold1, g->reallyold);  /* mark them */
    g->firstold1 = NULL;  /* no more OLD1 objects (for now) */
  }
  markold(g, g->finobj, g->finobjrold);
  markold(g, g->tobefnz, NULL);
  atomic(L);

  /* sweep nursery and get a pointer to its last live element */
  g->gcstate = GCSswpallgc;
  psurvival = sweepgen(L, g, &g->allgc, g->survival, &g->firstold1);
  /* sweep 'survival' */
  sweepgen(L, g, psurvival, g->old1, &g->firstold1);
  g->reallyold = g->old1;
  g->old1 = *psurvival;  /* 'survival' survivals are old now */
  g->survival = g->allgc;  /* all news are survivals */

  /* repeat for 'finobj' lists */
  dummy = NULL;  /* no 'firstold1' optimization for 'finobj' lists */
  psurvival = sweepgen(L, g, &g->finobj, g->finobjsur, &dummy);
  /* sweep 'survival' */
  sweepgen(L, g, psurvival, g->finobjold1, &dummy);
  g->finobjrold = g->finobjold1;
  g->finobjold1 = *psurvival;  /* 'survival' survivals are old now */
  g->finobjsur = g->finobj;  /* all news are survivals */

  sweepgen(L, g, &g->tobefnz, NULL, &dummy);
  finishgencycle(L, g);
}


/*
** Clears all gray lists, sweeps objects, and prepare sublists to enter
** generational mode. The sweeps remove dead objects and turn all
** surviving objects to old. Threads go back to 'grayagain'; everything
** else is turned black (not in any gray list).
*/
static void atomic2gen (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  cleargraylists(g);
  /* sweep all elements making them old */
  g->gcstate = GCSswpallgc;
  sweep2old(L, &g->allgc);
  /* everything alive now is old */
  g->reallyold = g->old1 = g->survival = g->allgc;
  g->firstold1 = NULL;  /* there are no OLD1 objects anywhere */

  /* repeat for 'finobj' lists */
  sweep2old(L, &g->finobj);
  g->finobjrold = g->finobjold1 = g->finobjsur = g->finobj;

  sweep2old(L, &g->tobefnz);

  g->gckind = KGC_GEN;
  g->lastatomic = 0;
  g->GCestimate = gettotalbytes(g);  /* base for memory control */
  finishgencycle(L, g);
}


/*
** Enter generational mode. Must go until the end of an atomic cycle
** to ensure that all objects are correctly marked and weak tables
** are cleared. Then, turn all objects into old and finishes the
** collection.
*/
static lu_mem entergen (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  lu_mem numobjs;
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause));  /* prepare to start a new cycle */
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpropagate));  /* start new cycle */
  numobjs = atomic(L);  /* propagates all and then do the atomic stuff */
  atomic2gen(L, g);
  return numobjs;
}


/*
** Enter incremental mode. Turn all objects white, make all
** intermediate lists point to NULL (to avoid invalid pointers),
** and go to the pause state.
*/
static void enterinc (global_State *g) {
  whitelist(g, g->allgc);
  g->reallyold = g->old1 = g->survival = NULL;
  whitelist(g, g->finobj);
  whitelist(g, g->tobefnz);
  g->finobjrold = g->finobjold1 = g->finobjsur = NULL;
  g->gcstate = GCSpause;
  g->gckind = KGC_INC;
  g->lastatomic = 0;
}


/*
** Change collector mode to 'newmode'.
*/
void luaC_changemode (lua_State *L, int newmode) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  if (newmode != g->gckind) {
    if (newmode == KGC_GEN)  /* entering generational mode? */
      entergen(L, g);
    else
      enterinc(g);  /* entering incremental mode */
  }
  g->lastatomic = 0;
}


/*
** Does a full collection in generational mode.
*/
static lu_mem fullgen (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  enterinc(g);
  return entergen(L, g);
}


/*
** Set debt for the next minor collection, which will happen when
** memory grows 'genminormul'%.
*/
static void setminordebt (global_State *g) {
  luaE_setdebt(g, -(cast(l_mem, (gettotalbytes(g) / 100)) * g->genminormul));
}


/*
** Does a major collection after last collection was a "bad collection".
**
** When the program is building a big structure, it allocates lots of
** memory but generates very little garbage. In those scenarios,
** the generational mode just wastes time doing small collections, and
** major collections are frequently what we call a "bad collection", a
** collection that frees too few objects. To avoid the cost of switching
** between generational mode and the incremental mode needed for full
** (major) collections, the collector tries to stay in incremental mode
** after a bad collection, and to switch back to generational mode only
** after a "good" collection (one that traverses less than 9/8 objects
** of the previous one).
** The collector must choose whether to stay in incremental mode or to
** switch back to generational mode before sweeping. At this point, it
** does not know the real memory in use, so it cannot use memory to
** decide whether to return to generational mode. Instead, it uses the
** number of objects traversed (returned by 'atomic') as a proxy. The
** field 'g->lastatomic' keeps this count from the last collection.
** ('g->lastatomic != 0' also means that the last collection was bad.)
*/
static void stepgenfull (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  lu_mem newatomic;  /* count of traversed objects */
  lu_mem lastatomic = g->lastatomic;  /* count from last collection */
  if (g->gckind == KGC_GEN)  /* still in generational mode? */
    enterinc(g);  /* enter incremental mode */
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpropagate));  /* start new cycle */
  newatomic = atomic(L);  /* mark everybody */
  if (newatomic < lastatomic + (lastatomic >> 3)) {  /* good collection? */
    atomic2gen(L, g);  /* return to generational mode */
    setminordebt(g);
  }
  else {  /* another bad collection; stay in incremental mode */
    g->GCestimate = gettotalbytes(g);  /* first estimate */;
    entersweep(L);
    luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause));  /* finish collection */
    setpause(g);
    g->lastatomic = newatomic;
  }
}


/*
** Does a generational "step".
** Usually, this means doing a minor collection and setting the debt to
** make another collection when memory grows 'genminormul'% larger.
**
** However, there are exceptions.  If memory grows 'genmajormul'%
** larger than it was at the end of the last major collection (kept
** in 'g->GCestimate'), the function does a major collection. At the
** end, it checks whether the major collection was able to free a
** decent amount of memory (at least half the growth in memory since
** previous major collection). If so, the collector keeps its state,
** and the next collection will probably be minor again. Otherwise,
** we have what we call a "bad collection". In that case, set the field
** 'g->lastatomic' to signal that fact, so that the next collection will
** go to 'stepgenfull'.
**
** 'GCdebt <= 0' means an explicit call to GC step with "size" zero;
** in that case, do a minor collection.
*/
static void genstep (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  if (g->lastatomic != 0)  /* last collection was a bad one? */
    stepgenfull(L, g);  /* do a full step */
  else {
    lu_mem majorbase = g->GCestimate;  /* memory after last major collection */
    lu_mem majorinc = (majorbase / 100) * getgcparam(g->genmajormul);
    if (g->GCdebt > 0 && gettotalbytes(g) > majorbase + majorinc) {
      lu_mem numobjs = fullgen(L, g);  /* do a major collection */
      if (gettotalbytes(g) < majorbase + (majorinc / 2)) {
        /* collected at least half of memory growth since last major
           collection; keep doing minor collections */
        setminordebt(g);
      }
      else {  /* bad collection */
        g->lastatomic = numobjs;  /* signal that last collection was bad */
        setpause(g);  /* do a long wait for next (major) collection */
      }
    }
    else {  /* regular case; do a minor collection */
      youngcollection(L, g);
      setminordebt(g);
      g->GCestimate = majorbase;  /* preserve base value */
    }
  }
  lua_assert(isdecGCmodegen(g));
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** GC control
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** Set the "time" to wait before starting a new GC cycle; cycle will
** start when memory use hits the threshold of ('estimate' * pause /
** PAUSEADJ). (Division by 'estimate' should be OK: it cannot be zero,
** because Lua cannot even start with less than PAUSEADJ bytes).
*/
static void setpause (global_State *g) {
  l_mem threshold, debt;
  int pause = getgcparam(g->gcpause);
  l_mem estimate = g->GCestimate / PAUSEADJ;  /* adjust 'estimate' */
  lua_assert(estimate > 0);
  threshold = (pause < MAX_LMEM / estimate)  /* overflow? */
            ? estimate * pause  /* no overflow */
            : MAX_LMEM;  /* overflow; truncate to maximum */
  debt = gettotalbytes(g) - threshold;
  if (debt > 0) debt = 0;
  luaE_setdebt(g, debt);
}


/*
** Enter first sweep phase.
** The call to 'sweeptolive' makes the pointer point to an object
** inside the list (instead of to the header), so that the real sweep do
** not need to skip objects created between "now" and the start of the
** real sweep.
*/
static void entersweep (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  g->gcstate = GCSswpallgc;
  lua_assert(g->sweepgc == NULL);
  g->sweepgc = sweeptolive(L, &g->allgc);
}


/*
** Delete all objects in list 'p' until (but not including) object
** 'limit'.
*/
static void deletelist (lua_State *L, GCObject *p, GCObject *limit) {<--- Parameter 'limit' can be declared as pointer to const
  while (p != limit) {
    GCObject *next = p->next;
    freeobj(L, p);
    p = next;
  }
}


/*
** Call all finalizers of the objects in the given Lua state, and
** then free all objects, except for the main thread.
*/
void luaC_freeallobjects (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  g->gcstp = GCSTPCLS;  /* no extra finalizers after here */
  luaC_changemode(L, KGC_INC);
  separatetobefnz(g, 1);  /* separate all objects with finalizers */
  lua_assert(g->finobj == NULL);
  callallpendingfinalizers(L);
  deletelist(L, g->allgc, obj2gco(g->mainthread));
  lua_assert(g->finobj == NULL);  /* no new finalizers */
  deletelist(L, g->fixedgc, NULL);  /* collect fixed objects */
  lua_assert(g->strt.nuse == 0);
}


static lu_mem atomic (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lu_mem work = 0;
  GCObject *origweak, *origall;
  GCObject *grayagain = g->grayagain;  /* save original list */
  g->grayagain = NULL;
  lua_assert(g->ephemeron == NULL && g->weak == NULL);
  lua_assert(!iswhite(g->mainthread));
  g->gcstate = GCSatomic;
  markobject(g, L);  /* mark running thread */
  /* registry and global metatables may be changed by API */
  markvalue(g, &g->l_registry);
  markmt(g);  /* mark global metatables */
  work += propagateall(g);  /* empties 'gray' list */
  /* remark occasional upvalues of (maybe) dead threads */
  work += remarkupvals(g);
  work += propagateall(g);  /* propagate changes */
  g->gray = grayagain;
  work += propagateall(g);  /* traverse 'grayagain' list */
  convergeephemerons(g);
  /* at this point, all strongly accessible objects are marked. */
  /* Clear values from weak tables, before checking finalizers */
  clearbyvalues(g, g->weak, NULL);
  clearbyvalues(g, g->allweak, NULL);
  origweak = g->weak; origall = g->allweak;
  separatetobefnz(g, 0);  /* separate objects to be finalized */
  work += markbeingfnz(g);  /* mark objects that will be finalized */
  work += propagateall(g);  /* remark, to propagate 'resurrection' */
  convergeephemerons(g);
  /* at this point, all resurrected objects are marked. */
  /* remove dead objects from weak tables */
  clearbykeys(g, g->ephemeron);  /* clear keys from all ephemeron tables */
  clearbykeys(g, g->allweak);  /* clear keys from all 'allweak' tables */
  /* clear values from resurrected weak tables */
  clearbyvalues(g, g->weak, origweak);
  clearbyvalues(g, g->allweak, origall);
  luaS_clearcache(g);
  g->currentwhite = cast_byte(otherwhite(g));  /* flip current white */
  lua_assert(g->gray == NULL);
  return work;  /* estimate of slots marked by 'atomic' */
}


static int sweepstep (lua_State *L, global_State *g,
                      int nextstate, GCObject **nextlist) {
  if (g->sweepgc) {
    l_mem olddebt = g->GCdebt;
    int count;
    g->sweepgc = sweeplist(L, g->sweepgc, GCSWEEPMAX, &count);
    g->GCestimate += g->GCdebt - olddebt;  /* update estimate */
    return count;
  }
  else {  /* enter next state */
    g->gcstate = nextstate;
    g->sweepgc = nextlist;
    return 0;  /* no work done */
  }
}


static lu_mem singlestep (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lu_mem work;
  lua_assert(!g->gcstopem);  /* collector is not reentrant */
  g->gcstopem = 1;  /* no emergency collections while collecting */
  switch (g->gcstate) {
    case GCSpause: {
      restartcollection(g);
      g->gcstate = GCSpropagate;
      work = 1;
      break;
    }
    case GCSpropagate: {
      if (g->gray == NULL) {  /* no more gray objects? */
        g->gcstate = GCSenteratomic;  /* finish propagate phase */
        work = 0;
      }
      else
        work = propagatemark(g);  /* traverse one gray object */
      break;
    }
    case GCSenteratomic: {
      work = atomic(L);  /* work is what was traversed by 'atomic' */
      entersweep(L);
      g->GCestimate = gettotalbytes(g);  /* first estimate */;
      break;
    }
    case GCSswpallgc: {  /* sweep "regular" objects */
      work = sweepstep(L, g, GCSswpfinobj, &g->finobj);
      break;
    }
    case GCSswpfinobj: {  /* sweep objects with finalizers */
      work = sweepstep(L, g, GCSswptobefnz, &g->tobefnz);
      break;
    }
    case GCSswptobefnz: {  /* sweep objects to be finalized */
      work = sweepstep(L, g, GCSswpend, NULL);
      break;
    }
    case GCSswpend: {  /* finish sweeps */
      checkSizes(L, g);
      g->gcstate = GCScallfin;
      work = 0;
      break;
    }
    case GCScallfin: {  /* call remaining finalizers */
      if (g->tobefnz && !g->gcemergency) {
        g->gcstopem = 0;  /* ok collections during finalizers */
        work = runafewfinalizers(L, GCFINMAX) * GCFINALIZECOST;
      }
      else {  /* emergency mode or no more finalizers */
        g->gcstate = GCSpause;  /* finish collection */
        work = 0;
      }
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
  }
  g->gcstopem = 0;
  return work;
}


/*
** advances the garbage collector until it reaches a state allowed
** by 'statemask'
*/
void luaC_runtilstate (lua_State *L, int statesmask) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  while (!testbit(statesmask, g->gcstate))
    singlestep(L);
}



/*
** Performs a basic incremental step. The debt and step size are
** converted from bytes to "units of work"; then the function loops
** running single steps until adding that many units of work or
** finishing a cycle (pause state). Finally, it sets the debt that
** controls when next step will be performed.
*/
static void incstep (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  int stepmul = (getgcparam(g->gcstepmul) | 1);  /* avoid division by 0 */
  l_mem debt = (g->GCdebt / WORK2MEM) * stepmul;
  l_mem stepsize = (g->gcstepsize <= log2maxs(l_mem))
                 ? ((cast(l_mem, 1) << g->gcstepsize) / WORK2MEM) * stepmul
                 : MAX_LMEM;  /* overflow; keep maximum value */
  do {  /* repeat until pause or enough "credit" (negative debt) */
    lu_mem work = singlestep(L);  /* perform one single step */
    debt -= work;
  } while (debt > -stepsize && g->gcstate != GCSpause);
  if (g->gcstate == GCSpause)
    setpause(g);  /* pause until next cycle */
  else {
    debt = (debt / stepmul) * WORK2MEM;  /* convert 'work units' to bytes */
    luaE_setdebt(g, debt);
  }
}

/*
** performs a basic GC step if collector is running
*/
void luaC_step (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_assert(!g->gcemergency);
  if (gcrunning(g)) {  /* running? */
    if(isdecGCmodegen(g))
      genstep(L, g);
    else
      incstep(L, g);
  }
}


/*
** Perform a full collection in incremental mode.
** Before running the collection, check 'keepinvariant'; if it is true,
** there may be some objects marked as black, so the collector has
** to sweep all objects to turn them back to white (as white has not
** changed, nothing will be collected).
*/
static void fullinc (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
  if (keepinvariant(g))  /* black objects? */
    entersweep(L); /* sweep everything to turn them back to white */
  /* finish any pending sweep phase to start a new cycle */
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause));
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCScallfin));  /* run up to finalizers */
  /* estimate must be correct after a full GC cycle */
  lua_assert(g->GCestimate == gettotalbytes(g));
  luaC_runtilstate(L, bitmask(GCSpause));  /* finish collection */
  setpause(g);
}


/*
** Performs a full GC cycle; if 'isemergency', set a flag to avoid
** some operations which could change the interpreter state in some
** unexpected ways (running finalizers and shrinking some structures).
*/
void luaC_fullgc (lua_State *L, int isemergency) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  lua_assert(!g->gcemergency);
  g->gcemergency = isemergency;  /* set flag */
  if (g->gckind == KGC_INC)
    fullinc(L, g);
  else
    fullgen(L, g);
  g->gcemergency = 0;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** $Id: llex.c $
** Lexical Analyzer
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define llex_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <locale.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lctype.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "llex.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lparser.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/



#define next(ls)	(ls->current = zgetc(ls->z))



#define currIsNewline(ls)	(ls->current == '\n' || ls->current == '\r')


/* ORDER RESERVED */
static const char *const luaX_tokens [] = {
    "and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif",
    "end", "false", "for", "function", "goto", "if",
    "in", "local", "nil", "not", "or", "repeat",
    "return", "then", "true", "until", "while",
    "//", "..", "...", "==", ">=", "<=", "~=",
    "<<", ">>", "::", "<eof>",
    "<number>", "<integer>", "<name>", "<string>"
};


#define save_and_next(ls) (save(ls, ls->current), next(ls))


static l_noret lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token);


static void save (LexState *ls, int c) {
  Mbuffer *b = ls->buff;
  if (luaZ_bufflen(b) + 1 > luaZ_sizebuffer(b)) {
    size_t newsize;
    if (luaZ_sizebuffer(b) >= MAX_SIZE/2)<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
      lexerror(ls, "lexical element too long", 0);
    newsize = luaZ_sizebuffer(b) * 2;
    luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, b, newsize);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  b->buffer[luaZ_bufflen(b)++] = cast_char(c);
}


void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
  int i;
  TString *e = luaS_newliteral(L, LUA_ENV);  /* create env name */
  luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(e));  /* never collect this name */
  for (i=0; i<NUM_RESERVED; i++) {
    TString *ts = luaS_new(L, luaX_tokens[i]);
    luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(ts));  /* reserved words are never collected */
    ts->extra = cast_byte(i+1);  /* reserved word */
  }
}


const char *luaX_token2str (LexState *ls, int token) {
  if (token < FIRST_RESERVED) {  /* single-byte symbols? */
    if (lisprint(token))
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%c'", token);
    else  /* control character */
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'<\\%d>'", token);
  }
  else {
    const char *s = luaX_tokens[token - FIRST_RESERVED];
    if (token < TK_EOS)  /* fixed format (symbols and reserved words)? */
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%s'", s);
    else  /* names, strings, and numerals */
      return s;
  }
}


static const char *txtToken (LexState *ls, int token) {
  switch (token) {
    case TK_NAME: case TK_STRING:
    case TK_FLT: case TK_INT:
      save(ls, '\0');
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%s'", luaZ_buffer(ls->buff));
    default:
      return luaX_token2str(ls, token);
  }
}


static l_noret lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token) {
  msg = luaG_addinfo(ls->L, msg, ls->source, ls->linenumber);
  if (token)
    luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s near %s", msg, txtToken(ls, token));
  luaD_throw(ls->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
}


l_noret luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
  lexerror(ls, msg, ls->t.token);
}


/*
** Creates a new string and anchors it in scanner's table so that it
** will not be collected until the end of the compilation; by that time
** it should be anchored somewhere. It also internalizes long strings,
** ensuring there is only one copy of each unique string.  The table
** here is used as a set: the string enters as the key, while its value
** is irrelevant. We use the string itself as the value only because it
** is a TValue readly available. Later, the code generation can change
** this value.
*/
TString *luaX_newstring (LexState *ls, const char *str, size_t l) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  TString *ts = luaS_newlstr(L, str, l);  /* create new string */<--- Calling function luaS_newlstr, 1st argument is null
  const TValue *o = luaH_getstr(ls->h, ts);
  if (!ttisnil(o))  /* string already present? */
    ts = keystrval(nodefromval(o));  /* get saved copy */
  else {  /* not in use yet */
    TValue *stv = s2v(L->top++);  /* reserve stack space for string */<--- Null pointer dereference
    setsvalue(L, stv, ts);  /* temporarily anchor the string */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    luaH_finishset(L, ls->h, stv, o, stv);  /* t[string] = string */
    /* table is not a metatable, so it does not need to invalidate cache */
    luaC_checkGC(L);
    L->top--;  /* remove string from stack */
  }
  return ts;
}


/*
** increment line number and skips newline sequence (any of
** \n, \r, \n\r, or \r\n)
*/
static void inclinenumber (LexState *ls) {
  int old = ls->current;
  lua_assert(currIsNewline(ls));
  next(ls);  /* skip '\n' or '\r' */
  if (currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != old)
    next(ls);  /* skip '\n\r' or '\r\n' */
  if (++ls->linenumber >= MAX_INT)
    lexerror(ls, "chunk has too many lines", 0);
}


void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *ls, ZIO *z, TString *source,
                    int firstchar) {
  ls->t.token = 0;
  ls->L = L;
  ls->current = firstchar;
  ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS;  /* no look-ahead token */
  ls->z = z;
  ls->fs = NULL;
  ls->linenumber = 1;
  ls->lastline = 1;
  ls->source = source;
  ls->envn = luaS_newliteral(L, LUA_ENV);  /* get env name */
  luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, ls->buff, LUA_MINBUFFER);  /* initialize buffer */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}



/*
** =======================================================
** LEXICAL ANALYZER
** =======================================================
*/


static int check_next1 (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->current == c) {
    next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


/*
** Check whether current char is in set 'set' (with two chars) and
** saves it
*/
static int check_next2 (LexState *ls, const char *set) {
  lua_assert(set[2] == '\0');
  if (ls->current == set[0] || ls->current == set[1]) {
    save_and_next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


/* LUA_NUMBER */
/*
** This function is quite liberal in what it accepts, as 'luaO_str2num'
** will reject ill-formed numerals. Roughly, it accepts the following
** pattern:
**
**   %d(%x|%.|([Ee][+-]?))* | 0[Xx](%x|%.|([Pp][+-]?))*
**
** The only tricky part is to accept [+-] only after a valid exponent
** mark, to avoid reading '3-4' or '0xe+1' as a single number.
**
** The caller might have already read an initial dot.
*/
static int read_numeral (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  TValue obj;
  const char *expo = "Ee";
  int first = ls->current;
  lua_assert(lisdigit(ls->current));
  save_and_next(ls);
  if (first == '0' && check_next2(ls, "xX"))  /* hexadecimal? */
    expo = "Pp";
  for (;;) {
    if (check_next2(ls, expo))  /* exponent mark? */
      check_next2(ls, "-+");  /* optional exponent sign */
    else if (lisxdigit(ls->current) || ls->current == '.')  /* '%x|%.' */
      save_and_next(ls);
    else break;
  }
  if (lislalpha(ls->current))  /* is numeral touching a letter? */
    save_and_next(ls);  /* force an error */
  save(ls, '\0');
  if (luaO_str2num(luaZ_buffer(ls->buff), &obj) == 0)  /* format error? */
    lexerror(ls, "malformed number", TK_FLT);
  if (ttisinteger(&obj)) {
    seminfo->i = ivalue(&obj);
    return TK_INT;
  }
  else {
    lua_assert(ttisfloat(&obj));
    seminfo->r = fltvalue(&obj);
    return TK_FLT;
  }
}


/*
** read a sequence '[=*[' or ']=*]', leaving the last bracket. If
** sequence is well formed, return its number of '='s + 2; otherwise,
** return 1 if it is a single bracket (no '='s and no 2nd bracket);
** otherwise (an unfinished '[==...') return 0.
*/
static size_t skip_sep (LexState *ls) {
  size_t count = 0;
  int s = ls->current;
  lua_assert(s == '[' || s == ']');
  save_and_next(ls);
  while (ls->current == '=') {
    save_and_next(ls);
    count++;
  }
  return (ls->current == s) ? count + 2
         : (count == 0) ? 1
         : 0;
}


static void read_long_string (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo, size_t sep) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;  /* initial line (for error message) */
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd '[' */
  if (currIsNewline(ls))  /* string starts with a newline? */
    inclinenumber(ls);  /* skip it */
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case EOZ: {  /* error */
        const char *what = (seminfo ? "string" : "comment");
        const char *msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
                     "unfinished long %s (starting at line %d)", what, line);
        lexerror(ls, msg, TK_EOS);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      }
      case ']': {
        if (skip_sep(ls) == sep) {
          save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd ']' */
          goto endloop;
        }
        break;
      }
      case '\n': case '\r': {
        save(ls, '\n');
        inclinenumber(ls);
        if (!seminfo) luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* avoid wasting space */
        break;
      }
      default: {
        if (seminfo) save_and_next(ls);
        else next(ls);
      }
    }
  } endloop:
  if (seminfo)
    seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + sep,
                                     luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2 * sep);
}


static void esccheck (LexState *ls, int c, const char *msg) {
  if (!c) {
    if (ls->current != EOZ)
      save_and_next(ls);  /* add current to buffer for error message */
    lexerror(ls, msg, TK_STRING);
  }
}


static int gethexa (LexState *ls) {
  save_and_next(ls);
  esccheck (ls, lisxdigit(ls->current), "hexadecimal digit expected");
  return luaO_hexavalue(ls->current);
}


static int readhexaesc (LexState *ls) {
  int r = gethexa(ls);
  r = (r << 4) + gethexa(ls);
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 2);  /* remove saved chars from buffer */
  return r;
}


static unsigned long readutf8esc (LexState *ls) {
  unsigned long r;
  int i = 4;  /* chars to be removed: '\', 'u', '{', and first digit */
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 'u' */
  esccheck(ls, ls->current == '{', "missing '{'");
  r = gethexa(ls);  /* must have at least one digit */
  while (cast_void(save_and_next(ls)), lisxdigit(ls->current)) {
    i++;
    esccheck(ls, r <= (0x7FFFFFFFu >> 4), "UTF-8 value too large");
    r = (r << 4) + luaO_hexavalue(ls->current);
  }
  esccheck(ls, ls->current == '}', "missing '}'");
  next(ls);  /* skip '}' */
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, i);  /* remove saved chars from buffer */
  return r;
}


static void utf8esc (LexState *ls) {
  char buff[UTF8BUFFSZ];
  int n = luaO_utf8esc(buff, readutf8esc(ls));
  for (; n > 0; n--)  /* add 'buff' to string */
    save(ls, buff[UTF8BUFFSZ - n]);
}


static int readdecesc (LexState *ls) {
  int i;
  int r = 0;  /* result accumulator */
  for (i = 0; i < 3 && lisdigit(ls->current); i++) {  /* read up to 3 digits */
    r = 10*r + ls->current - '0';
    save_and_next(ls);
  }
  esccheck(ls, r <= UCHAR_MAX, "decimal escape too large");
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, i);  /* remove read digits from buffer */
  return r;
}


static void read_string (LexState *ls, int del, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  save_and_next(ls);  /* keep delimiter (for error messages) */
  while (ls->current != del) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case EOZ:
        lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_EOS);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      case '\n':
      case '\r':
        lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_STRING);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      case '\\': {  /* escape sequences */
        int c;  /* final character to be saved */
        save_and_next(ls);  /* keep '\\' for error messages */
        switch (ls->current) {
          case 'a': c = '\a'; goto read_save;
          case 'b': c = '\b'; goto read_save;
          case 'f': c = '\f'; goto read_save;
          case 'n': c = '\n'; goto read_save;
          case 'r': c = '\r'; goto read_save;
          case 't': c = '\t'; goto read_save;
          case 'v': c = '\v'; goto read_save;
          case 'x': c = readhexaesc(ls); goto read_save;
          case 'u': utf8esc(ls);  goto no_save;
          case '\n': case '\r':
            inclinenumber(ls); c = '\n'; goto only_save;
          case '\\': case '\"': case '\'':
            c = ls->current; goto read_save;
          case EOZ: goto no_save;  /* will raise an error next loop */
          case 'z': {  /* zap following span of spaces */
            luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 1);  /* remove '\\' */
            next(ls);  /* skip the 'z' */
            while (lisspace(ls->current)) {
              if (currIsNewline(ls)) inclinenumber(ls);
              else next(ls);
            }
            goto no_save;
          }
          default: {
            esccheck(ls, lisdigit(ls->current), "invalid escape sequence");
            c = readdecesc(ls);  /* digital escape '\ddd' */
            goto only_save;
          }
        }
       read_save:
         next(ls);
         /* go through */
       only_save:
         luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 1);  /* remove '\\' */
         save(ls, c);
         /* go through */
       no_save: break;
      }
      default:
        save_and_next(ls);
    }
  }
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip delimiter */
  seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + 1,
                                   luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2);
}


static int llex (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case '\n': case '\r': {  /* line breaks */
        inclinenumber(ls);
        break;
      }
      case ' ': case '\f': case '\t': case '\v': {  /* spaces */
        next(ls);
        break;
      }
      case '-': {  /* '-' or '--' (comment) */
        next(ls);
        if (ls->current != '-') return '-';
        /* else is a comment */
        next(ls);
        if (ls->current == '[') {  /* long comment? */
          size_t sep = skip_sep(ls);
          luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* 'skip_sep' may dirty the buffer */
          if (sep >= 2) {
            read_long_string(ls, NULL, sep);  /* skip long comment */
            luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* previous call may dirty the buff. */
            break;
          }
        }
        /* else short comment */
        while (!currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != EOZ)
          next(ls);  /* skip until end of line (or end of file) */
        break;
      }
      case '[': {  /* long string or simply '[' */
        size_t sep = skip_sep(ls);
        if (sep >= 2) {
          read_long_string(ls, seminfo, sep);
          return TK_STRING;
        }
        else if (sep == 0)  /* '[=...' missing second bracket? */
          lexerror(ls, "invalid long string delimiter", TK_STRING);
        return '[';
      }
      case '=': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_EQ;  /* '==' */
        else return '=';
      }
      case '<': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_LE;  /* '<=' */
        else if (check_next1(ls, '<')) return TK_SHL;  /* '<<' */
        else return '<';
      }
      case '>': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_GE;  /* '>=' */
        else if (check_next1(ls, '>')) return TK_SHR;  /* '>>' */
        else return '>';
      }
      case '/': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '/')) return TK_IDIV;  /* '//' */
        else return '/';
      }
      case '~': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_NE;  /* '~=' */
        else return '~';
      }
      case ':': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, ':')) return TK_DBCOLON;  /* '::' */
        else return ':';
      }
      case '"': case '\'': {  /* short literal strings */
        read_string(ls, ls->current, seminfo);
        return TK_STRING;
      }
      case '.': {  /* '.', '..', '...', or number */
        save_and_next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '.')) {
          if (check_next1(ls, '.'))
            return TK_DOTS;   /* '...' */
          else return TK_CONCAT;   /* '..' */
        }
        else if (!lisdigit(ls->current)) return '.';
        else return read_numeral(ls, seminfo);
      }
      case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
      case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
        return read_numeral(ls, seminfo);
      }
      case EOZ: {
        return TK_EOS;
      }
      default: {
        if (lislalpha(ls->current)) {  /* identifier or reserved word? */
          TString *ts;
          do {
            save_and_next(ls);
          } while (lislalnum(ls->current));
          ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff),
                                  luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff));
          seminfo->ts = ts;
          if (isreserved(ts))  /* reserved word? */
            return ts->extra - 1 + FIRST_RESERVED;
          else {
            return TK_NAME;
          }
        }
        else {  /* single-char tokens ('+', '*', '%', '{', '}', ...) */
          int c = ls->current;
          next(ls);
          return c;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


void luaX_next (LexState *ls) {
  ls->lastline = ls->linenumber;
  if (ls->lookahead.token != TK_EOS) {  /* is there a look-ahead token? */
    ls->t = ls->lookahead;  /* use this one */
    ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS;  /* and discharge it */
  }
  else
    ls->t.token = llex(ls, &ls->t.seminfo);  /* read next token */
}


int luaX_lookahead (LexState *ls) {
  lua_assert(ls->lookahead.token == TK_EOS);
  ls->lookahead.token = llex(ls, &ls->lookahead.seminfo);
  return ls->lookahead.token;
}

/*
** $Id: lcode.c $
** Code generator for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lcode_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lcode.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "llex.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lparser.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/


/* Maximum number of registers in a Lua function (must fit in 8 bits) */
#define MAXREGS		255


#define hasjumps(e)	((e)->t != (e)->f)


static int codesJ (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int sj, int k);



/* semantic error */
l_noret luaK_semerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
  ls->t.token = 0;  /* remove "near <token>" from final message */
  luaX_syntaxerror(ls, msg);
}


/*
** If expression is a numeric constant, fills 'v' with its value
** and returns 1. Otherwise, returns 0.
*/
static int tonumeral (const expdesc *e, TValue *v) {
  if (hasjumps(e))
    return 0;  /* not a numeral */
  switch (e->k) {
    case VKINT:
      if (v) setivalue(v, e->u.ival);
      return 1;
    case VKFLT:
      if (v) setfltvalue(v, e->u.nval);
      return 1;
    default: return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Get the constant value from a constant expression
*/
static TValue *const2val (FuncState *fs, const expdesc *e) {
  lua_assert(e->k == VCONST);
  return &fs->ls->dyd->actvar.arr[e->u.info].k;
}


/*
** If expression is a constant, fills 'v' with its value
** and returns 1. Otherwise, returns 0.
*/
int luaK_exp2const (FuncState *fs, const expdesc *e, TValue *v) {
  if (hasjumps(e))
    return 0;  /* not a constant */
  switch (e->k) {
    case VFALSE:
      setbfvalue(v);
      return 1;
    case VTRUE:
      setbtvalue(v);
      return 1;
    case VNIL:
      setnilvalue(v);
      return 1;
    case VKSTR: {
      setsvalue(fs->ls->L, v, e->u.strval);
      return 1;
    }
    case VCONST: {
      setobj(fs->ls->L, v, const2val(fs, e));
      return 1;
    }
    default: return tonumeral(e, v);
  }
}


/*
** Return the previous instruction of the current code. If there
** may be a jump target between the current instruction and the
** previous one, return an invalid instruction (to avoid wrong
** optimizations).
*/
static Instruction *previousinstruction (FuncState *fs) {
  static const Instruction invalidinstruction = ~(Instruction)0;
  if (fs->pc > fs->lasttarget)
    return &fs->f->code[fs->pc - 1];  /* previous instruction */
  else
    return cast(Instruction*, &invalidinstruction);
}


/*
** Create a OP_LOADNIL instruction, but try to optimize: if the previous
** instruction is also OP_LOADNIL and ranges are compatible, adjust
** range of previous instruction instead of emitting a new one. (For
** instance, 'local a; local b' will generate a single opcode.)
*/
void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n) {
  int l = from + n - 1;  /* last register to set nil */
  Instruction *previous = previousinstruction(fs);
  if (GET_OPCODE(*previous) == OP_LOADNIL) {  /* previous is LOADNIL? */
    int pfrom = GETARG_A(*previous);  /* get previous range */
    int pl = pfrom + GETARG_B(*previous);
    if ((pfrom <= from && from <= pl + 1) ||
        (from <= pfrom && pfrom <= l + 1)) {  /* can connect both? */
      if (pfrom < from) from = pfrom;  /* from = min(from, pfrom) */
      if (pl > l) l = pl;  /* l = max(l, pl) */
      SETARG_A(*previous, from);
      SETARG_B(*previous, l - from);
      return;
    }  /* else go through */
  }
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADNIL, from, n - 1, 0);  /* else no optimization */
}


/*
** Gets the destination address of a jump instruction. Used to traverse
** a list of jumps.
*/
static int getjump (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
  int offset = GETARG_sJ(fs->f->code[pc]);
  if (offset == NO_JUMP)  /* point to itself represents end of list */
    return NO_JUMP;  /* end of list */
  else
    return (pc+1)+offset;  /* turn offset into absolute position */
}


/*
** Fix jump instruction at position 'pc' to jump to 'dest'.
** (Jump addresses are relative in Lua)
*/
static void fixjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest) {
  Instruction *jmp = &fs->f->code[pc];
  int offset = dest - (pc + 1);
  lua_assert(dest != NO_JUMP);
  if (!(-OFFSET_sJ <= offset && offset <= MAXARG_sJ - OFFSET_sJ))
    luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "control structure too long");
  lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*jmp) == OP_JMP);
  SETARG_sJ(*jmp, offset);
}


/*
** Concatenate jump-list 'l2' into jump-list 'l1'
*/
void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2) {
  if (l2 == NO_JUMP) return;  /* nothing to concatenate? */
  else if (*l1 == NO_JUMP)  /* no original list? */
    *l1 = l2;  /* 'l1' points to 'l2' */
  else {
    int list = *l1;
    int next;
    while ((next = getjump(fs, list)) != NO_JUMP)  /* find last element */
      list = next;
    fixjump(fs, list, l2);  /* last element links to 'l2' */
  }
}


/*
** Create a jump instruction and return its position, so its destination
** can be fixed later (with 'fixjump').
*/
int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs) {
  return codesJ(fs, OP_JMP, NO_JUMP, 0);
}


/*
** Code a 'return' instruction
*/
void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret) {
  OpCode op;
  switch (nret) {
    case 0: op = OP_RETURN0; break;
    case 1: op = OP_RETURN1; break;
    default: op = OP_RETURN; break;
  }
  luaK_codeABC(fs, op, first, nret + 1, 0);
}


/*
** Code a "conditional jump", that is, a test or comparison opcode
** followed by a jump. Return jump position.
*/
static int condjump (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, int A, int B, int C, int k) {
  luaK_codeABCk(fs, op, A, B, C, k);
  return luaK_jump(fs);
}


/*
** returns current 'pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong
** optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block).
*/
int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs) {
  fs->lasttarget = fs->pc;
  return fs->pc;
}


/*
** Returns the position of the instruction "controlling" a given
** jump (that is, its condition), or the jump itself if it is
** unconditional.
*/
static Instruction *getjumpcontrol (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
  Instruction *pi = &fs->f->code[pc];
  if (pc >= 1 && testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*(pi-1))))
    return pi-1;
  else
    return pi;
}


/*
** Patch destination register for a TESTSET instruction.
** If instruction in position 'node' is not a TESTSET, return 0 ("fails").
** Otherwise, if 'reg' is not 'NO_REG', set it as the destination
** register. Otherwise, change instruction to a simple 'TEST' (produces
** no register value)
*/
static int patchtestreg (FuncState *fs, int node, int reg) {
  Instruction *i = getjumpcontrol(fs, node);
  if (GET_OPCODE(*i) != OP_TESTSET)
    return 0;  /* cannot patch other instructions */
  if (reg != NO_REG && reg != GETARG_B(*i))
    SETARG_A(*i, reg);
  else {
     /* no register to put value or register already has the value;
        change instruction to simple test */
    *i = CREATE_ABCk(OP_TEST, GETARG_B(*i), 0, 0, GETARG_k(*i));
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** Traverse a list of tests ensuring no one produces a value
*/
static void removevalues (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list))
      patchtestreg(fs, list, NO_REG);
}


/*
** Traverse a list of tests, patching their destination address and
** registers: tests producing values jump to 'vtarget' (and put their
** values in 'reg'), other tests jump to 'dtarget'.
*/
static void patchlistaux (FuncState *fs, int list, int vtarget, int reg,
                          int dtarget) {
  while (list != NO_JUMP) {
    int next = getjump(fs, list);
    if (patchtestreg(fs, list, reg))
      fixjump(fs, list, vtarget);
    else
      fixjump(fs, list, dtarget);  /* jump to default target */
    list = next;
  }
}


/*
** Path all jumps in 'list' to jump to 'target'.
** (The assert means that we cannot fix a jump to a forward address
** because we only know addresses once code is generated.)
*/
void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target) {
  lua_assert(target <= fs->pc);
  patchlistaux(fs, list, target, NO_REG, target);
}


void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  int hr = luaK_getlabel(fs);  /* mark "here" as a jump target */
  luaK_patchlist(fs, list, hr);
}


/* limit for difference between lines in relative line info. */
#define LIMLINEDIFF	0x80


/*
** Save line info for a new instruction. If difference from last line
** does not fit in a byte, of after that many instructions, save a new
** absolute line info; (in that case, the special value 'ABSLINEINFO'
** in 'lineinfo' signals the existence of this absolute information.)
** Otherwise, store the difference from last line in 'lineinfo'.
*/
static void savelineinfo (FuncState *fs, Proto *f, int line) {
  int linedif = line - fs->previousline;
  int pc = fs->pc - 1;  /* last instruction coded */
  if (abs(linedif) >= LIMLINEDIFF || fs->iwthabs++ >= MAXIWTHABS) {
    luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->abslineinfo, fs->nabslineinfo,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                    f->sizeabslineinfo, AbsLineInfo, MAX_INT, "lines");
    f->abslineinfo[fs->nabslineinfo].pc = pc;
    f->abslineinfo[fs->nabslineinfo++].line = line;
    linedif = ABSLINEINFO;  /* signal that there is absolute information */
    fs->iwthabs = 1;  /* restart counter */
  }
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->lineinfo, pc, f->sizelineinfo, ls_byte,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  MAX_INT, "opcodes");
  f->lineinfo[pc] = linedif;
  fs->previousline = line;  /* last line saved */
}


/*
** Remove line information from the last instruction.
** If line information for that instruction is absolute, set 'iwthabs'
** above its max to force the new (replacing) instruction to have
** absolute line info, too.
*/
static void removelastlineinfo (FuncState *fs) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int pc = fs->pc - 1;  /* last instruction coded */
  if (f->lineinfo[pc] != ABSLINEINFO) {  /* relative line info? */
    fs->previousline -= f->lineinfo[pc];  /* correct last line saved */
    fs->iwthabs--;  /* undo previous increment */
  }
  else {  /* absolute line information */
    lua_assert(f->abslineinfo[fs->nabslineinfo - 1].pc == pc);
    fs->nabslineinfo--;  /* remove it */
    fs->iwthabs = MAXIWTHABS + 1;  /* force next line info to be absolute */
  }
}


/*
** Remove the last instruction created, correcting line information
** accordingly.
*/
static void removelastinstruction (FuncState *fs) {
  removelastlineinfo(fs);
  fs->pc--;
}


/*
** Emit instruction 'i', checking for array sizes and saving also its
** line information. Return 'i' position.
*/
int luaK_code (FuncState *fs, Instruction i) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  /* put new instruction in code array */
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->code, fs->pc, f->sizecode, Instruction,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  MAX_INT, "opcodes");
  f->code[fs->pc++] = i;
  savelineinfo(fs, f, fs->ls->lastline);
  return fs->pc - 1;  /* index of new instruction */
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'iABC' instruction. (Assertions check consistency
** of parameters versus opcode.)
*/
int luaK_codeABCk (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int b, int c, int k) {
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABC);
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && b <= MAXARG_B &&
             c <= MAXARG_C && (k & ~1) == 0);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABCk(o, a, b, c, k));
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'iABx' instruction.
*/
int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, unsigned int bc) {
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABx);
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && bc <= MAXARG_Bx);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABx(o, a, bc));
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'iAsBx' instruction.
*/
int luaK_codeAsBx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int bc) {
  unsigned int b = bc + OFFSET_sBx;
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iAsBx);
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && b <= MAXARG_Bx);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABx(o, a, b));
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'isJ' instruction.
*/
static int codesJ (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int sj, int k) {
  unsigned int j = sj + OFFSET_sJ;
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == isJ);
  lua_assert(j <= MAXARG_sJ && (k & ~1) == 0);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_sJ(o, j, k));
}


/*
** Emit an "extra argument" instruction (format 'iAx')
*/
static int codeextraarg (FuncState *fs, int a) {
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_Ax);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_Ax(OP_EXTRAARG, a));
}


/*
** Emit a "load constant" instruction, using either 'OP_LOADK'
** (if constant index 'k' fits in 18 bits) or an 'OP_LOADKX'
** instruction with "extra argument".
*/
static int luaK_codek (FuncState *fs, int reg, int k) {
  if (k <= MAXARG_Bx)
    return luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, reg, k);
  else {
    int p = luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADKX, reg, 0);
    codeextraarg(fs, k);
    return p;
  }
}


/*
** Check register-stack level, keeping track of its maximum size
** in field 'maxstacksize'
*/
void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n) {
  int newstack = fs->freereg + n;
  if (newstack > fs->f->maxstacksize) {
    if (newstack >= MAXREGS)
      luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls,
        "function or expression needs too many registers");
    fs->f->maxstacksize = cast_byte(newstack);
  }
}


/*
** Reserve 'n' registers in register stack
*/
void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n) {
  luaK_checkstack(fs, n);
  fs->freereg += n;
}


/*
** Free register 'reg', if it is neither a constant index nor
** a local variable.
)
*/
static void freereg (FuncState *fs, int reg) {
  if (reg >= luaY_nvarstack(fs)) {
    fs->freereg--;
    lua_assert(reg == fs->freereg);
  }
}


/*
** Free two registers in proper order
*/
static void freeregs (FuncState *fs, int r1, int r2) {
  if (r1 > r2) {
    freereg(fs, r1);
    freereg(fs, r2);
  }
  else {
    freereg(fs, r2);
    freereg(fs, r1);
  }
}


/*
** Free register used by expression 'e' (if any)
*/
static void freeexp (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k == VNONRELOC)
    freereg(fs, e->u.info);
}


/*
** Free registers used by expressions 'e1' and 'e2' (if any) in proper
** order.
*/
static void freeexps (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  int r1 = (e1->k == VNONRELOC) ? e1->u.info : -1;
  int r2 = (e2->k == VNONRELOC) ? e2->u.info : -1;
  freeregs(fs, r1, r2);
}


/*
** Add constant 'v' to prototype's list of constants (field 'k').
** Use scanner's table to cache position of constants in constant list
** and try to reuse constants. Because some values should not be used
** as keys (nil cannot be a key, integer keys can collapse with float
** keys), the caller must provide a useful 'key' for indexing the cache.
** Note that all functions share the same table, so entering or exiting
** a function can make some indices wrong.
*/
static int addk (FuncState *fs, TValue *key, TValue *v) {
  TValue val;
  lua_State *L = fs->ls->L;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  const TValue *idx = luaH_get(fs->ls->h, key);  /* query scanner table */
  int k, oldsize;
  if (ttisinteger(idx)) {  /* is there an index there? */
    k = cast_int(ivalue(idx));
    /* correct value? (warning: must distinguish floats from integers!) */
    if (k < fs->nk && ttypetag(&f->k[k]) == ttypetag(v) &&
                      luaV_rawequalobj(&f->k[k], v))
      return k;  /* reuse index */
  }
  /* constant not found; create a new entry */
  oldsize = f->sizek;
  k = fs->nk;
  /* numerical value does not need GC barrier;
     table has no metatable, so it does not need to invalidate cache */
  setivalue(&val, k);
  luaH_finishset(L, fs->ls->h, key, idx, &val);
  luaM_growvector(L, f->k, k, f->sizek, TValue, MAXARG_Ax, "constants");<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- Calling function luaM_growaux_, 1st argument is null  while (oldsize < f->sizek) setnilvalue(&f->k[oldsize++]);
  setobj(L, &f->k[k], v);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  fs->nk++;
  luaC_barrier(L, f, v);
  return k;
}


/*
** Add a string to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int stringK (FuncState *fs, TString *s) {
  TValue o;
  setsvalue(fs->ls->L, &o, s);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use string itself as key */
}


/*
** Add an integer to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int luaK_intK (FuncState *fs, lua_Integer n) {
  TValue o;
  setivalue(&o, n);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use integer itself as key */
}

/*
** Add a float to list of constants and return its index. Floats
** with integral values need a different key, to avoid collision
** with actual integers. To that, we add to the number its smaller
** power-of-two fraction that is still significant in its scale.
** For doubles, that would be 1/2^52.
** (This method is not bulletproof: there may be another float
** with that value, and for floats larger than 2^53 the result is
** still an integer. At worst, this only wastes an entry with
** a duplicate.)
*/
static int luaK_numberK (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r) {
  TValue o;
  lua_Integer ik;
  setfltvalue(&o, r);
  if (!luaV_flttointeger(r, &ik, F2Ieq))  /* not an integral value? */
    return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use number itself as key */
  else {  /* must build an alternative key */
    const int nbm = l_floatatt(MANT_DIG);
    const lua_Number q = l_mathop(ldexp)(l_mathop(1.0), -nbm + 1);
    const lua_Number k = (ik == 0) ? q : r + r*q;  /* new key */
    TValue kv;
    setfltvalue(&kv, k);
    /* result is not an integral value, unless value is too large */
    lua_assert(!luaV_flttointeger(k, &ik, F2Ieq) ||
                l_mathop(fabs)(r) >= l_mathop(1e6));
    return addk(fs, &kv, &o);
  }
}


/*
** Add a false to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int boolF (FuncState *fs) {
  TValue o;
  setbfvalue(&o);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use boolean itself as key */
}


/*
** Add a true to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int boolT (FuncState *fs) {
  TValue o;
  setbtvalue(&o);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use boolean itself as key */
}


/*
** Add nil to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int nilK (FuncState *fs) {
  TValue k, v;
  setnilvalue(&v);
  /* cannot use nil as key; instead use table itself to represent nil */
  sethvalue(fs->ls->L, &k, fs->ls->h);
  return addk(fs, &k, &v);
}


/*
** Check whether 'i' can be stored in an 'sC' operand. Equivalent to
** (0 <= int2sC(i) && int2sC(i) <= MAXARG_C) but without risk of
** overflows in the hidden addition inside 'int2sC'.
*/
static int fitsC (lua_Integer i) {
  return (l_castS2U(i) + OFFSET_sC <= cast_uint(MAXARG_C));
}


/*
** Check whether 'i' can be stored in an 'sBx' operand.
*/
static int fitsBx (lua_Integer i) {
  return (-OFFSET_sBx <= i && i <= MAXARG_Bx - OFFSET_sBx);
}


void luaK_int (FuncState *fs, int reg, lua_Integer i) {
  if (fitsBx(i))
    luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_LOADI, reg, cast_int(i));
  else
    luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_intK(fs, i));
}


static void luaK_float (FuncState *fs, int reg, lua_Number f) {
  lua_Integer fi;
  if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Ieq) && fitsBx(fi))
    luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_LOADF, reg, cast_int(fi));
  else
    luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_numberK(fs, f));
}


/*
** Convert a constant in 'v' into an expression description 'e'
*/
static void const2exp (TValue *v, expdesc *e) {
  switch (ttypetag(v)) {
    case LUA_VNUMINT:
      e->k = VKINT; e->u.ival = ivalue(v);
      break;
    case LUA_VNUMFLT:
      e->k = VKFLT; e->u.nval = fltvalue(v);
      break;
    case LUA_VFALSE:
      e->k = VFALSE;
      break;
    case LUA_VTRUE:
      e->k = VTRUE;
      break;
    case LUA_VNIL:
      e->k = VNIL;
      break;
    case LUA_VSHRSTR:  case LUA_VLNGSTR:
      e->k = VKSTR; e->u.strval = tsvalue(v);
      break;
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Fix an expression to return the number of results 'nresults'.
** 'e' must be a multi-ret expression (function call or vararg).
*/
void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults) {
  Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e);
  if (e->k == VCALL)  /* expression is an open function call? */
    SETARG_C(*pc, nresults + 1);
  else {
    lua_assert(e->k == VVARARG);
    SETARG_C(*pc, nresults + 1);
    SETARG_A(*pc, fs->freereg);
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  }
}


/*
** Convert a VKSTR to a VK
*/
static void str2K (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  lua_assert(e->k == VKSTR);
  e->u.info = stringK(fs, e->u.strval);
  e->k = VK;
}


/*
** Fix an expression to return one result.
** If expression is not a multi-ret expression (function call or
** vararg), it already returns one result, so nothing needs to be done.
** Function calls become VNONRELOC expressions (as its result comes
** fixed in the base register of the call), while vararg expressions
** become VRELOC (as OP_VARARG puts its results where it wants).
** (Calls are created returning one result, so that does not need
** to be fixed.)
*/
void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k == VCALL) {  /* expression is an open function call? */
    /* already returns 1 value */
    lua_assert(GETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e)) == 2);
    e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* result has fixed position */
    e->u.info = GETARG_A(getinstruction(fs, e));
  }
  else if (e->k == VVARARG) {
    SETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e), 2);
    e->k = VRELOC;  /* can relocate its simple result */
  }
}


/*
** Ensure that expression 'e' is not a variable (nor a <const>).
** (Expression still may have jump lists.)
*/
void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  switch (e->k) {
    case VCONST: {
      const2exp(const2val(fs, e), e);
      break;
    }
    case VLOCAL: {  /* already in a register */
      e->u.info = e->u.var.ridx;
      e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* becomes a non-relocatable value */
      break;
    }
    case VUPVAL: {  /* move value to some (pending) register */
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETUPVAL, 0, e->u.info, 0);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXUP: {
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETTABUP, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXI: {
      freereg(fs, e->u.ind.t);
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETI, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXSTR: {
      freereg(fs, e->u.ind.t);
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETFIELD, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXED: {
      freeregs(fs, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETTABLE, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    case VVARARG: case VCALL: {
      luaK_setoneret(fs, e);
      break;
    }
    default: break;  /* there is one value available (somewhere) */
  }
}


/*
** Ensure expression value is in register 'reg', making 'e' a
** non-relocatable expression.
** (Expression still may have jump lists.)
*/
static void discharge2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VNIL: {
      luaK_nil(fs, reg, 1);
      break;
    }
    case VFALSE: {
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADFALSE, reg, 0, 0);
      break;
    }
    case VTRUE: {
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADTRUE, reg, 0, 0);
      break;
    }
    case VKSTR: {
      str2K(fs, e);
    }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case VK: {
      luaK_codek(fs, reg, e->u.info);
      break;
    }
    case VKFLT: {
      luaK_float(fs, reg, e->u.nval);
      break;
    }
    case VKINT: {
      luaK_int(fs, reg, e->u.ival);
      break;
    }
    case VRELOC: {
      Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e);
      SETARG_A(*pc, reg);  /* instruction will put result in 'reg' */
      break;
    }
    case VNONRELOC: {
      if (reg != e->u.info)
        luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, reg, e->u.info, 0);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      lua_assert(e->k == VJMP);
      return;  /* nothing to do... */
    }
  }
  e->u.info = reg;
  e->k = VNONRELOC;
}


/*
** Ensure expression value is in a register, making 'e' a
** non-relocatable expression.
** (Expression still may have jump lists.)
*/
static void discharge2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k != VNONRELOC) {  /* no fixed register yet? */
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);  /* get a register */
    discharge2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg-1);  /* put value there */
  }
}


static int code_loadbool (FuncState *fs, int A, OpCode op) {
  luaK_getlabel(fs);  /* those instructions may be jump targets */
  return luaK_codeABC(fs, op, A, 0, 0);
}


/*
** check whether list has any jump that do not produce a value
** or produce an inverted value
*/
static int need_value (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) {
    Instruction i = *getjumpcontrol(fs, list);
    if (GET_OPCODE(i) != OP_TESTSET) return 1;
  }
  return 0;  /* not found */
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result (which includes results from its
** jump lists) is in register 'reg'.
** If expression has jumps, need to patch these jumps either to
** its final position or to "load" instructions (for those tests
** that do not produce values).
*/
static void exp2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
  discharge2reg(fs, e, reg);
  if (e->k == VJMP)  /* expression itself is a test? */
    luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, e->u.info);  /* put this jump in 't' list */
  if (hasjumps(e)) {
    int final;  /* position after whole expression */
    int p_f = NO_JUMP;  /* position of an eventual LOAD false */
    int p_t = NO_JUMP;  /* position of an eventual LOAD true */
    if (need_value(fs, e->t) || need_value(fs, e->f)) {
      int fj = (e->k == VJMP) ? NO_JUMP : luaK_jump(fs);
      p_f = code_loadbool(fs, reg, OP_LFALSESKIP);  /* skip next inst. */
      p_t = code_loadbool(fs, reg, OP_LOADTRUE);
      /* jump around these booleans if 'e' is not a test */
      luaK_patchtohere(fs, fj);
    }
    final = luaK_getlabel(fs);
    patchlistaux(fs, e->f, final, reg, p_f);
    patchlistaux(fs, e->t, final, reg, p_t);
  }
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->u.info = reg;
  e->k = VNONRELOC;
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is in next available register.
*/
void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  freeexp(fs, e);
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  exp2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg - 1);
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is in some (any) register
** and return that register.
*/
int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  if (e->k == VNONRELOC) {  /* expression already has a register? */
    if (!hasjumps(e))  /* no jumps? */
      return e->u.info;  /* result is already in a register */
    if (e->u.info >= luaY_nvarstack(fs)) {  /* reg. is not a local? */
      exp2reg(fs, e, e->u.info);  /* put final result in it */
      return e->u.info;
    }
    /* else expression has jumps and cannot change its register
       to hold the jump values, because it is a local variable.
       Go through to the default case. */
  }
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e);  /* default: use next available register */
  return e->u.info;
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is either in a register
** or in an upvalue.
*/
void luaK_exp2anyregup (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k != VUPVAL || hasjumps(e))
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is either in a register
** or it is a constant.
*/
void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (hasjumps(e))
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
  else
    luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
}


/*
** Try to make 'e' a K expression with an index in the range of R/K
** indices. Return true iff succeeded.
*/
static int luaK_exp2K (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (!hasjumps(e)) {
    int info;
    switch (e->k) {  /* move constants to 'k' */
      case VTRUE: info = boolT(fs); break;
      case VFALSE: info = boolF(fs); break;
      case VNIL: info = nilK(fs); break;
      case VKINT: info = luaK_intK(fs, e->u.ival); break;
      case VKFLT: info = luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval); break;
      case VKSTR: info = stringK(fs, e->u.strval); break;
      case VK: info = e->u.info; break;
      default: return 0;  /* not a constant */
    }
    if (info <= MAXINDEXRK) {  /* does constant fit in 'argC'? */
      e->k = VK;  /* make expression a 'K' expression */
      e->u.info = info;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  /* else, expression doesn't fit; leave it unchanged */
  return 0;
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is in a valid R/K index
** (that is, it is either in a register or in 'k' with an index
** in the range of R/K indices).
** Returns 1 iff expression is K.
*/
int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (luaK_exp2K(fs, e))
    return 1;
  else {  /* not a constant in the right range: put it in a register */
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
    return 0;
  }
}


static void codeABRK (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int b,
                      expdesc *ec) {
  int k = luaK_exp2RK(fs, ec);
  luaK_codeABCk(fs, o, a, b, ec->u.info, k);
}


/*
** Generate code to store result of expression 'ex' into variable 'var'.
*/
void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *ex) {
  switch (var->k) {
    case VLOCAL: {
      freeexp(fs, ex);
      exp2reg(fs, ex, var->u.var.ridx);  /* compute 'ex' into proper place */
      return;
    }
    case VUPVAL: {
      int e = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, ex);
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETUPVAL, e, var->u.info, 0);
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXUP: {
      codeABRK(fs, OP_SETTABUP, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, ex);
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXI: {
      codeABRK(fs, OP_SETI, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, ex);
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXSTR: {
      codeABRK(fs, OP_SETFIELD, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, ex);
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXED: {
      codeABRK(fs, OP_SETTABLE, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, ex);
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);  /* invalid var kind to store */
  }
  freeexp(fs, ex);
}


/*
** Emit SELF instruction (convert expression 'e' into 'e:key(e,').
*/
void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key) {
  int ereg;
  luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
  ereg = e->u.info;  /* register where 'e' was placed */
  freeexp(fs, e);
  e->u.info = fs->freereg;  /* base register for op_self */
  e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* self expression has a fixed register */
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, 2);  /* function and 'self' produced by op_self */
  codeABRK(fs, OP_SELF, e->u.info, ereg, key);
  freeexp(fs, key);
}


/*
** Negate condition 'e' (where 'e' is a comparison).
*/
static void negatecondition (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  Instruction *pc = getjumpcontrol(fs, e->u.info);
  lua_assert(testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*pc)) && GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TESTSET &&
                                           GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TEST);
  SETARG_k(*pc, (GETARG_k(*pc) ^ 1));
}


/*
** Emit instruction to jump if 'e' is 'cond' (that is, if 'cond'
** is true, code will jump if 'e' is true.) Return jump position.
** Optimize when 'e' is 'not' something, inverting the condition
** and removing the 'not'.
*/
static int jumponcond (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int cond) {
  if (e->k == VRELOC) {
    Instruction ie = getinstruction(fs, e);
    if (GET_OPCODE(ie) == OP_NOT) {
      removelastinstruction(fs);  /* remove previous OP_NOT */
      return condjump(fs, OP_TEST, GETARG_B(ie), 0, 0, !cond);
    }
    /* else go through */
  }
  discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
  freeexp(fs, e);
  return condjump(fs, OP_TESTSET, NO_REG, e->u.info, 0, cond);
}


/*
** Emit code to go through if 'e' is true, jump otherwise.
*/
void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  int pc;  /* pc of new jump */
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VJMP: {  /* condition? */
      negatecondition(fs, e);  /* jump when it is false */
      pc = e->u.info;  /* save jump position */
      break;
    }
    case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VKSTR: case VTRUE: {
      pc = NO_JUMP;  /* always true; do nothing */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 0);  /* jump when false */
      break;
    }
  }
  luaK_concat(fs, &e->f, pc);  /* insert new jump in false list */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->t);  /* true list jumps to here (to go through) */
  e->t = NO_JUMP;
}


/*
** Emit code to go through if 'e' is false, jump otherwise.
*/
void luaK_goiffalse (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  int pc;  /* pc of new jump */
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VJMP: {
      pc = e->u.info;  /* already jump if true */
      break;
    }
    case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
      pc = NO_JUMP;  /* always false; do nothing */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 1);  /* jump if true */
      break;
    }
  }
  luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, pc);  /* insert new jump in 't' list */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->f);  /* false list jumps to here (to go through) */
  e->f = NO_JUMP;
}


/*
** Code 'not e', doing constant folding.
*/
static void codenot (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  switch (e->k) {
    case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
      e->k = VTRUE;  /* true == not nil == not false */
      break;
    }
    case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VKSTR: case VTRUE: {
      e->k = VFALSE;  /* false == not "x" == not 0.5 == not 1 == not true */
      break;
    }
    case VJMP: {
      negatecondition(fs, e);
      break;
    }
    case VRELOC:
    case VNONRELOC: {
      discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
      freeexp(fs, e);
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NOT, 0, e->u.info, 0);
      e->k = VRELOC;
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);  /* cannot happen */
  }
  /* interchange true and false lists */
  { int temp = e->f; e->f = e->t; e->t = temp; }
  removevalues(fs, e->f);  /* values are useless when negated */
  removevalues(fs, e->t);
}


/*
** Check whether expression 'e' is a small literal string
*/
static int isKstr (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  return (e->k == VK && !hasjumps(e) && e->u.info <= MAXARG_B &&
          ttisshrstring(&fs->f->k[e->u.info]));
}

/*
** Check whether expression 'e' is a literal integer.
*/
int luaK_isKint (expdesc *e) {
  return (e->k == VKINT && !hasjumps(e));
}


/*
** Check whether expression 'e' is a literal integer in
** proper range to fit in register C
*/
static int isCint (expdesc *e) {
  return luaK_isKint(e) && (l_castS2U(e->u.ival) <= l_castS2U(MAXARG_C));
}


/*
** Check whether expression 'e' is a literal integer in
** proper range to fit in register sC
*/
static int isSCint (expdesc *e) {
  return luaK_isKint(e) && fitsC(e->u.ival);
}


/*
** Check whether expression 'e' is a literal integer or float in
** proper range to fit in a register (sB or sC).
*/
static int isSCnumber (expdesc *e, int *pi, int *isfloat) {
  lua_Integer i;
  if (e->k == VKINT)
    i = e->u.ival;
  else if (e->k == VKFLT && luaV_flttointeger(e->u.nval, &i, F2Ieq))
    *isfloat = 1;
  else
    return 0;  /* not a number */
  if (!hasjumps(e) && fitsC(i)) {
    *pi = int2sC(cast_int(i));
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0;
}


/*
** Create expression 't[k]'. 't' must have its final result already in a
** register or upvalue. Upvalues can only be indexed by literal strings.
** Keys can be literal strings in the constant table or arbitrary
** values in registers.
*/
void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k) {
  if (k->k == VKSTR)
    str2K(fs, k);
  lua_assert(!hasjumps(t) &&
             (t->k == VLOCAL || t->k == VNONRELOC || t->k == VUPVAL));
  if (t->k == VUPVAL && !isKstr(fs, k))  /* upvalue indexed by non 'Kstr'? */
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, t);  /* put it in a register */
  if (t->k == VUPVAL) {
    t->u.ind.t = t->u.info;  /* upvalue index */
    t->u.ind.idx = k->u.info;  /* literal string */
    t->k = VINDEXUP;
  }
  else {
    /* register index of the table */
    t->u.ind.t = (t->k == VLOCAL) ? t->u.var.ridx: t->u.info;
    if (isKstr(fs, k)) {
      t->u.ind.idx = k->u.info;  /* literal string */
      t->k = VINDEXSTR;
    }
    else if (isCint(k)) {
      t->u.ind.idx = cast_int(k->u.ival);  /* int. constant in proper range */
      t->k = VINDEXI;
    }
    else {
      t->u.ind.idx = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, k);  /* register */
      t->k = VINDEXED;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Return false if folding can raise an error.
** Bitwise operations need operands convertible to integers; division
** operations cannot have 0 as divisor.
*/
static int validop (int op, TValue *v1, TValue *v2) {
  switch (op) {
    case LUA_OPBAND: case LUA_OPBOR: case LUA_OPBXOR:
    case LUA_OPSHL: case LUA_OPSHR: case LUA_OPBNOT: {  /* conversion errors */
      lua_Integer i;
      return (luaV_tointegerns(v1, &i, LUA_FLOORN2I) &&
              luaV_tointegerns(v2, &i, LUA_FLOORN2I));
    }
    case LUA_OPDIV: case LUA_OPIDIV: case LUA_OPMOD:  /* division by 0 */
      return (nvalue(v2) != 0);
    default: return 1;  /* everything else is valid */
  }
}


/*
** Try to "constant-fold" an operation; return 1 iff successful.
** (In this case, 'e1' has the final result.)
*/
static int constfolding (FuncState *fs, int op, expdesc *e1,
                                        const expdesc *e2) {
  TValue v1, v2, res;
  if (!tonumeral(e1, &v1) || !tonumeral(e2, &v2) || !validop(op, &v1, &v2))
    return 0;  /* non-numeric operands or not safe to fold */
  luaO_rawarith(fs->ls->L, op, &v1, &v2, &res);  /* does operation */
  if (ttisinteger(&res)) {
    e1->k = VKINT;
    e1->u.ival = ivalue(&res);
  }
  else {  /* folds neither NaN nor 0.0 (to avoid problems with -0.0) */
    lua_Number n = fltvalue(&res);
    if (luai_numisnan(n) || n == 0)
      return 0;
    e1->k = VKFLT;
    e1->u.nval = n;
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** Emit code for unary expressions that "produce values"
** (everything but 'not').
** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e'.
*/
static void codeunexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, expdesc *e, int line) {
  int r = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);  /* opcodes operate only on registers */
  freeexp(fs, e);
  e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, r, 0);  /* generate opcode */
  e->k = VRELOC;  /* all those operations are relocatable */
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


/*
** Emit code for binary expressions that "produce values"
** (everything but logical operators 'and'/'or' and comparison
** operators).
** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e1'.
*/
static void finishbinexpval (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2,
                             OpCode op, int v2, int flip, int line,
                             OpCode mmop, TMS event) {
  int v1 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e1);
  int pc = luaK_codeABCk(fs, op, 0, v1, v2, 0);
  freeexps(fs, e1, e2);
  e1->u.info = pc;
  e1->k = VRELOC;  /* all those operations are relocatable */
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
  luaK_codeABCk(fs, mmop, v1, v2, event, flip);  /* to call metamethod */
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


/*
** Emit code for binary expressions that "produce values" over
** two registers.
*/
static void codebinexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op,
                           expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  int v2 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e2);  /* both operands are in registers */
  lua_assert(OP_ADD <= op && op <= OP_SHR);
  finishbinexpval(fs, e1, e2, op, v2, 0, line, OP_MMBIN,
                  cast(TMS, (op - OP_ADD) + TM_ADD));
}


/*
** Code binary operators with immediate operands.
*/
static void codebini (FuncState *fs, OpCode op,
                       expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int flip, int line,
                       TMS event) {
  int v2 = int2sC(cast_int(e2->u.ival));  /* immediate operand */
  lua_assert(e2->k == VKINT);
  finishbinexpval(fs, e1, e2, op, v2, flip, line, OP_MMBINI, event);
}


/* Try to code a binary operator negating its second operand.
** For the metamethod, 2nd operand must keep its original value.
*/
static int finishbinexpneg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2,
                             OpCode op, int line, TMS event) {
  if (!luaK_isKint(e2))
    return 0;  /* not an integer constant */
  else {
    lua_Integer i2 = e2->u.ival;
    if (!(fitsC(i2) && fitsC(-i2)))
      return 0;  /* not in the proper range */
    else {  /* operating a small integer constant */
      int v2 = cast_int(i2);
      finishbinexpval(fs, e1, e2, op, int2sC(-v2), 0, line, OP_MMBINI, event);
      /* correct metamethod argument */
      SETARG_B(fs->f->code[fs->pc - 1], int2sC(v2));
      return 1;  /* successfully coded */
    }
  }
}


static void swapexps (expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  expdesc temp = *e1; *e1 = *e2; *e2 = temp;  /* swap 'e1' and 'e2' */
}


/*
** Code arithmetic operators ('+', '-', ...). If second operand is a
** constant in the proper range, use variant opcodes with K operands.
*/
static void codearith (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr,
                       expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int flip, int line) {
  TMS event = cast(TMS, opr + TM_ADD);
  if (tonumeral(e2, NULL) && luaK_exp2K(fs, e2)) {  /* K operand? */
    int v2 = e2->u.info;  /* K index */
    OpCode op = cast(OpCode, opr + OP_ADDK);
    finishbinexpval(fs, e1, e2, op, v2, flip, line, OP_MMBINK, event);
  }
  else {  /* 'e2' is neither an immediate nor a K operand */
    OpCode op = cast(OpCode, opr + OP_ADD);
    if (flip)
      swapexps(e1, e2);  /* back to original order */
    codebinexpval(fs, op, e1, e2, line);  /* use standard operators */
  }
}


/*
** Code commutative operators ('+', '*'). If first operand is a
** numeric constant, change order of operands to try to use an
** immediate or K operator.
*/
static void codecommutative (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op,
                             expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  int flip = 0;
  if (tonumeral(e1, NULL)) {  /* is first operand a numeric constant? */
    swapexps(e1, e2);  /* change order */
    flip = 1;
  }
  if (op == OPR_ADD && isSCint(e2))  /* immediate operand? */
    codebini(fs, cast(OpCode, OP_ADDI), e1, e2, flip, line, TM_ADD);
  else
    codearith(fs, op, e1, e2, flip, line);
}


/*
** Code bitwise operations; they are all associative, so the function
** tries to put an integer constant as the 2nd operand (a K operand).
*/
static void codebitwise (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr,
                         expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  int flip = 0;
  int v2;
  OpCode op;
  if (e1->k == VKINT && luaK_exp2RK(fs, e1)) {
    swapexps(e1, e2);  /* 'e2' will be the constant operand */
    flip = 1;
  }
  else if (!(e2->k == VKINT && luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2))) {  /* no constants? */
    op = cast(OpCode, opr + OP_ADD);
    codebinexpval(fs, op, e1, e2, line);  /* all-register opcodes */
    return;
  }
  v2 = e2->u.info;  /* index in K array */
  op = cast(OpCode, opr + OP_ADDK);
  lua_assert(ttisinteger(&fs->f->k[v2]));
  finishbinexpval(fs, e1, e2, op, v2, flip, line, OP_MMBINK,
                  cast(TMS, opr + TM_ADD));
}


/*
** Emit code for order comparisons. When using an immediate operand,
** 'isfloat' tells whether the original value was a float.
*/
static void codeorder (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  int r1, r2;
  int im;
  int isfloat = 0;
  if (isSCnumber(e2, &im, &isfloat)) {
    /* use immediate operand */
    r1 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e1);
    r2 = im;
    op = cast(OpCode, (op - OP_LT) + OP_LTI);
  }
  else if (isSCnumber(e1, &im, &isfloat)) {
    /* transform (A < B) to (B > A) and (A <= B) to (B >= A) */
    r1 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e2);
    r2 = im;
    op = (op == OP_LT) ? OP_GTI : OP_GEI;
  }
  else {  /* regular case, compare two registers */
    r1 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e1);
    r2 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e2);
  }
  freeexps(fs, e1, e2);
  e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, r1, r2, isfloat, 1);
  e1->k = VJMP;
}


/*
** Emit code for equality comparisons ('==', '~=').
** 'e1' was already put as RK by 'luaK_infix'.
*/
static void codeeq (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  int r1, r2;
  int im;
  int isfloat = 0;  /* not needed here, but kept for symmetry */
  OpCode op;
  if (e1->k != VNONRELOC) {
    lua_assert(e1->k == VK || e1->k == VKINT || e1->k == VKFLT);
    swapexps(e1, e2);
  }
  r1 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e1);  /* 1st expression must be in register */
  if (isSCnumber(e2, &im, &isfloat)) {
    op = OP_EQI;
    r2 = im;  /* immediate operand */
  }
  else if (luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2)) {  /* 1st expression is constant? */
    op = OP_EQK;
    r2 = e2->u.info;  /* constant index */
  }
  else {
    op = OP_EQ;  /* will compare two registers */
    r2 = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e2);
  }
  freeexps(fs, e1, e2);
  e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, r1, r2, isfloat, (opr == OPR_EQ));
  e1->k = VJMP;
}


/*
** Apply prefix operation 'op' to expression 'e'.
*/
void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *e, int line) {
  static const expdesc ef = {VKINT, {0}, NO_JUMP, NO_JUMP};
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (op) {
    case OPR_MINUS: case OPR_BNOT:  /* use 'ef' as fake 2nd operand */
      if (constfolding(fs, op + LUA_OPUNM, e, &ef))
        break;
      /* else */ /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case OPR_LEN:
      codeunexpval(fs, cast(OpCode, op + OP_UNM), e, line);
      break;
    case OPR_NOT: codenot(fs, e); break;
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Process 1st operand 'v' of binary operation 'op' before reading
** 2nd operand.
*/
void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, v);
  switch (op) {
    case OPR_AND: {
      luaK_goiftrue(fs, v);  /* go ahead only if 'v' is true */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_OR: {
      luaK_goiffalse(fs, v);  /* go ahead only if 'v' is false */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_CONCAT: {
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);  /* operand must be on the stack */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB:
    case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV: case OPR_IDIV:
    case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW:
    case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR:
    case OPR_SHL: case OPR_SHR: {
      if (!tonumeral(v, NULL))
        luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, v);
      /* else keep numeral, which may be folded with 2nd operand */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_EQ: case OPR_NE: {
      if (!tonumeral(v, NULL))
        luaK_exp2RK(fs, v);
      /* else keep numeral, which may be an immediate operand */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_LT: case OPR_LE:
    case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: {
      int dummy, dummy2;
      if (!isSCnumber(v, &dummy, &dummy2))
        luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, v);
      /* else keep numeral, which may be an immediate operand */
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}

/*
** Create code for '(e1 .. e2)'.
** For '(e1 .. e2.1 .. e2.2)' (which is '(e1 .. (e2.1 .. e2.2))',
** because concatenation is right associative), merge both CONCATs.
*/
static void codeconcat (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  Instruction *ie2 = previousinstruction(fs);
  if (GET_OPCODE(*ie2) == OP_CONCAT) {  /* is 'e2' a concatenation? */
    int n = GETARG_B(*ie2);  /* # of elements concatenated in 'e2' */
    lua_assert(e1->u.info + 1 == GETARG_A(*ie2));
    freeexp(fs, e2);
    SETARG_A(*ie2, e1->u.info);  /* correct first element ('e1') */
    SETARG_B(*ie2, n + 1);  /* will concatenate one more element */
  }
  else {  /* 'e2' is not a concatenation */
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CONCAT, e1->u.info, 2, 0);  /* new concat opcode */
    freeexp(fs, e2);
    luaK_fixline(fs, line);
  }
}


/*
** Finalize code for binary operation, after reading 2nd operand.
*/
void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr,
                  expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2);
  if (foldbinop(opr) && constfolding(fs, opr + LUA_OPADD, e1, e2))
    return;  /* done by folding */
  switch (opr) {
    case OPR_AND: {
      lua_assert(e1->t == NO_JUMP);  /* list closed by 'luaK_infix' */
      luaK_concat(fs, &e2->f, e1->f);
      *e1 = *e2;
      break;
    }
    case OPR_OR: {
      lua_assert(e1->f == NO_JUMP);  /* list closed by 'luaK_infix' */
      luaK_concat(fs, &e2->t, e1->t);
      *e1 = *e2;
      break;
    }
    case OPR_CONCAT: {  /* e1 .. e2 */
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e2);
      codeconcat(fs, e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_ADD: case OPR_MUL: {
      codecommutative(fs, opr, e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_SUB: {
      if (finishbinexpneg(fs, e1, e2, OP_ADDI, line, TM_SUB))
        break; /* coded as (r1 + -I) */
      /* ELSE */
    }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case OPR_DIV: case OPR_IDIV: case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW: {
      codearith(fs, opr, e1, e2, 0, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR: {
      codebitwise(fs, opr, e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_SHL: {
      if (isSCint(e1)) {
        swapexps(e1, e2);
        codebini(fs, OP_SHLI, e1, e2, 1, line, TM_SHL);  /* I << r2 */
      }
      else if (finishbinexpneg(fs, e1, e2, OP_SHRI, line, TM_SHL)) {
        /* coded as (r1 >> -I) */;
      }
      else  /* regular case (two registers) */
       codebinexpval(fs, OP_SHL, e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_SHR: {
      if (isSCint(e2))
        codebini(fs, OP_SHRI, e1, e2, 0, line, TM_SHR);  /* r1 >> I */
      else  /* regular case (two registers) */
        codebinexpval(fs, OP_SHR, e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_EQ: case OPR_NE: {
      codeeq(fs, opr, e1, e2);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_LT: case OPR_LE: {
      OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_EQ) + OP_EQ);
      codeorder(fs, op, e1, e2);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: {
      /* '(a > b)' <=> '(b < a)';  '(a >= b)' <=> '(b <= a)' */
      OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_NE) + OP_EQ);
      swapexps(e1, e2);
      codeorder(fs, op, e1, e2);
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Change line information associated with current position, by removing
** previous info and adding it again with new line.
*/
void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line) {
  removelastlineinfo(fs);
  savelineinfo(fs, fs->f, line);
}


void luaK_settablesize (FuncState *fs, int pc, int ra, int asize, int hsize) {
  Instruction *inst = &fs->f->code[pc];
  int rb = (hsize != 0) ? luaO_ceillog2(hsize) + 1 : 0;  /* hash size */
  int extra = asize / (MAXARG_C + 1);  /* higher bits of array size */
  int rc = asize % (MAXARG_C + 1);  /* lower bits of array size */
  int k = (extra > 0);  /* true iff needs extra argument */
  *inst = CREATE_ABCk(OP_NEWTABLE, ra, rb, rc, k);
  *(inst + 1) = CREATE_Ax(OP_EXTRAARG, extra);
}


/*
** Emit a SETLIST instruction.
** 'base' is register that keeps table;
** 'nelems' is #table plus those to be stored now;
** 'tostore' is number of values (in registers 'base + 1',...) to add to
** table (or LUA_MULTRET to add up to stack top).
*/
void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore) {
  lua_assert(tostore != 0 && tostore <= LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
  if (tostore == LUA_MULTRET)
    tostore = 0;
  if (nelems <= MAXARG_C)
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, tostore, nelems);
  else {
    int extra = nelems / (MAXARG_C + 1);
    nelems %= (MAXARG_C + 1);
    luaK_codeABCk(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, tostore, nelems, 1);
    codeextraarg(fs, extra);
  }
  fs->freereg = base + 1;  /* free registers with list values */
}


/*
** return the final target of a jump (skipping jumps to jumps)
*/
static int finaltarget (Instruction *code, int i) {<--- Parameter 'code' can be declared as pointer to const
  int count;
  for (count = 0; count < 100; count++) {  /* avoid infinite loops */
    Instruction pc = code[i];
    if (GET_OPCODE(pc) != OP_JMP)
      break;
     else
       i += GETARG_sJ(pc) + 1;
  }
  return i;
}


/*
** Do a final pass over the code of a function, doing small peephole
** optimizations and adjustments.
*/
void luaK_finish (FuncState *fs) {
  int i;
  Proto *p = fs->f;
  for (i = 0; i < fs->pc; i++) {
    Instruction *pc = &p->code[i];
    lua_assert(i == 0 || isOT(*(pc - 1)) == isIT(*pc));
    switch (GET_OPCODE(*pc)) {
      case OP_RETURN0: case OP_RETURN1: {
        if (!(fs->needclose || p->is_vararg))
          break;  /* no extra work */
        /* else use OP_RETURN to do the extra work */
        SET_OPCODE(*pc, OP_RETURN);
      }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
      case OP_RETURN: case OP_TAILCALL: {
        if (fs->needclose)
          SETARG_k(*pc, 1);  /* signal that it needs to close */
        if (p->is_vararg)
          SETARG_C(*pc, p->numparams + 1);  /* signal that it is vararg */
        break;
      }
      case OP_JMP: {
        int target = finaltarget(p->code, i);
        fixjump(fs, i, target);
        break;
      }
      default: break;
    }
  }
}
/*
** $Id: lparser.c $
** Lua Parser
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lparser_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lcode.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "llex.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lparser.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/



/* maximum number of local variables per function (must be smaller
   than 250, due to the bytecode format) */
#define MAXVARS		200


#define hasmultret(k)		((k) == VCALL || (k) == VVARARG)


/* because all strings are unified by the scanner, the parser
   can use pointer equality for string equality */
#define eqstr(a,b)	((a) == (b))


/*
** nodes for block list (list of active blocks)
*/
typedef struct BlockCnt {
  struct BlockCnt *previous;  /* chain */
  int firstlabel;  /* index of first label in this block */
  int firstgoto;  /* index of first pending goto in this block */
  lu_byte nactvar;  /* # active locals outside the block */
  lu_byte upval;  /* true if some variable in the block is an upvalue */
  lu_byte isloop;  /* true if 'block' is a loop */
  lu_byte insidetbc;  /* true if inside the scope of a to-be-closed var. */
} BlockCnt;



/*
** prototypes for recursive non-terminal functions
*/
static void statement (LexState *ls);
static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v);


static l_noret error_expected (LexState *ls, int token) {
  luaX_syntaxerror(ls,
      luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s expected", luaX_token2str(ls, token)));
}


static l_noret errorlimit (FuncState *fs, int limit, const char *what) {
  lua_State *L = fs->ls->L;
  const char *msg;
  int line = fs->f->linedefined;
  const char *where = (line == 0)
                      ? "main function"
                      : luaO_pushfstring(L, "function at line %d", line);
  msg = luaO_pushfstring(L, "too many %s (limit is %d) in %s",
                             what, limit, where);
  luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, msg);
}


static void checklimit (FuncState *fs, int v, int l, const char *what) {
  if (v > l) errorlimit(fs, l, what);
}


/*
** Test whether next token is 'c'; if so, skip it.
*/
static int testnext (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token == c) {
    luaX_next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


/*
** Check that next token is 'c'.
*/
static void check (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token != c)
    error_expected(ls, c);
}


/*
** Check that next token is 'c' and skip it.
*/
static void checknext (LexState *ls, int c) {
  check(ls, c);
  luaX_next(ls);
}


#define check_condition(ls,c,msg)	{ if (!(c)) luaX_syntaxerror(ls, msg); }


/*
** Check that next token is 'what' and skip it. In case of error,
** raise an error that the expected 'what' should match a 'who'
** in line 'where' (if that is not the current line).
*/
static void check_match (LexState *ls, int what, int who, int where) {
  if (l_unlikely(!testnext(ls, what))) {
    if (where == ls->linenumber)  /* all in the same line? */
      error_expected(ls, what);  /* do not need a complex message */
    else {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
             "%s expected (to close %s at line %d)",
              luaX_token2str(ls, what), luaX_token2str(ls, who), where));
    }
  }
}


static TString *str_checkname (LexState *ls) {
  TString *ts;
  check(ls, TK_NAME);
  ts = ls->t.seminfo.ts;
  luaX_next(ls);
  return ts;
}


static void init_exp (expdesc *e, expkind k, int i) {
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->k = k;
  e->u.info = i;
}


static void codestring (expdesc *e, TString *s) {
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->k = VKSTR;
  e->u.strval = s;
}


static void codename (LexState *ls, expdesc *e) {
  codestring(e, str_checkname(ls));
}


/*
** Register a new local variable in the active 'Proto' (for debug
** information).
*/
static int registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs, TString *varname) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int oldsize = f->sizelocvars;
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->locvars, fs->ndebugvars, f->sizelocvars,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  LocVar, SHRT_MAX, "local variables");
  while (oldsize < f->sizelocvars)
    f->locvars[oldsize++].varname = NULL;
  f->locvars[fs->ndebugvars].varname = varname;
  f->locvars[fs->ndebugvars].startpc = fs->pc;
  luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, varname);
  return fs->ndebugvars++;
}


/*
** Create a new local variable with the given 'name'. Return its index
** in the function.
*/
static int new_localvar (LexState *ls, TString *name) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Dyndata *dyd = ls->dyd;
  Vardesc *var;
  checklimit(fs, dyd->actvar.n + 1 - fs->firstlocal,
                 MAXVARS, "local variables");
  luaM_growvector(L, dyd->actvar.arr, dyd->actvar.n + 1,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  dyd->actvar.size, Vardesc, USHRT_MAX, "local variables");
  var = &dyd->actvar.arr[dyd->actvar.n++];
  var->vd.kind = VDKREG;  /* default */
  var->vd.name = name;
  return dyd->actvar.n - 1 - fs->firstlocal;
}

#define new_localvarliteral(ls,v) \
    new_localvar(ls,  \
      luaX_newstring(ls, "" v, (sizeof(v)/sizeof(char)) - 1));



/*
** Return the "variable description" (Vardesc) of a given variable.
** (Unless noted otherwise, all variables are referred to by their
** compiler indices.)
*/
static Vardesc *getlocalvardesc (FuncState *fs, int vidx) {
  return &fs->ls->dyd->actvar.arr[fs->firstlocal + vidx];
}


/*
** Convert 'nvar', a compiler index level, to its corresponding
** register. For that, search for the highest variable below that level
** that is in a register and uses its register index ('ridx') plus one.
*/
static int reglevel (FuncState *fs, int nvar) {<--- Shadowed declaration
  while (nvar-- > 0) {
    Vardesc *vd = getlocalvardesc(fs, nvar);  /* get previous variable */
    if (vd->vd.kind != RDKCTC)  /* is in a register? */
      return vd->vd.ridx + 1;
  }
  return 0;  /* no variables in registers */
}


/*
** Return the number of variables in the register stack for the given
** function.
*/
int luaY_nvarstack (FuncState *fs) {
  return reglevel(fs, fs->nactvar);
}


/*
** Get the debug-information entry for current variable 'vidx'.
*/
static LocVar *localdebuginfo (FuncState *fs, int vidx) {
  Vardesc *vd = getlocalvardesc(fs,  vidx);
  if (vd->vd.kind == RDKCTC)
    return NULL;  /* no debug info. for constants */
  else {
    int idx = vd->vd.pidx;
    lua_assert(idx < fs->ndebugvars);
    return &fs->f->locvars[idx];
  }
}


/*
** Create an expression representing variable 'vidx'
*/
static void init_var (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int vidx) {
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->k = VLOCAL;
  e->u.var.vidx = vidx;
  e->u.var.ridx = getlocalvardesc(fs, vidx)->vd.ridx;
}


/*
** Raises an error if variable described by 'e' is read only
*/
static void check_readonly (LexState *ls, expdesc *e) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  TString *varname = NULL;  /* to be set if variable is const */
  switch (e->k) {
    case VCONST: {
      varname = ls->dyd->actvar.arr[e->u.info].vd.name;
      break;
    }
    case VLOCAL: {
      Vardesc *vardesc = getlocalvardesc(fs, e->u.var.vidx);
      if (vardesc->vd.kind != VDKREG)  /* not a regular variable? */
        varname = vardesc->vd.name;
      break;
    }
    case VUPVAL: {
      Upvaldesc *up = &fs->f->upvalues[e->u.info];
      if (up->kind != VDKREG)
        varname = up->name;
      break;
    }
    default:
      return;  /* other cases cannot be read-only */
  }
  if (varname) {
    const char *msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
       "attempt to assign to const variable '%s'", getstr(varname));
    luaK_semerror(ls, msg);  /* error */
  }
}


/*
** Start the scope for the last 'nvars' created variables.
*/
static void adjustlocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int reglevel = luaY_nvarstack(fs);<--- Shadow variable
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < nvars; i++) {
    int vidx = fs->nactvar++;
    Vardesc *var = getlocalvardesc(fs, vidx);
    var->vd.ridx = reglevel++;
    var->vd.pidx = registerlocalvar(ls, fs, var->vd.name);
  }
}


/*
** Close the scope for all variables up to level 'tolevel'.
** (debug info.)
*/
static void removevars (FuncState *fs, int tolevel) {
  fs->ls->dyd->actvar.n -= (fs->nactvar - tolevel);
  while (fs->nactvar > tolevel) {
    LocVar *var = localdebuginfo(fs, --fs->nactvar);
    if (var)  /* does it have debug information? */
      var->endpc = fs->pc;
  }
}


/*
** Search the upvalues of the function 'fs' for one
** with the given 'name'.
*/
static int searchupvalue (FuncState *fs, TString *name) {<--- Parameter 'name' can be declared as pointer to const
  int i;
  Upvaldesc *up = fs->f->upvalues;
  for (i = 0; i < fs->nups; i++) {
    if (eqstr(up[i].name, name)) return i;
  }
  return -1;  /* not found */
}


static Upvaldesc *allocupvalue (FuncState *fs) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int oldsize = f->sizeupvalues;
  checklimit(fs, fs->nups + 1, MAXUPVAL, "upvalues");
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->upvalues, fs->nups, f->sizeupvalues,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  Upvaldesc, MAXUPVAL, "upvalues");
  while (oldsize < f->sizeupvalues)
    f->upvalues[oldsize++].name = NULL;
  return &f->upvalues[fs->nups++];
}


static int newupvalue (FuncState *fs, TString *name, expdesc *v) {
  Upvaldesc *up = allocupvalue(fs);
  FuncState *prev = fs->prev;
  if (v->k == VLOCAL) {
    up->instack = 1;
    up->idx = v->u.var.ridx;
    up->kind = getlocalvardesc(prev, v->u.var.vidx)->vd.kind;
    lua_assert(eqstr(name, getlocalvardesc(prev, v->u.var.vidx)->vd.name));
  }
  else {
    up->instack = 0;
    up->idx = cast_byte(v->u.info);
    up->kind = prev->f->upvalues[v->u.info].kind;
    lua_assert(eqstr(name, prev->f->upvalues[v->u.info].name));
  }
  up->name = name;
  luaC_objbarrier(fs->ls->L, fs->f, name);
  return fs->nups - 1;
}


/*
** Look for an active local variable with the name 'n' in the
** function 'fs'. If found, initialize 'var' with it and return
** its expression kind; otherwise return -1.
*/
static int searchvar (FuncState *fs, TString *n, expdesc *var) {<--- Parameter 'n' can be declared as pointer to const
  int i;
  for (i = cast_int(fs->nactvar) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    Vardesc *vd = getlocalvardesc(fs, i);
    if (eqstr(n, vd->vd.name)) {  /* found? */
      if (vd->vd.kind == RDKCTC)  /* compile-time constant? */
        init_exp(var, VCONST, fs->firstlocal + i);
      else  /* real variable */
        init_var(fs, var, i);
      return var->k;
    }
  }
  return -1;  /* not found */
}


/*
** Mark block where variable at given level was defined
** (to emit close instructions later).
*/
static void markupval (FuncState *fs, int level) {
  BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
  while (bl->nactvar > level)
    bl = bl->previous;
  bl->upval = 1;
  fs->needclose = 1;
}


/*
** Mark that current block has a to-be-closed variable.
*/
static void marktobeclosed (FuncState *fs) {
  BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
  bl->upval = 1;
  bl->insidetbc = 1;
  fs->needclose = 1;
}


/*
** Find a variable with the given name 'n'. If it is an upvalue, add
** this upvalue into all intermediate functions. If it is a global, set
** 'var' as 'void' as a flag.
*/
static void singlevaraux (FuncState *fs, TString *n, expdesc *var, int base) {
  if (fs == NULL)  /* no more levels? */
    init_exp(var, VVOID, 0);  /* default is global */
  else {
    int v = searchvar(fs, n, var);  /* look up locals at current level */
    if (v >= 0) {  /* found? */
      if (v == VLOCAL && !base)
        markupval(fs, var->u.var.vidx);  /* local will be used as an upval */
    }
    else {  /* not found as local at current level; try upvalues */
      int idx = searchupvalue(fs, n);  /* try existing upvalues */
      if (idx < 0) {  /* not found? */
        singlevaraux(fs->prev, n, var, 0);  /* try upper levels */
        if (var->k == VLOCAL || var->k == VUPVAL)  /* local or upvalue? */
          idx  = newupvalue(fs, n, var);  /* will be a new upvalue */
        else  /* it is a global or a constant */
          return;  /* don't need to do anything at this level */
      }
      init_exp(var, VUPVAL, idx);  /* new or old upvalue */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Find a variable with the given name 'n', handling global variables
** too.
*/
static void singlevar (LexState *ls, expdesc *var) {
  TString *varname = str_checkname(ls);
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  singlevaraux(fs, varname, var, 1);
  if (var->k == VVOID) {  /* global name? */
    expdesc key;
    singlevaraux(fs, ls->envn, var, 1);  /* get environment variable */
    lua_assert(var->k != VVOID);  /* this one must exist */
    codestring(&key, varname);  /* key is variable name */
    luaK_indexed(fs, var, &key);  /* env[varname] */
  }
}


/*
** Adjust the number of results from an expression list 'e' with 'nexps'
** expressions to 'nvars' values.
*/
static void adjust_assign (LexState *ls, int nvars, int nexps, expdesc *e) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int needed = nvars - nexps;  /* extra values needed */
  if (hasmultret(e->k)) {  /* last expression has multiple returns? */
    int extra = needed + 1;  /* discount last expression itself */
    if (extra < 0)
      extra = 0;
    luaK_setreturns(fs, e, extra);  /* last exp. provides the difference */
  }
  else {
    if (e->k != VVOID)  /* at least one expression? */
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e);  /* close last expression */
    if (needed > 0)  /* missing values? */
      luaK_nil(fs, fs->freereg, needed);  /* complete with nils */
  }
  if (needed > 0)
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, needed);  /* registers for extra values */
  else  /* adding 'needed' is actually a subtraction */
    fs->freereg += needed;  /* remove extra values */
}


#define enterlevel(ls)	luaE_incCstack(ls->L)


#define leavelevel(ls) ((ls)->L->nCcalls--)


/*
** Generates an error that a goto jumps into the scope of some
** local variable.
*/
static l_noret jumpscopeerror (LexState *ls, Labeldesc *gt) {
  const char *varname = getstr(getlocalvardesc(ls->fs, gt->nactvar)->vd.name);
  const char *msg = "<goto %s> at line %d jumps into the scope of local '%s'";
  msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, msg, getstr(gt->name), gt->line, varname);
  luaK_semerror(ls, msg);  /* raise the error */
}


/*
** Solves the goto at index 'g' to given 'label' and removes it
** from the list of pending goto's.
** If it jumps into the scope of some variable, raises an error.
*/
static void solvegoto (LexState *ls, int g, Labeldesc *label) {
  int i;
  Labellist *gl = &ls->dyd->gt;  /* list of goto's */
  Labeldesc *gt = &gl->arr[g];  /* goto to be resolved */
  lua_assert(eqstr(gt->name, label->name));
  if (l_unlikely(gt->nactvar < label->nactvar))  /* enter some scope? */
    jumpscopeerror(ls, gt);
  luaK_patchlist(ls->fs, gt->pc, label->pc);
  for (i = g; i < gl->n - 1; i++)  /* remove goto from pending list */
    gl->arr[i] = gl->arr[i + 1];
  gl->n--;
}


/*
** Search for an active label with the given name.
*/
static Labeldesc *findlabel (LexState *ls, TString *name) {<--- Parameter 'name' can be declared as pointer to const
  int i;
  Dyndata *dyd = ls->dyd;
  /* check labels in current function for a match */
  for (i = ls->fs->firstlabel; i < dyd->label.n; i++) {
    Labeldesc *lb = &dyd->label.arr[i];
    if (eqstr(lb->name, name))  /* correct label? */
      return lb;
  }
  return NULL;  /* label not found */
}


/*
** Adds a new label/goto in the corresponding list.
*/
static int newlabelentry (LexState *ls, Labellist *l, TString *name,
                          int line, int pc) {
  int n = l->n;
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, l->arr, n, l->size,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                  Labeldesc, SHRT_MAX, "labels/gotos");
  l->arr[n].name = name;
  l->arr[n].line = line;
  l->arr[n].nactvar = ls->fs->nactvar;
  l->arr[n].close = 0;
  l->arr[n].pc = pc;
  l->n = n + 1;
  return n;
}


static int newgotoentry (LexState *ls, TString *name, int line, int pc) {
  return newlabelentry(ls, &ls->dyd->gt, name, line, pc);
}


/*
** Solves forward jumps. Check whether new label 'lb' matches any
** pending gotos in current block and solves them. Return true
** if any of the goto's need to close upvalues.
*/
static int solvegotos (LexState *ls, Labeldesc *lb) {
  Labellist *gl = &ls->dyd->gt;
  int i = ls->fs->bl->firstgoto;
  int needsclose = 0;
  while (i < gl->n) {
    if (eqstr(gl->arr[i].name, lb->name)) {
      needsclose |= gl->arr[i].close;
      solvegoto(ls, i, lb);  /* will remove 'i' from the list */
    }
    else
      i++;
  }
  return needsclose;
}


/*
** Create a new label with the given 'name' at the given 'line'.
** 'last' tells whether label is the last non-op statement in its
** block. Solves all pending goto's to this new label and adds
** a close instruction if necessary.
** Returns true iff it added a close instruction.
*/
static int createlabel (LexState *ls, TString *name, int line,
                        int last) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Labellist *ll = &ls->dyd->label;
  int l = newlabelentry(ls, ll, name, line, luaK_getlabel(fs));
  if (last) {  /* label is last no-op statement in the block? */
    /* assume that locals are already out of scope */
    ll->arr[l].nactvar = fs->bl->nactvar;
  }
  if (solvegotos(ls, &ll->arr[l])) {  /* need close? */
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, luaY_nvarstack(fs), 0, 0);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
** Adjust pending gotos to outer level of a block.
*/
static void movegotosout (FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl) {
  int i;
  Labellist *gl = &fs->ls->dyd->gt;
  /* correct pending gotos to current block */
  for (i = bl->firstgoto; i < gl->n; i++) {  /* for each pending goto */
    Labeldesc *gt = &gl->arr[i];
    /* leaving a variable scope? */
    if (reglevel(fs, gt->nactvar) > reglevel(fs, bl->nactvar))
      gt->close |= bl->upval;  /* jump may need a close */
    gt->nactvar = bl->nactvar;  /* update goto level */
  }
}


static void enterblock (FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl, lu_byte isloop) {
  bl->isloop = isloop;
  bl->nactvar = fs->nactvar;
  bl->firstlabel = fs->ls->dyd->label.n;
  bl->firstgoto = fs->ls->dyd->gt.n;
  bl->upval = 0;
  bl->insidetbc = (fs->bl != NULL && fs->bl->insidetbc);
  bl->previous = fs->bl;
  fs->bl = bl;
  lua_assert(fs->freereg == luaY_nvarstack(fs));
}


/*
** generates an error for an undefined 'goto'.
*/
static l_noret undefgoto (LexState *ls, Labeldesc *gt) {
  const char *msg;
  if (eqstr(gt->name, luaS_newliteral(ls->L, "break"))) {
    msg = "break outside loop at line %d";
    msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, msg, gt->line);
  }
  else {
    msg = "no visible label '%s' for <goto> at line %d";
    msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, msg, getstr(gt->name), gt->line);
  }
  luaK_semerror(ls, msg);
}


static void leaveblock (FuncState *fs) {
  BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
  LexState *ls = fs->ls;
  int hasclose = 0;
  int stklevel = reglevel(fs, bl->nactvar);  /* level outside the block */
  if (bl->isloop)  /* fix pending breaks? */
    hasclose = createlabel(ls, luaS_newliteral(ls->L, "break"), 0, 0);
  if (!hasclose && bl->previous && bl->upval)
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, stklevel, 0, 0);
  fs->bl = bl->previous;
  removevars(fs, bl->nactvar);
  lua_assert(bl->nactvar == fs->nactvar);
  fs->freereg = stklevel;  /* free registers */
  ls->dyd->label.n = bl->firstlabel;  /* remove local labels */
  if (bl->previous)  /* inner block? */
    movegotosout(fs, bl);  /* update pending gotos to outer block */
  else {
    if (bl->firstgoto < ls->dyd->gt.n)  /* pending gotos in outer block? */
      undefgoto(ls, &ls->dyd->gt.arr[bl->firstgoto]);  /* error */
  }
}


/*
** adds a new prototype into list of prototypes
*/
static Proto *addprototype (LexState *ls) {
  Proto *clp;
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;  /* prototype of current function */
  if (fs->np >= f->sizep) {
    int oldsize = f->sizep;
    luaM_growvector(L, f->p, fs->np, f->sizep, Proto *, MAXARG_Bx, "functions");<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    while (oldsize < f->sizep)
      f->p[oldsize++] = NULL;
  }
  f->p[fs->np++] = clp = luaF_newproto(L);
  luaC_objbarrier(L, f, clp);
  return clp;
}


/*
** codes instruction to create new closure in parent function.
** The OP_CLOSURE instruction uses the last available register,
** so that, if it invokes the GC, the GC knows which registers
** are in use at that time.

*/
static void codeclosure (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs->prev;
  init_exp(v, VRELOC, luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_CLOSURE, 0, fs->np - 1));
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);  /* fix it at the last register */
}


static void open_func (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;<--- Using argument fs
  fs->prev = ls->fs;  /* linked list of funcstates */
  fs->ls = ls;
  ls->fs = fs;
  fs->pc = 0;
  fs->previousline = f->linedefined;
  fs->iwthabs = 0;
  fs->lasttarget = 0;
  fs->freereg = 0;
  fs->nk = 0;
  fs->nabslineinfo = 0;
  fs->np = 0;
  fs->nups = 0;
  fs->ndebugvars = 0;
  fs->nactvar = 0;
  fs->needclose = 0;
  fs->firstlocal = ls->dyd->actvar.n;
  fs->firstlabel = ls->dyd->label.n;
  fs->bl = NULL;
  f->source = ls->source;
  luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, f->source);
  f->maxstacksize = 2;  /* registers 0/1 are always valid */
  enterblock(fs, bl, 0);
}


static void close_func (LexState *ls) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  luaK_ret(fs, luaY_nvarstack(fs), 0);  /* final return */
  leaveblock(fs);
  lua_assert(fs->bl == NULL);
  luaK_finish(fs);
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->code, f->sizecode, fs->pc, Instruction);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, fs->pc, ls_byte);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->abslineinfo, f->sizeabslineinfo,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                       fs->nabslineinfo, AbsLineInfo);
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->k, f->sizek, fs->nk, TValue);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->p, f->sizep, fs->np, Proto *);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars, fs->ndebugvars, LocVar);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaM_shrinkvector(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues, fs->nups, Upvaldesc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  ls->fs = fs->prev;
  luaC_checkGC(L);
}



/*============================================================*/
/* GRAMMAR RULES */
/*============================================================*/


/*
** check whether current token is in the follow set of a block.
** 'until' closes syntactical blocks, but do not close scope,
** so it is handled in separate.
*/
static int block_follow (LexState *ls, int withuntil) {
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_ELSE: case TK_ELSEIF:
    case TK_END: case TK_EOS:
      return 1;
    case TK_UNTIL: return withuntil;
    default: return 0;
  }
}


static void statlist (LexState *ls) {
  /* statlist -> { stat [';'] } */
  while (!block_follow(ls, 1)) {
    if (ls->t.token == TK_RETURN) {
      statement(ls);
      return;  /* 'return' must be last statement */
    }
    statement(ls);
  }
}


static void fieldsel (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* fieldsel -> ['.' | ':'] NAME */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc key;
  luaK_exp2anyregup(fs, v);
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip the dot or colon */
  codename(ls, &key);
  luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
}


static void yindex (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* index -> '[' expr ']' */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip the '[' */
  expr(ls, v);
  luaK_exp2val(ls->fs, v);
  checknext(ls, ']');
}


/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Constructors
** =======================================================================
*/


typedef struct ConsControl {
  expdesc v;  /* last list item read */
  expdesc *t;  /* table descriptor */
  int nh;  /* total number of 'record' elements */
  int na;  /* number of array elements already stored */
  int tostore;  /* number of array elements pending to be stored */
} ConsControl;


static void recfield (LexState *ls, ConsControl *cc) {
  /* recfield -> (NAME | '['exp']') = exp */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int reg = ls->fs->freereg;
  expdesc tab, key, val;
  if (ls->t.token == TK_NAME) {
    checklimit(fs, cc->nh, MAX_INT, "items in a constructor");
    codename(ls, &key);
  }
  else  /* ls->t.token == '[' */
    yindex(ls, &key);
  cc->nh++;
  checknext(ls, '=');
  tab = *cc->t;
  luaK_indexed(fs, &tab, &key);
  expr(ls, &val);
  luaK_storevar(fs, &tab, &val);
  fs->freereg = reg;  /* free registers */
}


static void closelistfield (FuncState *fs, ConsControl *cc) {
  if (cc->v.k == VVOID) return;  /* there is no list item */
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
  cc->v.k = VVOID;
  if (cc->tostore == LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) {
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, cc->tostore);  /* flush */
    cc->na += cc->tostore;
    cc->tostore = 0;  /* no more items pending */
  }
}


static void lastlistfield (FuncState *fs, ConsControl *cc) {
  if (cc->tostore == 0) return;
  if (hasmultret(cc->v.k)) {
    luaK_setmultret(fs, &cc->v);
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, LUA_MULTRET);
    cc->na--;  /* do not count last expression (unknown number of elements) */
  }
  else {
    if (cc->v.k != VVOID)
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, cc->tostore);
  }
  cc->na += cc->tostore;
}


static void listfield (LexState *ls, ConsControl *cc) {
  /* listfield -> exp */
  expr(ls, &cc->v);
  cc->tostore++;
}


static void field (LexState *ls, ConsControl *cc) {
  /* field -> listfield | recfield */
  switch(ls->t.token) {
    case TK_NAME: {  /* may be 'listfield' or 'recfield' */
      if (luaX_lookahead(ls) != '=')  /* expression? */
        listfield(ls, cc);
      else
        recfield(ls, cc);
      break;
    }
    case '[': {
      recfield(ls, cc);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      listfield(ls, cc);
      break;
    }
  }
}


static void constructor (LexState *ls, expdesc *t) {
  /* constructor -> '{' [ field { sep field } [sep] ] '}'
     sep -> ',' | ';' */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  int pc = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NEWTABLE, 0, 0, 0);
  ConsControl cc;
  luaK_code(fs, 0);  /* space for extra arg. */
  cc.na = cc.nh = cc.tostore = 0;
  cc.t = t;
  init_exp(t, VNONRELOC, fs->freereg);  /* table will be at stack top */
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  init_exp(&cc.v, VVOID, 0);  /* no value (yet) */
  checknext(ls, '{');
  do {
    lua_assert(cc.v.k == VVOID || cc.tostore > 0);
    if (ls->t.token == '}') break;
    closelistfield(fs, &cc);
    field(ls, &cc);
  } while (testnext(ls, ',') || testnext(ls, ';'));
  check_match(ls, '}', '{', line);
  lastlistfield(fs, &cc);
  luaK_settablesize(fs, pc, t->u.info, cc.na, cc.nh);
}

/* }====================================================================== */


static void setvararg (FuncState *fs, int nparams) {
  fs->f->is_vararg = 1;
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_VARARGPREP, nparams, 0, 0);
}


static void parlist (LexState *ls) {
  /* parlist -> [ {NAME ','} (NAME | '...') ] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int nparams = 0;
  int isvararg = 0;
  if (ls->t.token != ')') {  /* is 'parlist' not empty? */
    do {
      switch (ls->t.token) {
        case TK_NAME: {
          new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
          nparams++;
          break;
        }
        case TK_DOTS: {
          luaX_next(ls);
          isvararg = 1;
          break;
        }
        default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "<name> or '...' expected");
      }
    } while (!isvararg && testnext(ls, ','));
  }
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams);
  f->numparams = cast_byte(fs->nactvar);
  if (isvararg)
    setvararg(fs, f->numparams);  /* declared vararg */
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, fs->nactvar);  /* reserve registers for parameters */
}


static void body (LexState *ls, expdesc *e, int ismethod, int line) {
  /* body ->  '(' parlist ')' block END */
  FuncState new_fs;
  BlockCnt bl;
  new_fs.f = addprototype(ls);
  new_fs.f->linedefined = line;
  open_func(ls, &new_fs, &bl);
  checknext(ls, '(');
  if (ismethod) {
    new_localvarliteral(ls, "self");  /* create 'self' parameter */
    adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
  }
  parlist(ls);
  checknext(ls, ')');
  statlist(ls);
  new_fs.f->lastlinedefined = ls->linenumber;
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FUNCTION, line);
  codeclosure(ls, e);
  close_func(ls);
}


static int explist (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* explist -> expr { ',' expr } */
  int n = 1;  /* at least one expression */
  expr(ls, v);
  while (testnext(ls, ',')) {
    luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, v);
    expr(ls, v);
    n++;
  }
  return n;
}


static void funcargs (LexState *ls, expdesc *f, int line) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc args;
  int base, nparams;
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '(': {  /* funcargs -> '(' [ explist ] ')' */
      luaX_next(ls);
      if (ls->t.token == ')')  /* arg list is empty? */
        args.k = VVOID;
      else {
        explist(ls, &args);
        if (hasmultret(args.k))
          luaK_setmultret(fs, &args);
      }
      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* funcargs -> constructor */
      constructor(ls, &args);
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {  /* funcargs -> STRING */
      codestring(&args, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
      luaX_next(ls);  /* must use 'seminfo' before 'next' */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "function arguments expected");
    }
  }
  lua_assert(f->k == VNONRELOC);
  base = f->u.info;  /* base register for call */
  if (hasmultret(args.k))
    nparams = LUA_MULTRET;  /* open call */
  else {
    if (args.k != VVOID)
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &args);  /* close last argument */
    nparams = fs->freereg - (base+1);
  }
  init_exp(f, VCALL, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CALL, base, nparams+1, 2));
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
  fs->freereg = base+1;  /* call remove function and arguments and leaves
                            (unless changed) one result */
}




/*
** {======================================================================
** Expression parsing
** =======================================================================
*/


static void primaryexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* primaryexp -> NAME | '(' expr ')' */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '(': {
      int line = ls->linenumber;
      luaX_next(ls);
      expr(ls, v);
      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
      luaK_dischargevars(ls->fs, v);
      return;
    }
    case TK_NAME: {
      singlevar(ls, v);
      return;
    }
    default: {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "unexpected symbol");
    }
  }
}


static void suffixedexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* suffixedexp ->
       primaryexp { '.' NAME | '[' exp ']' | ':' NAME funcargs | funcargs } */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  primaryexp(ls, v);
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->t.token) {
      case '.': {  /* fieldsel */
        fieldsel(ls, v);
        break;
      }
      case '[': {  /* '[' exp ']' */
        expdesc key;
        luaK_exp2anyregup(fs, v);
        yindex(ls, &key);
        luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
        break;
      }
      case ':': {  /* ':' NAME funcargs */
        expdesc key;
        luaX_next(ls);
        codename(ls, &key);
        luaK_self(fs, v, &key);
        funcargs(ls, v, line);
        break;
      }
      case '(': case TK_STRING: case '{': {  /* funcargs */
        luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);
        funcargs(ls, v, line);
        break;
      }
      default: return;
    }
  }
}


static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* simpleexp -> FLT | INT | STRING | NIL | TRUE | FALSE | ... |
                  constructor | FUNCTION body | suffixedexp */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_FLT: {
      init_exp(v, VKFLT, 0);
      v->u.nval = ls->t.seminfo.r;
      break;
    }
    case TK_INT: {
      init_exp(v, VKINT, 0);
      v->u.ival = ls->t.seminfo.i;
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {
      codestring(v, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
      break;
    }
    case TK_NIL: {
      init_exp(v, VNIL, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_TRUE: {
      init_exp(v, VTRUE, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FALSE: {
      init_exp(v, VFALSE, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_DOTS: {  /* vararg */
      FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
      check_condition(ls, fs->f->is_vararg,
                      "cannot use '...' outside a vararg function");
      init_exp(v, VVARARG, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_VARARG, 0, 0, 1));
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* constructor */
      constructor(ls, v);
      return;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {
      luaX_next(ls);
      body(ls, v, 0, ls->linenumber);
      return;
    }
    default: {
      suffixedexp(ls, v);
      return;
    }
  }
  luaX_next(ls);
}


static UnOpr getunopr (int op) {
  switch (op) {
    case TK_NOT: return OPR_NOT;
    case '-': return OPR_MINUS;
    case '~': return OPR_BNOT;
    case '#': return OPR_LEN;
    default: return OPR_NOUNOPR;
  }
}


static BinOpr getbinopr (int op) {
  switch (op) {
    case '+': return OPR_ADD;
    case '-': return OPR_SUB;
    case '*': return OPR_MUL;
    case '%': return OPR_MOD;
    case '^': return OPR_POW;
    case '/': return OPR_DIV;
    case TK_IDIV: return OPR_IDIV;
    case '&': return OPR_BAND;
    case '|': return OPR_BOR;
    case '~': return OPR_BXOR;
    case TK_SHL: return OPR_SHL;
    case TK_SHR: return OPR_SHR;
    case TK_CONCAT: return OPR_CONCAT;
    case TK_NE: return OPR_NE;
    case TK_EQ: return OPR_EQ;
    case '<': return OPR_LT;
    case TK_LE: return OPR_LE;
    case '>': return OPR_GT;
    case TK_GE: return OPR_GE;
    case TK_AND: return OPR_AND;
    case TK_OR: return OPR_OR;
    default: return OPR_NOBINOPR;
  }
}


/*
** Priority table for binary operators.
*/
static const struct {
  lu_byte left;  /* left priority for each binary operator */
  lu_byte right; /* right priority */
} priority[] = {  /* ORDER OPR */
   {10, 10}, {10, 10},           /* '+' '-' */
   {11, 11}, {11, 11},           /* '*' '%' */
   {14, 13},                  /* '^' (right associative) */
   {11, 11}, {11, 11},           /* '/' '//' */
   {6, 6}, {4, 4}, {5, 5},   /* '&' '|' '~' */
   {7, 7}, {7, 7},           /* '<<' '>>' */
   {9, 8},                   /* '..' (right associative) */
   {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3},   /* ==, <, <= */
   {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3},   /* ~=, >, >= */
   {2, 2}, {1, 1}            /* and, or */
};

#define UNARY_PRIORITY	12  /* priority for unary operators */


/*
** subexpr -> (simpleexp | unop subexpr) { binop subexpr }
** where 'binop' is any binary operator with a priority higher than 'limit'
*/
static BinOpr subexpr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, int limit) {
  BinOpr op;
  UnOpr uop;
  enterlevel(ls);
  uop = getunopr(ls->t.token);
  if (uop != OPR_NOUNOPR) {  /* prefix (unary) operator? */
    int line = ls->linenumber;
    luaX_next(ls);  /* skip operator */
    subexpr(ls, v, UNARY_PRIORITY);
    luaK_prefix(ls->fs, uop, v, line);
  }
  else simpleexp(ls, v);
  /* expand while operators have priorities higher than 'limit' */
  op = getbinopr(ls->t.token);
  while (op != OPR_NOBINOPR && priority[op].left > limit) {
    expdesc v2;
    BinOpr nextop;
    int line = ls->linenumber;
    luaX_next(ls);  /* skip operator */
    luaK_infix(ls->fs, op, v);
    /* read sub-expression with higher priority */
    nextop = subexpr(ls, &v2, priority[op].right);
    luaK_posfix(ls->fs, op, v, &v2, line);
    op = nextop;
  }
  leavelevel(ls);
  return op;  /* return first untreated operator */
}


static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  subexpr(ls, v, 0);
}

/* }==================================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Statements
** =======================================================================
*/


static void block (LexState *ls) {
  /* block -> statlist */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  BlockCnt bl;
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);
  statlist(ls);
  leaveblock(fs);
}


/*
** structure to chain all variables in the left-hand side of an
** assignment
*/
struct LHS_assign {
  struct LHS_assign *prev;
  expdesc v;  /* variable (global, local, upvalue, or indexed) */
};


/*
** check whether, in an assignment to an upvalue/local variable, the
** upvalue/local variable is begin used in a previous assignment to a
** table. If so, save original upvalue/local value in a safe place and
** use this safe copy in the previous assignment.
*/
static void check_conflict (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, expdesc *v) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int extra = fs->freereg;  /* eventual position to save local variable */
  int conflict = 0;
  for (; lh; lh = lh->prev) {  /* check all previous assignments */
    if (vkisindexed(lh->v.k)) {  /* assignment to table field? */
      if (lh->v.k == VINDEXUP) {  /* is table an upvalue? */
        if (v->k == VUPVAL && lh->v.u.ind.t == v->u.info) {
          conflict = 1;  /* table is the upvalue being assigned now */
          lh->v.k = VINDEXSTR;
          lh->v.u.ind.t = extra;  /* assignment will use safe copy */
        }
      }
      else {  /* table is a register */
        if (v->k == VLOCAL && lh->v.u.ind.t == v->u.var.ridx) {
          conflict = 1;  /* table is the local being assigned now */
          lh->v.u.ind.t = extra;  /* assignment will use safe copy */
        }
        /* is index the local being assigned? */
        if (lh->v.k == VINDEXED && v->k == VLOCAL &&
            lh->v.u.ind.idx == v->u.var.ridx) {
          conflict = 1;
          lh->v.u.ind.idx = extra;  /* previous assignment will use safe copy */
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (conflict) {
    /* copy upvalue/local value to a temporary (in position 'extra') */
    if (v->k == VLOCAL)
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, extra, v->u.var.ridx, 0);
    else
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETUPVAL, extra, v->u.info, 0);
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  }
}

/*
** Parse and compile a multiple assignment. The first "variable"
** (a 'suffixedexp') was already read by the caller.
**
** assignment -> suffixedexp restassign
** restassign -> ',' suffixedexp restassign | '=' explist
*/
static void restassign (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, int nvars) {
  expdesc e;
  check_condition(ls, vkisvar(lh->v.k), "syntax error");
  check_readonly(ls, &lh->v);
  if (testnext(ls, ',')) {  /* restassign -> ',' suffixedexp restassign */
    struct LHS_assign nv;
    nv.prev = lh;
    suffixedexp(ls, &nv.v);
    if (!vkisindexed(nv.v.k))
      check_conflict(ls, lh, &nv.v);
    enterlevel(ls);  /* control recursion depth */
    restassign(ls, &nv, nvars+1);
    leavelevel(ls);
  }
  else {  /* restassign -> '=' explist */
    int nexps;
    checknext(ls, '=');
    nexps = explist(ls, &e);
    if (nexps != nvars)
      adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
    else {
      luaK_setoneret(ls->fs, &e);  /* close last expression */
      luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
      return;  /* avoid default */
    }
  }
  init_exp(&e, VNONRELOC, ls->fs->freereg-1);  /* default assignment */
  luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
}


static int cond (LexState *ls) {<--- Shadowed declaration<--- Shadowed declaration<--- Shadowed declaration<--- Shadowed declaration
  /* cond -> exp */
  expdesc v;
  expr(ls, &v);  /* read condition */
  if (v.k == VNIL) v.k = VFALSE;  /* 'falses' are all equal here */
  luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, &v);
  return v.f;
}


static void gotostat (LexState *ls) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  TString *name = str_checkname(ls);  /* label's name */
  Labeldesc *lb = findlabel(ls, name);
  if (lb == NULL)  /* no label? */
    /* forward jump; will be resolved when the label is declared */
    newgotoentry(ls, name, line, luaK_jump(fs));
  else {  /* found a label */
    /* backward jump; will be resolved here */
    int lblevel = reglevel(fs, lb->nactvar);  /* label level */
    if (luaY_nvarstack(fs) > lblevel)  /* leaving the scope of a variable? */
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, lblevel, 0, 0);
    /* create jump and link it to the label */
    luaK_patchlist(fs, luaK_jump(fs), lb->pc);
  }
}


/*
** Break statement. Semantically equivalent to "goto break".
*/
static void breakstat (LexState *ls) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip break */
  newgotoentry(ls, luaS_newliteral(ls->L, "break"), line, luaK_jump(ls->fs));
}


/*
** Check whether there is already a label with the given 'name'.
*/
static void checkrepeated (LexState *ls, TString *name) {
  Labeldesc *lb = findlabel(ls, name);
  if (l_unlikely(lb != NULL)) {  /* already defined? */
    const char *msg = "label '%s' already defined on line %d";
    msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, msg, getstr(name), lb->line);
    luaK_semerror(ls, msg);  /* error */
  }
}


static void labelstat (LexState *ls, TString *name, int line) {
  /* label -> '::' NAME '::' */
  checknext(ls, TK_DBCOLON);  /* skip double colon */
  while (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == TK_DBCOLON)
    statement(ls);  /* skip other no-op statements */
  checkrepeated(ls, name);  /* check for repeated labels */
  createlabel(ls, name, line, block_follow(ls, 0));
}


static void whilestat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* whilestat -> WHILE cond DO block END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int whileinit;
  int condexit;
  BlockCnt bl;
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip WHILE */
  whileinit = luaK_getlabel(fs);
  condexit = cond(ls);
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 1);
  checknext(ls, TK_DO);
  block(ls);
  luaK_jumpto(fs, whileinit);
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_WHILE, line);
  leaveblock(fs);
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, condexit);  /* false conditions finish the loop */
}


static void repeatstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* repeatstat -> REPEAT block UNTIL cond */
  int condexit;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int repeat_init = luaK_getlabel(fs);
  BlockCnt bl1, bl2;
  enterblock(fs, &bl1, 1);  /* loop block */
  enterblock(fs, &bl2, 0);  /* scope block */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip REPEAT */
  statlist(ls);
  check_match(ls, TK_UNTIL, TK_REPEAT, line);
  condexit = cond(ls);  /* read condition (inside scope block) */
  leaveblock(fs);  /* finish scope */
  if (bl2.upval) {  /* upvalues? */
    int exit = luaK_jump(fs);  /* normal exit must jump over fix */
    luaK_patchtohere(fs, condexit);  /* repetition must close upvalues */
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, reglevel(fs, bl2.nactvar), 0, 0);
    condexit = luaK_jump(fs);  /* repeat after closing upvalues */
    luaK_patchtohere(fs, exit);  /* normal exit comes to here */
  }
  luaK_patchlist(fs, condexit, repeat_init);  /* close the loop */
  leaveblock(fs);  /* finish loop */
}


/*
** Read an expression and generate code to put its results in next
** stack slot.
**
*/
static void exp1 (LexState *ls) {<--- Shadowed declaration
  expdesc e;
  expr(ls, &e);
  luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, &e);
  lua_assert(e.k == VNONRELOC);
}


/*
** Fix for instruction at position 'pc' to jump to 'dest'.
** (Jump addresses are relative in Lua). 'back' true means
** a back jump.
*/
static void fixforjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest, int back) {
  Instruction *jmp = &fs->f->code[pc];
  int offset = dest - (pc + 1);
  if (back)
    offset = -offset;
  if (l_unlikely(offset > MAXARG_Bx))
    luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "control structure too long");
  SETARG_Bx(*jmp, offset);
}


/*
** Generate code for a 'for' loop.
*/
static void forbody (LexState *ls, int base, int line, int nvars, int isgen) {
  /* forbody -> DO block */
  static const OpCode forprep[2] = {OP_FORPREP, OP_TFORPREP};<--- Shadow variable
  static const OpCode forloop[2] = {OP_FORLOOP, OP_TFORLOOP};
  BlockCnt bl;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int prep, endfor;
  checknext(ls, TK_DO);
  prep = luaK_codeABx(fs, forprep[isgen], base, 0);
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);  /* scope for declared variables */
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, nvars);
  block(ls);
  leaveblock(fs);  /* end of scope for declared variables */
  fixforjump(fs, prep, luaK_getlabel(fs), 0);
  if (isgen) {  /* generic for? */
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_TFORCALL, base, 0, nvars);
    luaK_fixline(fs, line);
  }
  endfor = luaK_codeABx(fs, forloop[isgen], base, 0);
  fixforjump(fs, endfor, prep + 1, 1);
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname, int line) {
  /* fornum -> NAME = exp,exp[,exp] forbody */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int base = fs->freereg;
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvar(ls, varname);
  checknext(ls, '=');
  exp1(ls);  /* initial value */
  checknext(ls, ',');
  exp1(ls);  /* limit */
  if (testnext(ls, ','))
    exp1(ls);  /* optional step */
  else {  /* default step = 1 */
    luaK_int(fs, fs->freereg, 1);
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  }
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 3);  /* control variables */
  forbody(ls, base, line, 1, 0);
}


static void forlist (LexState *ls, TString *indexname) {
  /* forlist -> NAME {,NAME} IN explist forbody */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc e;
  int nvars = 5;  /* gen, state, control, toclose, 'indexname' */
  int line;
  int base = fs->freereg;
  /* create control variables */
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  /* create declared variables */
  new_localvar(ls, indexname);
  while (testnext(ls, ',')) {
    new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
    nvars++;
  }
  checknext(ls, TK_IN);
  line = ls->linenumber;
  adjust_assign(ls, 4, explist(ls, &e), &e);
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 4);  /* control variables */
  marktobeclosed(fs);  /* last control var. must be closed */
  luaK_checkstack(fs, 3);  /* extra space to call generator */
  forbody(ls, base, line, nvars - 4, 1);
}


static void forstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* forstat -> FOR (fornum | forlist) END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  TString *varname;
  BlockCnt bl;
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 1);  /* scope for loop and control variables */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip 'for' */
  varname = str_checkname(ls);  /* first variable name */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '=': fornum(ls, varname, line); break;
    case ',': case TK_IN: forlist(ls, varname); break;
    default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "'=' or 'in' expected");
  }
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FOR, line);
  leaveblock(fs);  /* loop scope ('break' jumps to this point) */
}


static void test_then_block (LexState *ls, int *escapelist) {
  /* test_then_block -> [IF | ELSEIF] cond THEN block */
  BlockCnt bl;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc v;
  int jf;  /* instruction to skip 'then' code (if condition is false) */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip IF or ELSEIF */
  expr(ls, &v);  /* read condition */
  checknext(ls, TK_THEN);
  if (ls->t.token == TK_BREAK) {  /* 'if x then break' ? */
    int line = ls->linenumber;
    luaK_goiffalse(ls->fs, &v);  /* will jump if condition is true */
    luaX_next(ls);  /* skip 'break' */
    enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);  /* must enter block before 'goto' */
    newgotoentry(ls, luaS_newliteral(ls->L, "break"), line, v.t);
    while (testnext(ls, ';')) {}  /* skip semicolons */
    if (block_follow(ls, 0)) {  /* jump is the entire block? */
      leaveblock(fs);
      return;  /* and that is it */
    }
    else  /* must skip over 'then' part if condition is false */
      jf = luaK_jump(fs);
  }
  else {  /* regular case (not a break) */
    luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, &v);  /* skip over block if condition is false */
    enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);
    jf = v.f;
  }
  statlist(ls);  /* 'then' part */
  leaveblock(fs);
  if (ls->t.token == TK_ELSE ||
      ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF)  /* followed by 'else'/'elseif'? */
    luaK_concat(fs, escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));  /* must jump over it */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, jf);
}


static void ifstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* ifstat -> IF cond THEN block {ELSEIF cond THEN block} [ELSE block] END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int escapelist = NO_JUMP;  /* exit list for finished parts */
  test_then_block(ls, &escapelist);  /* IF cond THEN block */
  while (ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF)
    test_then_block(ls, &escapelist);  /* ELSEIF cond THEN block */
  if (testnext(ls, TK_ELSE))
    block(ls);  /* 'else' part */
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_IF, line);
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, escapelist);  /* patch escape list to 'if' end */
}


static void localfunc (LexState *ls) {
  expdesc b;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int fvar = fs->nactvar;  /* function's variable index */
  new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));  /* new local variable */
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);  /* enter its scope */
  body(ls, &b, 0, ls->linenumber);  /* function created in next register */
  /* debug information will only see the variable after this point! */
  localdebuginfo(fs, fvar)->startpc = fs->pc;
}


static int getlocalattribute (LexState *ls) {
  /* ATTRIB -> ['<' Name '>'] */
  if (testnext(ls, '<')) {
    const char *attr = getstr(str_checkname(ls));
    checknext(ls, '>');
    if (strcmp(attr, "const") == 0)
      return RDKCONST;  /* read-only variable */
    else if (strcmp(attr, "close") == 0)
      return RDKTOCLOSE;  /* to-be-closed variable */
    else
      luaK_semerror(ls,
        luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "unknown attribute '%s'", attr));
  }
  return VDKREG;  /* regular variable */
}


static void checktoclose (FuncState *fs, int level) {
  if (level != -1) {  /* is there a to-be-closed variable? */
    marktobeclosed(fs);
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_TBC, reglevel(fs, level), 0, 0);
  }
}


static void localstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> LOCAL NAME ATTRIB { ',' NAME ATTRIB } ['=' explist] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int toclose = -1;  /* index of to-be-closed variable (if any) */
  Vardesc *var;  /* last variable */
  int vidx, kind;  /* index and kind of last variable */<--- The scope of the variable 'kind' can be reduced. [+]The scope of the variable 'kind' can be reduced. Warning: Be careful when fixing this message, especially when there are inner loops. Here is an example where cppcheck will write that the scope for 'i' can be reduced:
void f(int x)
{
    int i = 0;
    if (x) {
        // it's safe to move 'int i = 0;' here
        for (int n = 0; n < 10; ++n) {
            // it is possible but not safe to move 'int i = 0;' here
            do_something(&i);
        }
    }
}
When you see this message it is always safe to reduce the variable scope 1 level.
  int nvars = 0;
  int nexps;
  expdesc e;
  do {
    vidx = new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
    kind = getlocalattribute(ls);
    getlocalvardesc(fs, vidx)->vd.kind = kind;
    if (kind == RDKTOCLOSE) {  /* to-be-closed? */
      if (toclose != -1)  /* one already present? */
        luaK_semerror(ls, "multiple to-be-closed variables in local list");
      toclose = fs->nactvar + nvars;
    }
    nvars++;
  } while (testnext(ls, ','));
  if (testnext(ls, '='))
    nexps = explist(ls, &e);
  else {
    e.k = VVOID;
    nexps = 0;
  }
  var = getlocalvardesc(fs, vidx);  /* get last variable */
  if (nvars == nexps &&  /* no adjustments? */
      var->vd.kind == RDKCONST &&  /* last variable is const? */
      luaK_exp2const(fs, &e, &var->k)) {  /* compile-time constant? */
    var->vd.kind = RDKCTC;  /* variable is a compile-time constant */
    adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars - 1);  /* exclude last variable */
    fs->nactvar++;  /* but count it */
  }
  else {
    adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
    adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
  }
  checktoclose(fs, toclose);
}


static int funcname (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* funcname -> NAME {fieldsel} [':' NAME] */
  int ismethod = 0;
  singlevar(ls, v);
  while (ls->t.token == '.')
    fieldsel(ls, v);
  if (ls->t.token == ':') {
    ismethod = 1;
    fieldsel(ls, v);
  }
  return ismethod;
}


static void funcstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* funcstat -> FUNCTION funcname body */
  int ismethod;
  expdesc v, b;
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip FUNCTION */
  ismethod = funcname(ls, &v);
  body(ls, &b, ismethod, line);
  check_readonly(ls, &v);
  luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &v, &b);
  luaK_fixline(ls->fs, line);  /* definition "happens" in the first line */
}


static void exprstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> func | assignment */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  struct LHS_assign v;
  suffixedexp(ls, &v.v);
  if (ls->t.token == '=' || ls->t.token == ',') { /* stat -> assignment ? */
    v.prev = NULL;
    restassign(ls, &v, 1);
  }
  else {  /* stat -> func */
    Instruction *inst;
    check_condition(ls, v.v.k == VCALL, "syntax error");
    inst = &getinstruction(fs, &v.v);
    SETARG_C(*inst, 1);  /* call statement uses no results */
  }
}


static void retstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> RETURN [explist] [';'] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc e;
  int nret;  /* number of values being returned */
  int first = luaY_nvarstack(fs);  /* first slot to be returned */
  if (block_follow(ls, 1) || ls->t.token == ';')
    nret = 0;  /* return no values */
  else {
    nret = explist(ls, &e);  /* optional return values */
    if (hasmultret(e.k)) {
      luaK_setmultret(fs, &e);
      if (e.k == VCALL && nret == 1 && !fs->bl->insidetbc) {  /* tail call? */
        SET_OPCODE(getinstruction(fs,&e), OP_TAILCALL);
        lua_assert(GETARG_A(getinstruction(fs,&e)) == luaY_nvarstack(fs));
      }
      nret = LUA_MULTRET;  /* return all values */
    }
    else {
      if (nret == 1)  /* only one single value? */
        first = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, &e);  /* can use original slot */
      else {  /* values must go to the top of the stack */
        luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &e);
        lua_assert(nret == fs->freereg - first);
      }
    }
  }
  luaK_ret(fs, first, nret);
  testnext(ls, ';');  /* skip optional semicolon */
}


static void statement (LexState *ls) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;  /* may be needed for error messages */
  enterlevel(ls);
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case ';': {  /* stat -> ';' (empty statement) */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip ';' */
      break;
    }
    case TK_IF: {  /* stat -> ifstat */
      ifstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_WHILE: {  /* stat -> whilestat */
      whilestat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_DO: {  /* stat -> DO block END */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip DO */
      block(ls);
      check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_DO, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FOR: {  /* stat -> forstat */
      forstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_REPEAT: {  /* stat -> repeatstat */
      repeatstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {  /* stat -> funcstat */
      funcstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_LOCAL: {  /* stat -> localstat */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip LOCAL */
      if (testnext(ls, TK_FUNCTION))  /* local function? */
        localfunc(ls);
      else
        localstat(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_DBCOLON: {  /* stat -> label */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip double colon */
      labelstat(ls, str_checkname(ls), line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_RETURN: {  /* stat -> retstat */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip RETURN */
      retstat(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_BREAK: {  /* stat -> breakstat */
      breakstat(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_GOTO: {  /* stat -> 'goto' NAME */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip 'goto' */
      gotostat(ls);
      break;
    }
    default: {  /* stat -> func | assignment */
      exprstat(ls);
      break;
    }
  }
  lua_assert(ls->fs->f->maxstacksize >= ls->fs->freereg &&
             ls->fs->freereg >= luaY_nvarstack(ls->fs));
  ls->fs->freereg = luaY_nvarstack(ls->fs);  /* free registers */
  leavelevel(ls);
}

/* }====================================================================== */


/*
** compiles the main function, which is a regular vararg function with an
** upvalue named LUA_ENV
*/
static void mainfunc (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs) {
  BlockCnt bl;
  Upvaldesc *env;
  open_func(ls, fs, &bl);<--- Calling function open_func, 2nd argument is uninitialized
  setvararg(fs, 0);  /* main function is always declared vararg */
  env = allocupvalue(fs);  /* ...set environment upvalue */
  env->instack = 1;
  env->idx = 0;
  env->kind = VDKREG;
  env->name = ls->envn;
  luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, fs->f, env->name);
  luaX_next(ls);  /* read first token */
  statlist(ls);  /* parse main body */
  check(ls, TK_EOS);
  close_func(ls);
}


LClosure *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff,
                       Dyndata *dyd, const char *name, int firstchar) {
  LexState lexstate;
  FuncState funcstate;
  LClosure *cl = luaF_newLclosure(L, 1);  /* create main closure */
  setclLvalue2s(L, L->top, cl);  /* anchor it (to avoid being collected) */
  luaD_inctop(L);<--- Calling function 'luaD_inctop', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function luaD_inctop, 1st argument is null
  lexstate.h = luaH_new(L);  /* create table for scanner */
  sethvalue2s(L, L->top, lexstate.h);  /* anchor it */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  luaD_inctop(L);
  funcstate.f = cl->p = luaF_newproto(L);
  luaC_objbarrier(L, cl, cl->p);
  funcstate.f->source = luaS_new(L, name);  /* create and anchor TString */
  luaC_objbarrier(L, funcstate.f, funcstate.f->source);
  lexstate.buff = buff;
  lexstate.dyd = dyd;
  dyd->actvar.n = dyd->gt.n = dyd->label.n = 0;
  luaX_setinput(L, &lexstate, z, funcstate.f->source, firstchar);
  mainfunc(&lexstate, &funcstate);<--- Calling function mainfunc, 2nd argument is uninitialized
  lua_assert(!funcstate.prev && funcstate.nups == 1 && !lexstate.fs);
  /* all scopes should be correctly finished */
  lua_assert(dyd->actvar.n == 0 && dyd->gt.n == 0 && dyd->label.n == 0);
  L->top--;  /* remove scanner's table */
  return cl;  /* closure is on the stack, too */
}

/*
** $Id: ldebug.c $
** Debug Interface
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ldebug_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lapi.h"*/
/*#include "lcode.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/



#define noLuaClosure(f)		((f) == NULL || (f)->c.tt == LUA_VCCL)


static const char *funcnamefromcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci,
                                                   const char **name);


static int currentpc (CallInfo *ci) {
  lua_assert(isLua(ci));
  return pcRel(ci->u.l.savedpc, ci_func(ci)->p);
}


/*
** Get a "base line" to find the line corresponding to an instruction.
** Base lines are regularly placed at MAXIWTHABS intervals, so usually
** an integer division gets the right place. When the source file has
** large sequences of empty/comment lines, it may need extra entries,
** so the original estimate needs a correction.
** If the original estimate is -1, the initial 'if' ensures that the
** 'while' will run at least once.
** The assertion that the estimate is a lower bound for the correct base
** is valid as long as the debug info has been generated with the same
** value for MAXIWTHABS or smaller. (Previous releases use a little
** smaller value.)
*/
static int getbaseline (const Proto *f, int pc, int *basepc) {
  if (f->sizeabslineinfo == 0 || pc < f->abslineinfo[0].pc) {
    *basepc = -1;  /* start from the beginning */
    return f->linedefined;
  }
  else {
    int i = cast_uint(pc) / MAXIWTHABS - 1;  /* get an estimate */
    /* estimate must be a lower bound of the correct base */
    lua_assert(i < 0 ||
              (i < f->sizeabslineinfo && f->abslineinfo[i].pc <= pc));
    while (i + 1 < f->sizeabslineinfo && pc >= f->abslineinfo[i + 1].pc)
      i++;  /* low estimate; adjust it */
    *basepc = f->abslineinfo[i].pc;
    return f->abslineinfo[i].line;
  }
}


/*
** Get the line corresponding to instruction 'pc' in function 'f';
** first gets a base line and from there does the increments until
** the desired instruction.
*/
int luaG_getfuncline (const Proto *f, int pc) {
  if (f->lineinfo == NULL)  /* no debug information? */
    return -1;
  else {
    int basepc;
    int baseline = getbaseline(f, pc, &basepc);
    while (basepc++ < pc) {  /* walk until given instruction */
      lua_assert(f->lineinfo[basepc] != ABSLINEINFO);
      baseline += f->lineinfo[basepc];  /* correct line */
    }
    return baseline;
  }
}


static int getcurrentline (CallInfo *ci) {
  return luaG_getfuncline(ci_func(ci)->p, currentpc(ci));
}


/*
** Set 'trap' for all active Lua frames.
** This function can be called during a signal, under "reasonable"
** assumptions. A new 'ci' is completely linked in the list before it
** becomes part of the "active" list, and we assume that pointers are
** atomic; see comment in next function.
** (A compiler doing interprocedural optimizations could, theoretically,
** reorder memory writes in such a way that the list could be
** temporarily broken while inserting a new element. We simply assume it
** has no good reasons to do that.)
*/
static void settraps (CallInfo *ci) {
  for (; ci != NULL; ci = ci->previous)
    if (isLua(ci))
      ci->u.l.trap = 1;
}


/*
** This function can be called during a signal, under "reasonable"
** assumptions.
** Fields 'basehookcount' and 'hookcount' (set by 'resethookcount')
** are for debug only, and it is no problem if they get arbitrary
** values (causes at most one wrong hook call). 'hookmask' is an atomic
** value. We assume that pointers are atomic too (e.g., gcc ensures that
** for all platforms where it runs). Moreover, 'hook' is always checked
** before being called (see 'luaD_hook').
*/
LUA_API void lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func, int mask, int count) {
  if (func == NULL || mask == 0) {  /* turn off hooks? */
    mask = 0;
    func = NULL;
  }
  L->hook = func;
  L->basehookcount = count;
  resethookcount(L);
  L->hookmask = cast_byte(mask);
  if (mask)
    settraps(L->ci);  /* to trace inside 'luaV_execute' */
}


LUA_API lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L) {
  return L->hook;
}


LUA_API int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L) {
  return L->hookmask;
}


LUA_API int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L) {
  return L->basehookcount;
}


LUA_API int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar) {
  int status;
  CallInfo *ci;
  if (level < 0) return 0;  /* invalid (negative) level */
  lua_lock(L);
  for (ci = L->ci; level > 0 && ci != &L->base_ci; ci = ci->previous)
    level--;
  if (level == 0 && ci != &L->base_ci) {  /* level found? */
    status = 1;
    ar->i_ci = ci;
  }
  else status = 0;  /* no such level */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


static const char *upvalname (const Proto *p, int uv) {
  TString *s = check_exp(uv < p->sizeupvalues, p->upvalues[uv].name);
  if (s == NULL) return "?";
  else return getstr(s);
}


static const char *findvararg (CallInfo *ci, int n, StkId *pos) {
  if (clLvalue(s2v(ci->func))->p->is_vararg) {
    int nextra = ci->u.l.nextraargs;
    if (n >= -nextra) {  /* 'n' is negative */
      *pos = ci->func - nextra - (n + 1);
      return "(vararg)";  /* generic name for any vararg */
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* no such vararg */
}


const char *luaG_findlocal (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int n, StkId *pos) {
  StkId base = ci->func + 1;
  const char *name = NULL;
  if (isLua(ci)) {
    if (n < 0)  /* access to vararg values? */
      return findvararg(ci, n, pos);
    else
      name = luaF_getlocalname(ci_func(ci)->p, n, currentpc(ci));
  }
  if (name == NULL) {  /* no 'standard' name? */
    StkId limit = (ci == L->ci) ? L->top : ci->next->func;
    if (limit - base >= n && n > 0) {  /* is 'n' inside 'ci' stack? */
      /* generic name for any valid slot */
      name = isLua(ci) ? "(temporary)" : "(C temporary)";
    }
    else
      return NULL;  /* no name */
  }
  if (pos)
    *pos = base + (n - 1);
  return name;
}


LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
  const char *name;
  lua_lock(L);
  if (ar == NULL) {  /* information about non-active function? */
    if (!isLfunction(s2v(L->top - 1)))  /* not a Lua function? */
      name = NULL;
    else  /* consider live variables at function start (parameters) */
      name = luaF_getlocalname(clLvalue(s2v(L->top - 1))->p, n, 0);
  }
  else {  /* active function; get information through 'ar' */
    StkId pos = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
    name = luaG_findlocal(L, ar->i_ci, n, &pos);
    if (name) {
      setobjs2s(L, L->top, pos);
      api_incr_top(L);
    }
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return name;
}


LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
  StkId pos = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  const char *name;
  lua_lock(L);
  name = luaG_findlocal(L, ar->i_ci, n, &pos);
  if (name) {
    setobjs2s(L, pos, L->top - 1);
    L->top--;  /* pop value */
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return name;
}


static void funcinfo (lua_Debug *ar, Closure *cl) {
  if (noLuaClosure(cl)) {
    ar->source = "=[C]";
    ar->srclen = LL("=[C]");
    ar->linedefined = -1;
    ar->lastlinedefined = -1;
    ar->what = "C";
  }
  else {
    const Proto *p = cl->l.p;
    if (p->source) {
      ar->source = getstr(p->source);
      ar->srclen = tsslen(p->source);
    }
    else {
      ar->source = "=?";
      ar->srclen = LL("=?");
    }
    ar->linedefined = p->linedefined;
    ar->lastlinedefined = p->lastlinedefined;
    ar->what = (ar->linedefined == 0) ? "main" : "Lua";
  }
  luaO_chunkid(ar->short_src, ar->source, ar->srclen);
}


static int nextline (const Proto *p, int currentline, int pc) {
  if (p->lineinfo[pc] != ABSLINEINFO)
    return currentline + p->lineinfo[pc];
  else
    return luaG_getfuncline(p, pc);
}


static void collectvalidlines (lua_State *L, Closure *f) {
  if (noLuaClosure(f)) {
    setnilvalue(s2v(L->top));
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  else {
    int i;
    TValue v;
    const Proto *p = f->l.p;
    int currentline = p->linedefined;
    Table *t = luaH_new(L);  /* new table to store active lines */
    sethvalue2s(L, L->top, t);  /* push it on stack */
    api_incr_top(L);
    setbtvalue(&v);  /* boolean 'true' to be the value of all indices */
    if (!p->is_vararg)  /* regular function? */
      i = 0;  /* consider all instructions */
    else {  /* vararg function */
      lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(p->code[0]) == OP_VARARGPREP);
      currentline = nextline(p, currentline, 0);
      i = 1;  /* skip first instruction (OP_VARARGPREP) */
    }
    for (; i < p->sizelineinfo; i++) {  /* for each instruction */
      currentline = nextline(p, currentline, i);  /* get its line */
      luaH_setint(L, t, currentline, &v);  /* table[line] = true */
    }
  }
}


static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, const char **name) {
  /* calling function is a known function? */
  if (ci != NULL && !(ci->callstatus & CIST_TAIL))
    return funcnamefromcall(L, ci->previous, name);
  else return NULL;  /* no way to find a name */
}


static int auxgetinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar,
                       Closure *f, CallInfo *ci) {
  int status = 1;
  for (; *what; what++) {
    switch (*what) {
      case 'S': {
        funcinfo(ar, f);
        break;
      }
      case 'l': {
        ar->currentline = (ci && isLua(ci)) ? getcurrentline(ci) : -1;
        break;
      }
      case 'u': {
        ar->nups = (f == NULL) ? 0 : f->c.nupvalues;
        if (noLuaClosure(f)) {
          ar->isvararg = 1;
          ar->nparams = 0;
        }
        else {
          ar->isvararg = f->l.p->is_vararg;
          ar->nparams = f->l.p->numparams;
        }
        break;
      }
      case 't': {
        ar->istailcall = (ci) ? ci->callstatus & CIST_TAIL : 0;
        break;
      }
      case 'n': {
        ar->namewhat = getfuncname(L, ci, &ar->name);
        if (ar->namewhat == NULL) {
          ar->namewhat = "";  /* not found */
          ar->name = NULL;
        }
        break;
      }
      case 'r': {
        if (ci == NULL || !(ci->callstatus & CIST_TRAN))
          ar->ftransfer = ar->ntransfer = 0;
        else {
          ar->ftransfer = ci->u2.transferinfo.ftransfer;
          ar->ntransfer = ci->u2.transferinfo.ntransfer;
        }
        break;
      }
      case 'L':
      case 'f':  /* handled by lua_getinfo */
        break;
      default: status = 0;  /* invalid option */
    }
  }
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar) {
  int status;
  Closure *cl;
  CallInfo *ci;
  TValue *func;
  lua_lock(L);
  if (*what == '>') {
    ci = NULL;
    func = s2v(L->top - 1);
    api_check(L, ttisfunction(func), "function expected");
    what++;  /* skip the '>' */
    L->top--;  /* pop function */
  }
  else {
    ci = ar->i_ci;
    func = s2v(ci->func);
    lua_assert(ttisfunction(func));
  }
  cl = ttisclosure(func) ? clvalue(func) : NULL;
  status = auxgetinfo(L, what, ar, cl, ci);
  if (strchr(what, 'f')) {
    setobj2s(L, L->top, func);
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  if (strchr(what, 'L'))
    collectvalidlines(L, cl);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


/*
** {======================================================
** Symbolic Execution
** =======================================================
*/

static const char *getobjname (const Proto *p, int lastpc, int reg,
                               const char **name);


/*
** Find a "name" for the constant 'c'.
*/
static void kname (const Proto *p, int c, const char **name) {
  TValue *kvalue = &p->k[c];
  *name = (ttisstring(kvalue)) ? svalue(kvalue) : "?";
}


/*
** Find a "name" for the register 'c'.
*/
static void rname (const Proto *p, int pc, int c, const char **name) {
  const char *what = getobjname(p, pc, c, name); /* search for 'c' */
  if (!(what && *what == 'c'))  /* did not find a constant name? */
    *name = "?";
}


/*
** Find a "name" for a 'C' value in an RK instruction.
*/
static void rkname (const Proto *p, int pc, Instruction i, const char **name) {
  int c = GETARG_C(i);  /* key index */
  if (GETARG_k(i))  /* is 'c' a constant? */
    kname(p, c, name);
  else  /* 'c' is a register */
    rname(p, pc, c, name);
}


static int filterpc (int pc, int jmptarget) {
  if (pc < jmptarget)  /* is code conditional (inside a jump)? */
    return -1;  /* cannot know who sets that register */
  else return pc;  /* current position sets that register */
}


/*
** Try to find last instruction before 'lastpc' that modified register 'reg'.
*/
static int findsetreg (const Proto *p, int lastpc, int reg) {
  int pc;
  int setreg = -1;  /* keep last instruction that changed 'reg' */
  int jmptarget = 0;  /* any code before this address is conditional */
  if (testMMMode(GET_OPCODE(p->code[lastpc])))
    lastpc--;  /* previous instruction was not actually executed */
  for (pc = 0; pc < lastpc; pc++) {
    Instruction i = p->code[pc];
    OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(i);
    int a = GETARG_A(i);
    int change;  /* true if current instruction changed 'reg' */
    switch (op) {
      case OP_LOADNIL: {  /* set registers from 'a' to 'a+b' */
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        change = (a <= reg && reg <= a + b);
        break;
      }
      case OP_TFORCALL: {  /* affect all regs above its base */
        change = (reg >= a + 2);
        break;
      }
      case OP_CALL:
      case OP_TAILCALL: {  /* affect all registers above base */
        change = (reg >= a);
        break;
      }
      case OP_JMP: {  /* doesn't change registers, but changes 'jmptarget' */
        int b = GETARG_sJ(i);
        int dest = pc + 1 + b;
        /* jump does not skip 'lastpc' and is larger than current one? */
        if (dest <= lastpc && dest > jmptarget)
          jmptarget = dest;  /* update 'jmptarget' */
        change = 0;
        break;
      }
      default:  /* any instruction that sets A */
        change = (testAMode(op) && reg == a);
        break;
    }
    if (change)
      setreg = filterpc(pc, jmptarget);
  }
  return setreg;
}


/*
** Check whether table being indexed by instruction 'i' is the
** environment '_ENV'
*/
static const char *gxf (const Proto *p, int pc, Instruction i, int isup) {
  int t = GETARG_B(i);  /* table index */
  const char *name;  /* name of indexed variable */
  if (isup)  /* is an upvalue? */
    name = upvalname(p, t);
  else
    getobjname(p, pc, t, &name);
  return (name && strcmp(name, LUA_ENV) == 0) ? "global" : "field";
}


static const char *getobjname (const Proto *p, int lastpc, int reg,
                               const char **name) {
  int pc;
  *name = luaF_getlocalname(p, reg + 1, lastpc);
  if (*name)  /* is a local? */
    return "local";
  /* else try symbolic execution */
  pc = findsetreg(p, lastpc, reg);
  if (pc != -1) {  /* could find instruction? */
    Instruction i = p->code[pc];
    OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(i);
    switch (op) {
      case OP_MOVE: {
        int b = GETARG_B(i);  /* move from 'b' to 'a' */
        if (b < GETARG_A(i))
          return getobjname(p, pc, b, name);  /* get name for 'b' */
        break;
      }
      case OP_GETTABUP: {
        int k = GETARG_C(i);  /* key index */
        kname(p, k, name);
        return gxf(p, pc, i, 1);
      }
      case OP_GETTABLE: {
        int k = GETARG_C(i);  /* key index */
        rname(p, pc, k, name);
        return gxf(p, pc, i, 0);
      }
      case OP_GETI: {
        *name = "integer index";
        return "field";
      }
      case OP_GETFIELD: {
        int k = GETARG_C(i);  /* key index */
        kname(p, k, name);
        return gxf(p, pc, i, 0);
      }
      case OP_GETUPVAL: {
        *name = upvalname(p, GETARG_B(i));
        return "upvalue";
      }
      case OP_LOADK:
      case OP_LOADKX: {
        int b = (op == OP_LOADK) ? GETARG_Bx(i)
                                 : GETARG_Ax(p->code[pc + 1]);
        if (ttisstring(&p->k[b])) {
          *name = svalue(&p->k[b]);
          return "constant";
        }
        break;
      }
      case OP_SELF: {
        rkname(p, pc, i, name);
        return "method";
      }
      default: break;  /* go through to return NULL */
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* could not find reasonable name */
}


/*
** Try to find a name for a function based on the code that called it.
** (Only works when function was called by a Lua function.)
** Returns what the name is (e.g., "for iterator", "method",
** "metamethod") and sets '*name' to point to the name.
*/
static const char *funcnamefromcode (lua_State *L, const Proto *p,
                                     int pc, const char **name) {
  TMS tm = (TMS)0;  /* (initial value avoids warnings) */
  Instruction i = p->code[pc];  /* calling instruction */
  switch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
    case OP_CALL:
    case OP_TAILCALL:
      return getobjname(p, pc, GETARG_A(i), name);  /* get function name */
    case OP_TFORCALL: {  /* for iterator */
      *name = "for iterator";
       return "for iterator";
    }
    /* other instructions can do calls through metamethods */
    case OP_SELF: case OP_GETTABUP: case OP_GETTABLE:
    case OP_GETI: case OP_GETFIELD:
      tm = TM_INDEX;
      break;
    case OP_SETTABUP: case OP_SETTABLE: case OP_SETI: case OP_SETFIELD:
      tm = TM_NEWINDEX;
      break;
    case OP_MMBIN: case OP_MMBINI: case OP_MMBINK: {
      tm = cast(TMS, GETARG_C(i));
      break;
    }
    case OP_UNM: tm = TM_UNM; break;
    case OP_BNOT: tm = TM_BNOT; break;
    case OP_LEN: tm = TM_LEN; break;
    case OP_CONCAT: tm = TM_CONCAT; break;
    case OP_EQ: tm = TM_EQ; break;
    /* no cases for OP_EQI and OP_EQK, as they don't call metamethods */
    case OP_LT: case OP_LTI: case OP_GTI: tm = TM_LT; break;
    case OP_LE: case OP_LEI: case OP_GEI: tm = TM_LE; break;
    case OP_CLOSE: case OP_RETURN: tm = TM_CLOSE; break;
    default:
      return NULL;  /* cannot find a reasonable name */
  }
  *name = getstr(G(L)->tmname[tm]) + 2;
  return "metamethod";
}


/*
** Try to find a name for a function based on how it was called.
*/
static const char *funcnamefromcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci,
                                                   const char **name) {
  if (ci->callstatus & CIST_HOOKED) {  /* was it called inside a hook? */
    *name = "?";
    return "hook";
  }
  else if (ci->callstatus & CIST_FIN) {  /* was it called as a finalizer? */
    *name = "__gc";
    return "metamethod";  /* report it as such */
  }
  else if (isLua(ci))
    return funcnamefromcode(L, ci_func(ci)->p, currentpc(ci), name);
  else
    return NULL;
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** Check whether pointer 'o' points to some value in the stack
** frame of the current function. Because 'o' may not point to a
** value in this stack, we cannot compare it with the region
** boundaries (undefined behaviour in ISO C).
*/
static int isinstack (CallInfo *ci, const TValue *o) {
  StkId pos;
  for (pos = ci->func + 1; pos < ci->top; pos++) {
    if (o == s2v(pos))
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;  /* not found */
}


/*
** Checks whether value 'o' came from an upvalue. (That can only happen
** with instructions OP_GETTABUP/OP_SETTABUP, which operate directly on
** upvalues.)
*/
static const char *getupvalname (CallInfo *ci, const TValue *o,
                                 const char **name) {
  LClosure *c = ci_func(ci);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < c->nupvalues; i++) {
    if (c->upvals[i]->v == o) {
      *name = upvalname(c->p, i);
      return "upvalue";
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}


static const char *formatvarinfo (lua_State *L, const char *kind,
                                                const char *name) {
  if (kind == NULL)
    return "";  /* no information */
  else
    return luaO_pushfstring(L, " (%s '%s')", kind, name);
}

/*
** Build a string with a "description" for the value 'o', such as
** "variable 'x'" or "upvalue 'y'".
*/
static const char *varinfo (lua_State *L, const TValue *o) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  const char *name = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  const char *kind = NULL;
  if (isLua(ci)) {
    kind = getupvalname(ci, o, &name);  /* check whether 'o' is an upvalue */
    if (!kind && isinstack(ci, o))  /* no? try a register */
      kind = getobjname(ci_func(ci)->p, currentpc(ci),
                        cast_int(cast(StkId, o) - (ci->func + 1)), &name);
  }
  return formatvarinfo(L, kind, name);
}


/*
** Raise a type error
*/
static l_noret typeerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, const char *op,
                          const char *extra) {
  const char *t = luaT_objtypename(L, o);
  luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to %s a %s value%s", op, t, extra);
}


/*
** Raise a type error with "standard" information about the faulty
** object 'o' (using 'varinfo').
*/
l_noret luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, const char *op) {
  typeerror(L, o, op, varinfo(L, o));
}


/*
** Raise an error for calling a non-callable object. Try to find a name
** for the object based on how it was called ('funcnamefromcall'); if it
** cannot get a name there, try 'varinfo'.
*/
l_noret luaG_callerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  const char *name = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  const char *kind = funcnamefromcall(L, ci, &name);
  const char *extra = kind ? formatvarinfo(L, kind, name) : varinfo(L, o);
  typeerror(L, o, "call", extra);
}


l_noret luaG_forerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, const char *what) {
  luaG_runerror(L, "bad 'for' %s (number expected, got %s)",
                   what, luaT_objtypename(L, o));
}


l_noret luaG_concaterror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
  if (ttisstring(p1) || cvt2str(p1)) p1 = p2;
  luaG_typeerror(L, p1, "concatenate");
}


l_noret luaG_opinterror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
                         const TValue *p2, const char *msg) {
  if (!ttisnumber(p1))  /* first operand is wrong? */
    p2 = p1;  /* now second is wrong */
  luaG_typeerror(L, p2, msg);
}


/*
** Error when both values are convertible to numbers, but not to integers
*/
l_noret luaG_tointerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
  lua_Integer temp;
  if (!luaV_tointegerns(p1, &temp, LUA_FLOORN2I))
    p2 = p1;
  luaG_runerror(L, "number%s has no integer representation", varinfo(L, p2));
}


l_noret luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
  const char *t1 = luaT_objtypename(L, p1);
  const char *t2 = luaT_objtypename(L, p2);
  if (strcmp(t1, t2) == 0)
    luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to compare two %s values", t1);
  else
    luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to compare %s with %s", t1, t2);
}


/* add src:line information to 'msg' */
const char *luaG_addinfo (lua_State *L, const char *msg, TString *src,
                                        int line) {
  char buff[LUA_IDSIZE];
  if (src)
    luaO_chunkid(buff, getstr(src), tsslen(src));
  else {  /* no source available; use "?" instead */
    buff[0] = '?'; buff[1] = '\0';
  }
  return luaO_pushfstring(L, "%s:%d: %s", buff, line, msg);
}


l_noret luaG_errormsg (lua_State *L) {
  if (L->errfunc != 0) {  /* is there an error handling function? */<--- Null pointer dereference
    StkId errfunc = restorestack(L, L->errfunc);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    lua_assert(ttisfunction(s2v(errfunc)));
    setobjs2s(L, L->top, L->top - 1);  /* move argument */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    setobjs2s(L, L->top - 1, errfunc);  /* push function */
    L->top++;  /* assume EXTRA_STACK */
    luaD_callnoyield(L, L->top - 2, 1);  /* call it */
  }
  luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRRUN);
}


l_noret luaG_runerror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  const char *msg;
  va_list argp;
  luaC_checkGC(L);  /* error message uses memory */
  va_start(argp, fmt);
  msg = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);  /* format message */
  va_end(argp);
  if (isLua(ci))  /* if Lua function, add source:line information */
    luaG_addinfo(L, msg, ci_func(ci)->p->source, getcurrentline(ci));
  luaG_errormsg(L);
}


/*
** Check whether new instruction 'newpc' is in a different line from
** previous instruction 'oldpc'. More often than not, 'newpc' is only
** one or a few instructions after 'oldpc' (it must be after, see
** caller), so try to avoid calling 'luaG_getfuncline'. If they are
** too far apart, there is a good chance of a ABSLINEINFO in the way,
** so it goes directly to 'luaG_getfuncline'.
*/
static int changedline (const Proto *p, int oldpc, int newpc) {
  if (p->lineinfo == NULL)  /* no debug information? */
    return 0;
  if (newpc - oldpc < MAXIWTHABS / 2) {  /* not too far apart? */
    int delta = 0;  /* line diference */
    int pc = oldpc;
    for (;;) {
      int lineinfo = p->lineinfo[++pc];
      if (lineinfo == ABSLINEINFO)
        break;  /* cannot compute delta; fall through */
      delta += lineinfo;
      if (pc == newpc)
        return (delta != 0);  /* delta computed successfully */
    }
  }
  /* either instructions are too far apart or there is an absolute line
     info in the way; compute line difference explicitly */
  return (luaG_getfuncline(p, oldpc) != luaG_getfuncline(p, newpc));
}


/*
** Traces the execution of a Lua function. Called before the execution
** of each opcode, when debug is on. 'L->oldpc' stores the last
** instruction traced, to detect line changes. When entering a new
** function, 'npci' will be zero and will test as a new line whatever
** the value of 'oldpc'.  Some exceptional conditions may return to
** a function without setting 'oldpc'. In that case, 'oldpc' may be
** invalid; if so, use zero as a valid value. (A wrong but valid 'oldpc'
** at most causes an extra call to a line hook.)
** This function is not "Protected" when called, so it should correct
** 'L->top' before calling anything that can run the GC.
*/
int luaG_traceexec (lua_State *L, const Instruction *pc) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  lu_byte mask = L->hookmask;
  const Proto *p = ci_func(ci)->p;
  int counthook;
  if (!(mask & (LUA_MASKLINE | LUA_MASKCOUNT))) {  /* no hooks? */
    ci->u.l.trap = 0;  /* don't need to stop again */
    return 0;  /* turn off 'trap' */
  }
  pc++;  /* reference is always next instruction */
  ci->u.l.savedpc = pc;  /* save 'pc' */
  counthook = (--L->hookcount == 0 && (mask & LUA_MASKCOUNT));
  if (counthook)
    resethookcount(L);  /* reset count */
  else if (!(mask & LUA_MASKLINE))
    return 1;  /* no line hook and count != 0; nothing to be done now */
  if (ci->callstatus & CIST_HOOKYIELD) {  /* called hook last time? */
    ci->callstatus &= ~CIST_HOOKYIELD;  /* erase mark */
    return 1;  /* do not call hook again (VM yielded, so it did not move) */
  }
  if (!isIT(*(ci->u.l.savedpc - 1)))  /* top not being used? */
    L->top = ci->top;  /* correct top */
  if (counthook)
    luaD_hook(L, LUA_HOOKCOUNT, -1, 0, 0);  /* call count hook */
  if (mask & LUA_MASKLINE) {
    /* 'L->oldpc' may be invalid; use zero in this case */
    int oldpc = (L->oldpc < p->sizecode) ? L->oldpc : 0;
    int npci = pcRel(pc, p);
    if (npci <= oldpc ||  /* call hook when jump back (loop), */
        changedline(p, oldpc, npci)) {  /* or when enter new line */
      int newline = luaG_getfuncline(p, npci);
      luaD_hook(L, LUA_HOOKLINE, newline, 0, 0);  /* call line hook */
    }
    L->oldpc = npci;  /* 'pc' of last call to line hook */
  }
  if (L->status == LUA_YIELD) {  /* did hook yield? */
    if (counthook)
      L->hookcount = 1;  /* undo decrement to zero */
    ci->u.l.savedpc--;  /* undo increment (resume will increment it again) */
    ci->callstatus |= CIST_HOOKYIELD;  /* mark that it yielded */
    luaD_throw(L, LUA_YIELD);
  }
  return 1;  /* keep 'trap' on */
}

/*
** $Id: lfunc.c $
** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lfunc_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stddef.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/



CClosure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int nupvals) {
  GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VCCL, sizeCclosure(nupvals));<--- Calling function luaC_newobj, 1st argument is null
  CClosure *c = gco2ccl(o);
  c->nupvalues = cast_byte(nupvals);
  return c;
}


LClosure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int nupvals) {
  GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VLCL, sizeLclosure(nupvals));
  LClosure *c = gco2lcl(o);
  c->p = NULL;
  c->nupvalues = cast_byte(nupvals);
  while (nupvals--) c->upvals[nupvals] = NULL;
  return c;
}


/*
** fill a closure with new closed upvalues
*/
void luaF_initupvals (lua_State *L, LClosure *cl) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < cl->nupvalues; i++) {
    GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VUPVAL, sizeof(UpVal));
    UpVal *uv = gco2upv(o);
    uv->v = &uv->u.value;  /* make it closed */
    setnilvalue(uv->v);
    cl->upvals[i] = uv;
    luaC_objbarrier(L, cl, uv);
  }
}


/*
** Create a new upvalue at the given level, and link it to the list of
** open upvalues of 'L' after entry 'prev'.
**/
static UpVal *newupval (lua_State *L, int tbc, StkId level, UpVal **prev) {
  GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VUPVAL, sizeof(UpVal));
  UpVal *uv = gco2upv(o);
  UpVal *next = *prev;
  uv->v = s2v(level);  /* current value lives in the stack */
  uv->tbc = tbc;
  uv->u.open.next = next;  /* link it to list of open upvalues */
  uv->u.open.previous = prev;
  if (next)
    next->u.open.previous = &uv->u.open.next;
  *prev = uv;
  if (!isintwups(L)) {  /* thread not in list of threads with upvalues? */
    L->twups = G(L)->twups;  /* link it to the list */
    G(L)->twups = L;
  }
  return uv;
}


/*
** Find and reuse, or create if it does not exist, an upvalue
** at the given level.
*/
UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level) {
  UpVal **pp = &L->openupval;
  UpVal *p;
  lua_assert(isintwups(L) || L->openupval == NULL);
  while ((p = *pp) != NULL && uplevel(p) >= level) {  /* search for it */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    lua_assert(!isdead(G(L), p));
    if (uplevel(p) == level)  /* corresponding upvalue? */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      return p;  /* return it */
    pp = &p->u.open.next;
  }
  /* not found: create a new upvalue after 'pp' */
  return newupval(L, 0, level, pp);
}


/*
** Call closing method for object 'obj' with error message 'err'. The
** boolean 'yy' controls whether the call is yieldable.
** (This function assumes EXTRA_STACK.)
*/
static void callclosemethod (lua_State *L, TValue *obj, TValue *err, int yy) {
  StkId top = L->top;<--- Null pointer dereference
  const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, obj, TM_CLOSE);
  setobj2s(L, top, tm);  /* will call metamethod... */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  setobj2s(L, top + 1, obj);  /* with 'self' as the 1st argument */
  setobj2s(L, top + 2, err);  /* and error msg. as 2nd argument */
  L->top = top + 3;  /* add function and arguments */
  if (yy)
    luaD_call(L, top, 0);
  else
    luaD_callnoyield(L, top, 0);
}


/*
** Check whether object at given level has a close metamethod and raise
** an error if not.
*/
static void checkclosemth (lua_State *L, StkId level) {
  const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, s2v(level), TM_CLOSE);
  if (ttisnil(tm)) {  /* no metamethod? */
    int idx = cast_int(level - L->ci->func);  /* variable index */
    const char *vname = luaG_findlocal(L, L->ci, idx, NULL);
    if (vname == NULL) vname = "?";
    luaG_runerror(L, "variable '%s' got a non-closable value", vname);
  }
}


/*
** Prepare and call a closing method.
** If status is CLOSEKTOP, the call to the closing method will be pushed
** at the top of the stack. Otherwise, values can be pushed right after
** the 'level' of the upvalue being closed, as everything after that
** won't be used again.
*/
static void prepcallclosemth (lua_State *L, StkId level, int status, int yy) {
  TValue *uv = s2v(level);  /* value being closed */
  TValue *errobj;
  if (status == CLOSEKTOP)
    errobj = &G(L)->nilvalue;  /* error object is nil */
  else {  /* 'luaD_seterrorobj' will set top to level + 2 */
    errobj = s2v(level + 1);  /* error object goes after 'uv' */
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, level + 1);  /* set error object */
  }
  callclosemethod(L, uv, errobj, yy);
}


/*
** Maximum value for deltas in 'tbclist', dependent on the type
** of delta. (This macro assumes that an 'L' is in scope where it
** is used.)
*/
#define MAXDELTA  \
	((256ul << ((sizeof(L->stack->tbclist.delta) - 1) * 8)) - 1)


/*
** Insert a variable in the list of to-be-closed variables.
*/
void luaF_newtbcupval (lua_State *L, StkId level) {
  lua_assert(level > L->tbclist);
  if (l_isfalse(s2v(level)))
    return;  /* false doesn't need to be closed */
  checkclosemth(L, level);  /* value must have a close method */
  while (cast_uint(level - L->tbclist) > MAXDELTA) {
    L->tbclist += MAXDELTA;  /* create a dummy node at maximum delta */
    L->tbclist->tbclist.delta = 0;
  }
  level->tbclist.delta = cast(unsigned short, level - L->tbclist);
  L->tbclist = level;
}


void luaF_unlinkupval (UpVal *uv) {
  lua_assert(upisopen(uv));
  *uv->u.open.previous = uv->u.open.next;
  if (uv->u.open.next)
    uv->u.open.next->u.open.previous = uv->u.open.previous;
}


/*
** Close all upvalues up to the given stack level.
*/
void luaF_closeupval (lua_State *L, StkId level) {<--- Parameter 'level' can be declared as pointer to const
  UpVal *uv;
  StkId upl;  /* stack index pointed by 'uv' */
  while ((uv = L->openupval) != NULL && (upl = uplevel(uv)) >= level) {<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    TValue *slot = &uv->u.value;  /* new position for value */
    lua_assert(uplevel(uv) < L->top);
    luaF_unlinkupval(uv);  /* remove upvalue from 'openupval' list */
    setobj(L, slot, uv->v);  /* move value to upvalue slot */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    uv->v = slot;  /* now current value lives here */
    if (!iswhite(uv)) {  /* neither white nor dead? */
      nw2black(uv);  /* closed upvalues cannot be gray */
      luaC_barrier(L, uv, slot);
    }
  }
}


/*
** Remove firt element from the tbclist plus its dummy nodes.
*/
static void poptbclist (lua_State *L) {
  StkId tbc = L->tbclist;
  lua_assert(tbc->tbclist.delta > 0);  /* first element cannot be dummy */
  tbc -= tbc->tbclist.delta;
  while (tbc > L->stack && tbc->tbclist.delta == 0)
    tbc -= MAXDELTA;  /* remove dummy nodes */
  L->tbclist = tbc;
}


/*
** Close all upvalues and to-be-closed variables up to the given stack
** level.
*/
void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level, int status, int yy) {
  ptrdiff_t levelrel = savestack(L, level);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaF_closeupval(L, level);  /* first, close the upvalues */
  while (L->tbclist >= level) {  /* traverse tbc's down to that level */
    StkId tbc = L->tbclist;  /* get variable index */
    poptbclist(L);  /* remove it from list */
    prepcallclosemth(L, tbc, status, yy);  /* close variable */
    level = restorestack(L, levelrel);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
}


Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L) {
  GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VPROTO, sizeof(Proto));
  Proto *f = gco2p(o);
  f->k = NULL;
  f->sizek = 0;
  f->p = NULL;
  f->sizep = 0;
  f->code = NULL;
  f->sizecode = 0;
  f->lineinfo = NULL;
  f->sizelineinfo = 0;
  f->abslineinfo = NULL;
  f->sizeabslineinfo = 0;
  f->upvalues = NULL;
  f->sizeupvalues = 0;
  f->numparams = 0;
  f->is_vararg = 0;
  f->maxstacksize = 0;
  f->locvars = NULL;
  f->sizelocvars = 0;
  f->linedefined = 0;
  f->lastlinedefined = 0;
  f->source = NULL;
  return f;
}


void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f) {
  luaM_freearray(L, f->code, f->sizecode);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->p, f->sizep);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->k, f->sizek);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->abslineinfo, f->sizeabslineinfo);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars);
  luaM_freearray(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues);
  luaM_free(L, f);
}


/*
** Look for n-th local variable at line 'line' in function 'func'.
** Returns NULL if not found.
*/
const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *f, int local_number, int pc) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i<f->sizelocvars && f->locvars[i].startpc <= pc; i++) {
    if (pc < f->locvars[i].endpc) {  /* is variable active? */
      local_number--;
      if (local_number == 0)
        return getstr(f->locvars[i].varname);
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* not found */
}

/*
** $Id: lobject.c $
** Some generic functions over Lua objects
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lobject_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <locale.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lctype.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/


/*
** Computes ceil(log2(x))
*/
int luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x) {
  static const lu_byte log_2[256] = {  /* log_2[i] = ceil(log2(i - 1)) */
    0,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
    8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
    8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
    8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
    8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8
  };
  int l = 0;
  x--;
  while (x >= 256) { l += 8; x >>= 8; }
  return l + log_2[x];
}


static lua_Integer intarith (lua_State *L, int op, lua_Integer v1,
                                                   lua_Integer v2) {
  switch (op) {
    case LUA_OPADD: return intop(+, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPSUB:return intop(-, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPMUL:return intop(*, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPMOD: return luaV_mod(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPIDIV: return luaV_idiv(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPBAND: return intop(&, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPBOR: return intop(|, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPBXOR: return intop(^, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPSHL: return luaV_shiftl(v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPSHR: return luaV_shiftl(v1, -v2);
    case LUA_OPUNM: return intop(-, 0, v1);
    case LUA_OPBNOT: return intop(^, ~l_castS2U(0), v1);
    default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


static lua_Number numarith (lua_State *L, int op, lua_Number v1,
                                                  lua_Number v2) {
  switch (op) {
    case LUA_OPADD: return luai_numadd(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPSUB: return luai_numsub(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPMUL: return luai_nummul(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPDIV: return luai_numdiv(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPPOW: return luai_numpow(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPIDIV: return luai_numidiv(L, v1, v2);
    case LUA_OPUNM: return luai_numunm(L, v1);
    case LUA_OPMOD: return luaV_modf(L, v1, v2);
    default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
  }
}


int luaO_rawarith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                   TValue *res) {
  switch (op) {
    case LUA_OPBAND: case LUA_OPBOR: case LUA_OPBXOR:
    case LUA_OPSHL: case LUA_OPSHR:
    case LUA_OPBNOT: {  /* operate only on integers */
      lua_Integer i1; lua_Integer i2;
      if (tointegerns(p1, &i1) && tointegerns(p2, &i2)) {
        setivalue(res, intarith(L, op, i1, i2));
        return 1;
      }
      else return 0;  /* fail */
    }
    case LUA_OPDIV: case LUA_OPPOW: {  /* operate only on floats */
      lua_Number n1; lua_Number n2;
      if (tonumberns(p1, n1) && tonumberns(p2, n2)) {
        setfltvalue(res, numarith(L, op, n1, n2));
        return 1;
      }
      else return 0;  /* fail */
    }
    default: {  /* other operations */
      lua_Number n1; lua_Number n2;
      if (ttisinteger(p1) && ttisinteger(p2)) {
        setivalue(res, intarith(L, op, ivalue(p1), ivalue(p2)));
        return 1;
      }
      else if (tonumberns(p1, n1) && tonumberns(p2, n2)) {
        setfltvalue(res, numarith(L, op, n1, n2));
        return 1;
      }
      else return 0;  /* fail */
    }
  }
}


void luaO_arith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                 StkId res) {
  if (!luaO_rawarith(L, op, p1, p2, s2v(res))) {
    /* could not perform raw operation; try metamethod */
    luaT_trybinTM(L, p1, p2, res, cast(TMS, (op - LUA_OPADD) + TM_ADD));
  }
}


int luaO_hexavalue (int c) {
  if (lisdigit(c)) return c - '0';
  else return (ltolower(c) - 'a') + 10;
}


static int isneg (const char **s) {
  if (**s == '-') { (*s)++; return 1; }
  else if (**s == '+') (*s)++;
  return 0;
}



/*
** {==================================================================
** Lua's implementation for 'lua_strx2number'
** ===================================================================
*/

#if !defined(lua_strx2number)

/* maximum number of significant digits to read (to avoid overflows
   even with single floats) */
#define MAXSIGDIG	30

/*
** convert a hexadecimal numeric string to a number, following
** C99 specification for 'strtod'
*/
static lua_Number lua_strx2number (const char *s, char **endptr) {
  int dot = lua_getlocaledecpoint();
  lua_Number r = l_mathop(0.0);  /* result (accumulator) */
  int sigdig = 0;  /* number of significant digits */
  int nosigdig = 0;  /* number of non-significant digits */
  int e = 0;  /* exponent correction */
  int neg;  /* 1 if number is negative */
  int hasdot = 0;  /* true after seen a dot */
  *endptr = cast_charp(s);  /* nothing is valid yet */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  while (lisspace(cast_uchar(*s))) s++;  /* skip initial spaces */
  neg = isneg(&s);  /* check sign */
  if (!(*s == '0' && (*(s + 1) == 'x' || *(s + 1) == 'X')))  /* check '0x' */
    return l_mathop(0.0);  /* invalid format (no '0x') */
  for (s += 2; ; s++) {  /* skip '0x' and read numeral */
    if (*s == dot) {
      if (hasdot) break;  /* second dot? stop loop */
      else hasdot = 1;
    }
    else if (lisxdigit(cast_uchar(*s))) {
      if (sigdig == 0 && *s == '0')  /* non-significant digit (zero)? */
        nosigdig++;
      else if (++sigdig <= MAXSIGDIG)  /* can read it without overflow? */
          r = (r * l_mathop(16.0)) + luaO_hexavalue(*s);
      else e++; /* too many digits; ignore, but still count for exponent */
      if (hasdot) e--;  /* decimal digit? correct exponent */
    }
    else break;  /* neither a dot nor a digit */
  }
  if (nosigdig + sigdig == 0)  /* no digits? */
    return l_mathop(0.0);  /* invalid format */
  *endptr = cast_charp(s);  /* valid up to here */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  e *= 4;  /* each digit multiplies/divides value by 2^4 */
  if (*s == 'p' || *s == 'P') {  /* exponent part? */
    int exp1 = 0;  /* exponent value */<--- Shadow variable
    int neg1;  /* exponent sign */
    s++;  /* skip 'p' */
    neg1 = isneg(&s);  /* sign */
    if (!lisdigit(cast_uchar(*s)))
      return l_mathop(0.0);  /* invalid; must have at least one digit */
    while (lisdigit(cast_uchar(*s)))  /* read exponent */
      exp1 = exp1 * 10 + *(s++) - '0';
    if (neg1) exp1 = -exp1;
    e += exp1;
    *endptr = cast_charp(s);  /* valid up to here */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  if (neg) r = -r;
  return l_mathop(ldexp)(r, e);
}

#endif
/* }====================================================== */


/* maximum length of a numeral to be converted to a number */
#if !defined (L_MAXLENNUM)
#define L_MAXLENNUM	200
#endif

/*
** Convert string 's' to a Lua number (put in 'result'). Return NULL on
** fail or the address of the ending '\0' on success. ('mode' == 'x')
** means a hexadecimal numeral.
*/
static const char *l_str2dloc (const char *s, lua_Number *result, int mode) {
  char *endptr;
  *result = (mode == 'x') ? lua_strx2number(s, &endptr)  /* try to convert */
                          : lua_str2number(s, &endptr);
  if (endptr == s) return NULL;  /* nothing recognized? */
  while (lisspace(cast_uchar(*endptr))) endptr++;  /* skip trailing spaces */
  return (*endptr == '\0') ? endptr : NULL;  /* OK iff no trailing chars */
}


/*
** Convert string 's' to a Lua number (put in 'result') handling the
** current locale.
** This function accepts both the current locale or a dot as the radix
** mark. If the conversion fails, it may mean number has a dot but
** locale accepts something else. In that case, the code copies 's'
** to a buffer (because 's' is read-only), changes the dot to the
** current locale radix mark, and tries to convert again.
** The variable 'mode' checks for special characters in the string:
** - 'n' means 'inf' or 'nan' (which should be rejected)
** - 'x' means a hexadecimal numeral
** - '.' just optimizes the search for the common case (no special chars)
*/
static const char *l_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result) {
  const char *endptr;
  const char *pmode = strpbrk(s, ".xXnN");  /* look for special chars */
  int mode = pmode ? ltolower(cast_uchar(*pmode)) : 0;
  if (mode == 'n')  /* reject 'inf' and 'nan' */
    return NULL;
  endptr = l_str2dloc(s, result, mode);  /* try to convert */
  if (endptr == NULL) {  /* failed? may be a different locale */
    char buff[L_MAXLENNUM + 1];
    const char *pdot = strchr(s, '.');
    if (pdot == NULL || strlen(s) > L_MAXLENNUM)
      return NULL;  /* string too long or no dot; fail */
    strcpy(buff, s);  /* copy string to buffer */
    buff[pdot - s] = lua_getlocaledecpoint();  /* correct decimal point */
    endptr = l_str2dloc(buff, result, mode);  /* try again */
    if (endptr != NULL)
      endptr = s + (endptr - buff);  /* make relative to 's' */
  }
  return endptr;
}


#define MAXBY10		cast(lua_Unsigned, LUA_MAXINTEGER / 10)
#define MAXLASTD	cast_int(LUA_MAXINTEGER % 10)

static const char *l_str2int (const char *s, lua_Integer *result) {
  lua_Unsigned a = 0;
  int empty = 1;
  int neg;
  while (lisspace(cast_uchar(*s))) s++;  /* skip initial spaces */
  neg = isneg(&s);
  if (s[0] == '0' &&
      (s[1] == 'x' || s[1] == 'X')) {  /* hex? */
    s += 2;  /* skip '0x' */
    for (; lisxdigit(cast_uchar(*s)); s++) {
      a = a * 16 + luaO_hexavalue(*s);
      empty = 0;
    }
  }
  else {  /* decimal */
    for (; lisdigit(cast_uchar(*s)); s++) {
      int d = *s - '0';
      if (a >= MAXBY10 && (a > MAXBY10 || d > MAXLASTD + neg))  /* overflow? */<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
        return NULL;  /* do not accept it (as integer) */
      a = a * 10 + d;
      empty = 0;
    }
  }
  while (lisspace(cast_uchar(*s))) s++;  /* skip trailing spaces */
  if (empty || *s != '\0') return NULL;  /* something wrong in the numeral */
  else {
    *result = l_castU2S((neg) ? 0u - a : a);
    return s;
  }
}


size_t luaO_str2num (const char *s, TValue *o) {
  lua_Integer i; lua_Number n;
  const char *e;
  if ((e = l_str2int(s, &i)) != NULL) {  /* try as an integer */
    setivalue(o, i);
  }
  else if ((e = l_str2d(s, &n)) != NULL) {  /* else try as a float */
    setfltvalue(o, n);
  }
  else
    return 0;  /* conversion failed */
  return (e - s) + 1;  /* success; return string size */
}


int luaO_utf8esc (char *buff, unsigned long x) {
  int n = 1;  /* number of bytes put in buffer (backwards) */
  lua_assert(x <= 0x7FFFFFFFu);
  if (x < 0x80)  /* ascii? */
    buff[UTF8BUFFSZ - 1] = cast_char(x);
  else {  /* need continuation bytes */
    unsigned int mfb = 0x3f;  /* maximum that fits in first byte */
    do {  /* add continuation bytes */
      buff[UTF8BUFFSZ - (n++)] = cast_char(0x80 | (x & 0x3f));
      x >>= 6;  /* remove added bits */
      mfb >>= 1;  /* now there is one less bit available in first byte */
    } while (x > mfb);  /* still needs continuation byte? */
    buff[UTF8BUFFSZ - n] = cast_char((~mfb << 1) | x);  /* add first byte */
  }
  return n;
}


/*
** Maximum length of the conversion of a number to a string. Must be
** enough to accommodate both LUA_INTEGER_FMT and LUA_NUMBER_FMT.
** (For a long long int, this is 19 digits plus a sign and a final '\0',
** adding to 21. For a long double, it can go to a sign, 33 digits,
** the dot, an exponent letter, an exponent sign, 5 exponent digits,
** and a final '\0', adding to 43.)
*/
#define MAXNUMBER2STR	44


/*
** Convert a number object to a string, adding it to a buffer
*/
static int tostringbuff (TValue *obj, char *buff) {
  int len;
  lua_assert(ttisnumber(obj));
  if (ttisinteger(obj))
    len = lua_integer2str(buff, MAXNUMBER2STR, ivalue(obj));
  else {
    len = lua_number2str(buff, MAXNUMBER2STR, fltvalue(obj));
    if (buff[strspn(buff, "-0123456789")] == '\0') {  /* looks like an int? */
      buff[len++] = lua_getlocaledecpoint();
      buff[len++] = '0';  /* adds '.0' to result */
    }
  }
  return len;
}


/*
** Convert a number object to a Lua string, replacing the value at 'obj'
*/
void luaO_tostring (lua_State *L, TValue *obj) {
  char buff[MAXNUMBER2STR];
  int len = tostringbuff(obj, buff);
  setsvalue(L, obj, luaS_newlstr(L, buff, len));
}




/*
** {==================================================================
** 'luaO_pushvfstring'
** ===================================================================
*/

/* size for buffer space used by 'luaO_pushvfstring' */
#define BUFVFS		200

/* buffer used by 'luaO_pushvfstring' */
typedef struct BuffFS {
  lua_State *L;
  int pushed;  /* number of string pieces already on the stack */
  int blen;  /* length of partial string in 'space' */
  char space[BUFVFS];  /* holds last part of the result */
} BuffFS;


/*
** Push given string to the stack, as part of the buffer, and
** join the partial strings in the stack into one.
*/
static void pushstr (BuffFS *buff, const char *str, size_t l) {
  lua_State *L = buff->L;
  setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, str, l));
  L->top++;  /* may use one extra slot */
  buff->pushed++;
  luaV_concat(L, buff->pushed);  /* join partial results into one */
  buff->pushed = 1;
}


/*
** empty the buffer space into the stack
*/
static void clearbuff (BuffFS *buff) {
  pushstr(buff, buff->space, buff->blen);  /* push buffer contents */
  buff->blen = 0;  /* space now is empty */
}


/*
** Get a space of size 'sz' in the buffer. If buffer has not enough
** space, empty it. 'sz' must fit in an empty buffer.
*/
static char *getbuff (BuffFS *buff, int sz) {
  lua_assert(buff->blen <= BUFVFS); lua_assert(sz <= BUFVFS);
  if (sz > BUFVFS - buff->blen)  /* not enough space? */
    clearbuff(buff);
  return buff->space + buff->blen;
}


#define addsize(b,sz)	((b)->blen += (sz))


/*
** Add 'str' to the buffer. If string is larger than the buffer space,
** push the string directly to the stack.
*/
static void addstr2buff (BuffFS *buff, const char *str, size_t slen) {
  if (slen <= BUFVFS) {  /* does string fit into buffer? */
    char *bf = getbuff(buff, cast_int(slen));
    memcpy(bf, str, slen);  /* add string to buffer */
    addsize(buff, cast_int(slen));
  }
  else {  /* string larger than buffer */
    clearbuff(buff);  /* string comes after buffer's content */
    pushstr(buff, str, slen);  /* push string */
  }
}


/*
** Add a number to the buffer.
*/
static void addnum2buff (BuffFS *buff, TValue *num) {
  char *numbuff = getbuff(buff, MAXNUMBER2STR);
  int len = tostringbuff(num, numbuff);  /* format number into 'numbuff' */
  addsize(buff, len);
}


/*
** this function handles only '%d', '%c', '%f', '%p', '%s', and '%%'
   conventional formats, plus Lua-specific '%I' and '%U'
*/
const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, va_list argp) {
  BuffFS buff;  /* holds last part of the result */
  const char *e;  /* points to next '%' */
  buff.pushed = buff.blen = 0;
  buff.L = L;
  while ((e = strchr(fmt, '%')) != NULL) {
    addstr2buff(&buff, fmt, e - fmt);  /* add 'fmt' up to '%' */
    switch (*(e + 1)) {  /* conversion specifier */
      case 's': {  /* zero-terminated string */
        const char *s = va_arg(argp, char *);
        if (s == NULL) s = "(null)";
        addstr2buff(&buff, s, strlen(s));
        break;
      }
      case 'c': {  /* an 'int' as a character */
        char c = cast_uchar(va_arg(argp, int));
        addstr2buff(&buff, &c, sizeof(char));
        break;
      }
      case 'd': {  /* an 'int' */
        TValue num;
        setivalue(&num, va_arg(argp, int));
        addnum2buff(&buff, &num);
        break;
      }
      case 'I': {  /* a 'lua_Integer' */
        TValue num;
        setivalue(&num, cast(lua_Integer, va_arg(argp, l_uacInt)));
        addnum2buff(&buff, &num);
        break;
      }
      case 'f': {  /* a 'lua_Number' */
        TValue num;
        setfltvalue(&num, cast_num(va_arg(argp, l_uacNumber)));
        addnum2buff(&buff, &num);
        break;
      }
      case 'p': {  /* a pointer */
        const int sz = 3 * sizeof(void*) + 8; /* enough space for '%p' */
        char *bf = getbuff(&buff, sz);
        void *p = va_arg(argp, void *);
        int len = lua_pointer2str(bf, sz, p);
        addsize(&buff, len);
        break;
      }
      case 'U': {  /* a 'long' as a UTF-8 sequence */
        char bf[UTF8BUFFSZ];
        int len = luaO_utf8esc(bf, va_arg(argp, long));
        addstr2buff(&buff, bf + UTF8BUFFSZ - len, len);
        break;
      }
      case '%': {
        addstr2buff(&buff, "%", 1);
        break;
      }
      default: {
        luaG_runerror(L, "invalid option '%%%c' to 'lua_pushfstring'",
                         *(e + 1));
      }
    }
    fmt = e + 2;  /* skip '%' and the specifier */
  }
  addstr2buff(&buff, fmt, strlen(fmt));  /* rest of 'fmt' */
  clearbuff(&buff);  /* empty buffer into the stack */
  lua_assert(buff.pushed == 1);
  return svalue(s2v(L->top - 1));
}


const char *luaO_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
  const char *msg;
  va_list argp;
  va_start(argp, fmt);
  msg = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
  va_end(argp);
  return msg;
}

/* }================================================================== */


#define RETS	"..."
#define PRE	"[string \""
#define POS	"\"]"

#define addstr(a,b,l)	( memcpy(a,b,(l) * sizeof(char)), a += (l) )

void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, size_t srclen) {
  size_t bufflen = LUA_IDSIZE;  /* free space in buffer */
  if (*source == '=') {  /* 'literal' source */
    if (srclen <= bufflen)  /* small enough? */
      memcpy(out, source + 1, srclen * sizeof(char));
    else {  /* truncate it */
      addstr(out, source + 1, bufflen - 1);
      *out = '\0';
    }
  }
  else if (*source == '@') {  /* file name */
    if (srclen <= bufflen)  /* small enough? */
      memcpy(out, source + 1, srclen * sizeof(char));
    else {  /* add '...' before rest of name */
      addstr(out, RETS, LL(RETS));
      bufflen -= LL(RETS);
      memcpy(out, source + 1 + srclen - bufflen, bufflen * sizeof(char));
    }
  }
  else {  /* string; format as [string "source"] */
    const char *nl = strchr(source, '\n');  /* find first new line (if any) */
    addstr(out, PRE, LL(PRE));  /* add prefix */
    bufflen -= LL(PRE RETS POS) + 1;  /* save space for prefix+suffix+'\0' */
    if (srclen < bufflen && nl == NULL) {  /* small one-line source? */
      addstr(out, source, srclen);  /* keep it */
    }
    else {
      if (nl != NULL) srclen = nl - source;  /* stop at first newline */
      if (srclen > bufflen) srclen = bufflen;
      addstr(out, source, srclen);
      addstr(out, RETS, LL(RETS));
    }
    memcpy(out, POS, (LL(POS) + 1) * sizeof(char));
  }
}

/*
** $Id: ltm.c $
** Tag methods
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ltm_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/


static const char udatatypename[] = "userdata";

LUAI_DDEF const char *const luaT_typenames_[LUA_TOTALTYPES] = {
  "no value",
  "nil", "boolean", udatatypename, "number",
  "string", "table", "function", udatatypename, "thread",
  "upvalue", "proto" /* these last cases are used for tests only */
};


void luaT_init (lua_State *L) {
  static const char *const luaT_eventname[] = {  /* ORDER TM */
    "__index", "__newindex",
    "__gc", "__mode", "__len", "__eq",
    "__add", "__sub", "__mul", "__mod", "__pow",
    "__div", "__idiv",
    "__band", "__bor", "__bxor", "__shl", "__shr",
    "__unm", "__bnot", "__lt", "__le",
    "__concat", "__call", "__close"
  };
  int i;
  for (i=0; i<TM_N; i++) {
    G(L)->tmname[i] = luaS_new(L, luaT_eventname[i]);
    luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(G(L)->tmname[i]));  /* never collect these names */
  }
}


/*
** function to be used with macro "fasttm": optimized for absence of
** tag methods
*/
const TValue *luaT_gettm (Table *events, TMS event, TString *ename) {
  const TValue *tm = luaH_getshortstr(events, ename);
  lua_assert(event <= TM_EQ);
  if (notm(tm)) {  /* no tag method? */
    events->flags |= cast_byte(1u<<event);  /* cache this fact */
    return NULL;
  }
  else return tm;
}


const TValue *luaT_gettmbyobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, TMS event) {
  Table *mt;
  switch (ttype(o)) {
    case LUA_TTABLE:
      mt = hvalue(o)->metatable;
      break;
    case LUA_TUSERDATA:
      mt = uvalue(o)->metatable;
      break;
    default:
      mt = G(L)->mt[ttype(o)];
  }
  return (mt ? luaH_getshortstr(mt, G(L)->tmname[event]) : &G(L)->nilvalue);
}


/*
** Return the name of the type of an object. For tables and userdata
** with metatable, use their '__name' metafield, if present.
*/
const char *luaT_objtypename (lua_State *L, const TValue *o) {
  Table *mt;
  if ((ttistable(o) && (mt = hvalue(o)->metatable) != NULL) ||
      (ttisfulluserdata(o) && (mt = uvalue(o)->metatable) != NULL)) {
    const TValue *name = luaH_getshortstr(mt, luaS_new(L, "__name"));
    if (ttisstring(name))  /* is '__name' a string? */
      return getstr(tsvalue(name));  /* use it as type name */
  }
  return ttypename(ttype(o));  /* else use standard type name */
}


void luaT_callTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *f, const TValue *p1,
                  const TValue *p2, const TValue *p3) {
  StkId func = L->top;<--- Null pointer dereference
  setobj2s(L, func, f);  /* push function (assume EXTRA_STACK) */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  setobj2s(L, func + 1, p1);  /* 1st argument */
  setobj2s(L, func + 2, p2);  /* 2nd argument */
  setobj2s(L, func + 3, p3);  /* 3rd argument */
  L->top = func + 4;
  /* metamethod may yield only when called from Lua code */
  if (isLuacode(L->ci))
    luaD_call(L, func, 0);
  else
    luaD_callnoyield(L, func, 0);
}


void luaT_callTMres (lua_State *L, const TValue *f, const TValue *p1,
                     const TValue *p2, StkId res) {
  ptrdiff_t result = savestack(L, res);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  StkId func = L->top;<--- Null pointer dereference
  setobj2s(L, func, f);  /* push function (assume EXTRA_STACK) */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  setobj2s(L, func + 1, p1);  /* 1st argument */
  setobj2s(L, func + 2, p2);  /* 2nd argument */
  L->top += 3;
  /* metamethod may yield only when called from Lua code */
  if (isLuacode(L->ci))
    luaD_call(L, func, 1);
  else
    luaD_callnoyield(L, func, 1);
  res = restorestack(L, result);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  setobjs2s(L, res, --L->top);  /* move result to its place */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
}


static int callbinTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                      StkId res, TMS event) {
  const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p1, event);  /* try first operand */
  if (notm(tm))
    tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p2, event);  /* try second operand */
  if (notm(tm)) return 0;
  luaT_callTMres(L, tm, p1, p2, res);
  return 1;
}


void luaT_trybinTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                    StkId res, TMS event) {
  if (l_unlikely(!callbinTM(L, p1, p2, res, event))) {
    switch (event) {
      case TM_BAND: case TM_BOR: case TM_BXOR:
      case TM_SHL: case TM_SHR: case TM_BNOT: {
        if (ttisnumber(p1) && ttisnumber(p2))
          luaG_tointerror(L, p1, p2);
        else
          luaG_opinterror(L, p1, p2, "perform bitwise operation on");
      }
      /* calls never return, but to avoid warnings: *//* FALLTHROUGH */
      default:
        luaG_opinterror(L, p1, p2, "perform arithmetic on");
    }
  }
}


void luaT_tryconcatTM (lua_State *L) {
  StkId top = L->top;
  if (l_unlikely(!callbinTM(L, s2v(top - 2), s2v(top - 1), top - 2,
                               TM_CONCAT)))
    luaG_concaterror(L, s2v(top - 2), s2v(top - 1));
}


void luaT_trybinassocTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                                       int flip, StkId res, TMS event) {
  if (flip)
    luaT_trybinTM(L, p2, p1, res, event);
  else
    luaT_trybinTM(L, p1, p2, res, event);
}


void luaT_trybiniTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, lua_Integer i2,
                                   int flip, StkId res, TMS event) {
  TValue aux;
  setivalue(&aux, i2);
  luaT_trybinassocTM(L, p1, &aux, flip, res, event);
}


/*
** Calls an order tag method.
** For lessequal, LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE keeps compatibility with old
** behavior: if there is no '__le', try '__lt', based on l <= r iff
** !(r < l) (assuming a total order). If the metamethod yields during
** this substitution, the continuation has to know about it (to negate
** the result of r<l); bit CIST_LEQ in the call status keeps that
** information.
*/
int luaT_callorderTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
                      TMS event) {
  if (callbinTM(L, p1, p2, L->top, event))  /* try original event */
    return !l_isfalse(s2v(L->top));
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE)
  else if (event == TM_LE) {
      /* try '!(p2 < p1)' for '(p1 <= p2)' */
      L->ci->callstatus |= CIST_LEQ;  /* mark it is doing 'lt' for 'le' */
      if (callbinTM(L, p2, p1, L->top, TM_LT)) {
        L->ci->callstatus ^= CIST_LEQ;  /* clear mark */
        return l_isfalse(s2v(L->top));
      }
      /* else error will remove this 'ci'; no need to clear mark */
  }
#endif
  luaG_ordererror(L, p1, p2);  /* no metamethod found */
  return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
}


int luaT_callorderiTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, int v2,
                       int flip, int isfloat, TMS event) {
  TValue aux; const TValue *p2;
  if (isfloat) {
    setfltvalue(&aux, cast_num(v2));
  }
  else
    setivalue(&aux, v2);
  if (flip) {  /* arguments were exchanged? */
    p2 = p1; p1 = &aux;  /* correct them */
  }
  else
    p2 = &aux;
  return luaT_callorderTM(L, p1, p2, event);
}


void luaT_adjustvarargs (lua_State *L, int nfixparams, CallInfo *ci,
                         const Proto *p) {
  int i;
  int actual = cast_int(L->top - ci->func) - 1;  /* number of arguments */
  int nextra = actual - nfixparams;  /* number of extra arguments */
  ci->u.l.nextraargs = nextra;
  luaD_checkstack(L, p->maxstacksize + 1);
  /* copy function to the top of the stack */
  setobjs2s(L, L->top++, ci->func);
  /* move fixed parameters to the top of the stack */
  for (i = 1; i <= nfixparams; i++) {
    setobjs2s(L, L->top++, ci->func + i);
    setnilvalue(s2v(ci->func + i));  /* erase original parameter (for GC) */
  }
  ci->func += actual + 1;
  ci->top += actual + 1;
  lua_assert(L->top <= ci->top && ci->top <= L->stack_last);
}


void luaT_getvarargs (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, StkId where, int wanted) {
  int i;
  int nextra = ci->u.l.nextraargs;
  if (wanted < 0) {
    wanted = nextra;  /* get all extra arguments available */
    checkstackGCp(L, nextra, where);  /* ensure stack space */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    L->top = where + nextra;  /* next instruction will need top */
  }
  for (i = 0; i < wanted && i < nextra; i++)
    setobjs2s(L, where + i, ci->func - nextra + i);
  for (; i < wanted; i++)   /* complete required results with nil */
    setnilvalue(s2v(where + i));
}

/*
** $Id: lstring.c $
** String table (keeps all strings handled by Lua)
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lstring_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/


/*
** Maximum size for string table.
*/
#define MAXSTRTB	cast_int(luaM_limitN(MAX_INT, TString*))


/*
** equality for long strings
*/
int luaS_eqlngstr (TString *a, TString *b) {
  size_t len = a->u.lnglen;
  lua_assert(a->tt == LUA_VLNGSTR && b->tt == LUA_VLNGSTR);
  return (a == b) ||  /* same instance or... */
    ((len == b->u.lnglen) &&  /* equal length and ... */
     (memcmp(getstr(a), getstr(b), len) == 0));  /* equal contents */
}


unsigned int luaS_hash (const char *str, size_t l, unsigned int seed) {
  unsigned int h = seed ^ cast_uint(l);
  for (; l > 0; l--)
    h ^= ((h<<5) + (h>>2) + cast_byte(str[l - 1]));
  return h;
}


unsigned int luaS_hashlongstr (TString *ts) {
  lua_assert(ts->tt == LUA_VLNGSTR);
  if (ts->extra == 0) {  /* no hash? */
    size_t len = ts->u.lnglen;
    ts->hash = luaS_hash(getstr(ts), len, ts->hash);
    ts->extra = 1;  /* now it has its hash */
  }
  return ts->hash;
}


static void tablerehash (TString **vect, int osize, int nsize) {
  int i;
  for (i = osize; i < nsize; i++)  /* clear new elements */
    vect[i] = NULL;
  for (i = 0; i < osize; i++) {  /* rehash old part of the array */
    TString *p = vect[i];
    vect[i] = NULL;
    while (p) {  /* for each string in the list */
      TString *hnext = p->u.hnext;  /* save next */
      unsigned int h = lmod(p->hash, nsize);  /* new position */
      p->u.hnext = vect[h];  /* chain it into array */
      vect[h] = p;
      p = hnext;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Resize the string table. If allocation fails, keep the current size.
** (This can degrade performance, but any non-zero size should work
** correctly.)
*/
void luaS_resize (lua_State *L, int nsize) {
  stringtable *tb = &G(L)->strt;
  int osize = tb->size;
  TString **newvect;
  if (nsize < osize)  /* shrinking table? */
    tablerehash(tb->hash, osize, nsize);  /* depopulate shrinking part */
  newvect = luaM_reallocvector(L, tb->hash, osize, nsize, TString*);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (l_unlikely(newvect == NULL)) {  /* reallocation failed? */
    if (nsize < osize)  /* was it shrinking table? */
      tablerehash(tb->hash, nsize, osize);  /* restore to original size */
    /* leave table as it was */
  }
  else {  /* allocation succeeded */
    tb->hash = newvect;
    tb->size = nsize;
    if (nsize > osize)
      tablerehash(newvect, osize, nsize);  /* rehash for new size */
  }
}


/*
** Clear API string cache. (Entries cannot be empty, so fill them with
** a non-collectable string.)
*/
void luaS_clearcache (global_State *g) {
  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < STRCACHE_N; i++)
    for (j = 0; j < STRCACHE_M; j++) {
      if (iswhite(g->strcache[i][j]))  /* will entry be collected? */
        g->strcache[i][j] = g->memerrmsg;  /* replace it with something fixed */
    }
}


/*
** Initialize the string table and the string cache
*/
void luaS_init (lua_State *L) {
  global_State *g = G(L);
  int i, j;
  stringtable *tb = &G(L)->strt;
  tb->hash = luaM_newvector(L, MINSTRTABSIZE, TString*);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  tablerehash(tb->hash, 0, MINSTRTABSIZE);  /* clear array */
  tb->size = MINSTRTABSIZE;
  /* pre-create memory-error message */
  g->memerrmsg = luaS_newliteral(L, MEMERRMSG);
  luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(g->memerrmsg));  /* it should never be collected */
  for (i = 0; i < STRCACHE_N; i++)  /* fill cache with valid strings */
    for (j = 0; j < STRCACHE_M; j++)
      g->strcache[i][j] = g->memerrmsg;
}



/*
** creates a new string object
*/
static TString *createstrobj (lua_State *L, size_t l, int tag, unsigned int h) {
  TString *ts;
  GCObject *o;
  size_t totalsize;  /* total size of TString object */
  totalsize = sizelstring(l);
  o = luaC_newobj(L, tag, totalsize);
  ts = gco2ts(o);
  ts->hash = h;
  ts->extra = 0;
  getstr(ts)[l] = '\0';  /* ending 0 */
  return ts;
}


TString *luaS_createlngstrobj (lua_State *L, size_t l) {
  TString *ts = createstrobj(L, l, LUA_VLNGSTR, G(L)->seed);<--- Null pointer dereference
  ts->u.lnglen = l;
  return ts;
}


void luaS_remove (lua_State *L, TString *ts) {
  stringtable *tb = &G(L)->strt;
  TString **p = &tb->hash[lmod(ts->hash, tb->size)];
  while (*p != ts)  /* find previous element */
    p = &(*p)->u.hnext;
  *p = (*p)->u.hnext;  /* remove element from its list */
  tb->nuse--;
}


static void growstrtab (lua_State *L, stringtable *tb) {
  if (l_unlikely(tb->nuse == MAX_INT)) {  /* too many strings? */
    luaC_fullgc(L, 1);  /* try to free some... */
    if (tb->nuse == MAX_INT)  /* still too many? */
      luaM_error(L);  /* cannot even create a message... */
  }
  if (tb->size <= MAXSTRTB / 2)  /* can grow string table? */
    luaS_resize(L, tb->size * 2);
}


/*
** Checks whether short string exists and reuses it or creates a new one.
*/
static TString *internshrstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
  TString *ts;
  global_State *g = G(L);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  stringtable *tb = &g->strt;
  unsigned int h = luaS_hash(str, l, g->seed);
  TString **list = &tb->hash[lmod(h, tb->size)];
  lua_assert(str != NULL);  /* otherwise 'memcmp'/'memcpy' are undefined */
  for (ts = *list; ts != NULL; ts = ts->u.hnext) {
    if (l == ts->shrlen && (memcmp(str, getstr(ts), l * sizeof(char)) == 0)) {
      /* found! */
      if (isdead(g, ts))  /* dead (but not collected yet)? */
        changewhite(ts);  /* resurrect it */
      return ts;
    }
  }
  /* else must create a new string */
  if (tb->nuse >= tb->size) {  /* need to grow string table? */
    growstrtab(L, tb);
    list = &tb->hash[lmod(h, tb->size)];  /* rehash with new size */
  }
  ts = createstrobj(L, l, LUA_VSHRSTR, h);
  memcpy(getstr(ts), str, l * sizeof(char));
  ts->shrlen = cast_byte(l);
  ts->u.hnext = *list;
  *list = ts;
  tb->nuse++;
  return ts;
}


/*
** new string (with explicit length)
*/
TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
  if (l <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN)  /* short string? */
    return internshrstr(L, str, l);<--- Calling function 'internshrstr', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function internshrstr, 1st argument is null
  else {
    TString *ts;
    if (l_unlikely(l >= (MAX_SIZE - sizeof(TString))/sizeof(char)))<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
      luaM_toobig(L);
    ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(L, l);
    memcpy(getstr(ts), str, l * sizeof(char));
    return ts;
  }
}


/*
** Create or reuse a zero-terminated string, first checking in the
** cache (using the string address as a key). The cache can contain
** only zero-terminated strings, so it is safe to use 'strcmp' to
** check hits.
*/
TString *luaS_new (lua_State *L, const char *str) {
  unsigned int i = point2uint(str) % STRCACHE_N;  /* hash */
  int j;
  TString **p = G(L)->strcache[i];<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  for (j = 0; j < STRCACHE_M; j++) {
    if (strcmp(str, getstr(p[j])) == 0)  /* hit? */
      return p[j];  /* that is it */
  }
  /* normal route */
  for (j = STRCACHE_M - 1; j > 0; j--)
    p[j] = p[j - 1];  /* move out last element */
  /* new element is first in the list */
  p[0] = luaS_newlstr(L, str, strlen(str));
  return p[0];
}


Udata *luaS_newudata (lua_State *L, size_t s, int nuvalue) {
  Udata *u;
  int i;
  GCObject *o;
  if (l_unlikely(s > MAX_SIZE - udatamemoffset(nuvalue)))<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
    luaM_toobig(L);
  o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VUSERDATA, sizeudata(nuvalue, s));
  u = gco2u(o);
  u->len = s;
  u->nuvalue = nuvalue;
  u->metatable = NULL;
  for (i = 0; i < nuvalue; i++)
    setnilvalue(&u->uv[i].uv);
  return u;
}

/*
** $Id: ltable.c $
** Lua tables (hash)
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ltable_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


/*
** Implementation of tables (aka arrays, objects, or hash tables).
** Tables keep its elements in two parts: an array part and a hash part.
** Non-negative integer keys are all candidates to be kept in the array
** part. The actual size of the array is the largest 'n' such that
** more than half the slots between 1 and n are in use.
** Hash uses a mix of chained scatter table with Brent's variation.
** A main invariant of these tables is that, if an element is not
** in its main position (i.e. the 'original' position that its hash gives
** to it), then the colliding element is in its own main position.
** Hence even when the load factor reaches 100%, performance remains good.
*/

#include <math.h>
#include <limits.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/


/*
** MAXABITS is the largest integer such that MAXASIZE fits in an
** unsigned int.
*/
#define MAXABITS	cast_int(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1)


/*
** MAXASIZE is the maximum size of the array part. It is the minimum
** between 2^MAXABITS and the maximum size that, measured in bytes,
** fits in a 'size_t'.
*/
#define MAXASIZE	luaM_limitN(1u << MAXABITS, TValue)

/*
** MAXHBITS is the largest integer such that 2^MAXHBITS fits in a
** signed int.
*/
#define MAXHBITS	(MAXABITS - 1)


/*
** MAXHSIZE is the maximum size of the hash part. It is the minimum
** between 2^MAXHBITS and the maximum size such that, measured in bytes,
** it fits in a 'size_t'.
*/
#define MAXHSIZE	luaM_limitN(1u << MAXHBITS, Node)


/*
** When the original hash value is good, hashing by a power of 2
** avoids the cost of '%'.
*/
#define hashpow2(t,n)		(gnode(t, lmod((n), sizenode(t))))

/*
** for other types, it is better to avoid modulo by power of 2, as
** they can have many 2 factors.
*/
#define hashmod(t,n)	(gnode(t, ((n) % ((sizenode(t)-1)|1))))


#define hashstr(t,str)		hashpow2(t, (str)->hash)
#define hashboolean(t,p)	hashpow2(t, p)


#define hashpointer(t,p)	hashmod(t, point2uint(p))


#define dummynode		(&dummynode_)

static const Node dummynode_ = {
  {{NULL}, LUA_VEMPTY,  /* value's value and type */
   LUA_VNIL, 0, {NULL}}  /* key type, next, and key value */
};


static const TValue absentkey = {ABSTKEYCONSTANT};


/*
** Hash for integers. To allow a good hash, use the remainder operator
** ('%'). If integer fits as a non-negative int, compute an int
** remainder, which is faster. Otherwise, use an unsigned-integer
** remainder, which uses all bits and ensures a non-negative result.
*/
static Node *hashint (const Table *t, lua_Integer i) {
  lua_Unsigned ui = l_castS2U(i);
  if (ui <= (unsigned int)INT_MAX)
    return hashmod(t, cast_int(ui));
  else
    return hashmod(t, ui);
}


/*
** Hash for floating-point numbers.
** The main computation should be just
**     n = frexp(n, &i); return (n * INT_MAX) + i
** but there are some numerical subtleties.
** In a two-complement representation, INT_MAX does not has an exact
** representation as a float, but INT_MIN does; because the absolute
** value of 'frexp' is smaller than 1 (unless 'n' is inf/NaN), the
** absolute value of the product 'frexp * -INT_MIN' is smaller or equal
** to INT_MAX. Next, the use of 'unsigned int' avoids overflows when
** adding 'i'; the use of '~u' (instead of '-u') avoids problems with
** INT_MIN.
*/
#if !defined(l_hashfloat)
static int l_hashfloat (lua_Number n) {
  int i;
  lua_Integer ni;
  n = l_mathop(frexp)(n, &i) * -cast_num(INT_MIN);
  if (!lua_numbertointeger(n, &ni)) {  /* is 'n' inf/-inf/NaN? */
    lua_assert(luai_numisnan(n) || l_mathop(fabs)(n) == cast_num(HUGE_VAL));
    return 0;
  }
  else {  /* normal case */
    unsigned int u = cast_uint(i) + cast_uint(ni);
    return cast_int(u <= cast_uint(INT_MAX) ? u : ~u);
  }
}
#endif


/*
** returns the 'main' position of an element in a table (that is,
** the index of its hash value).
*/
static Node *mainpositionTV (const Table *t, const TValue *key) {
  switch (ttypetag(key)) {
    case LUA_VNUMINT: {
      lua_Integer i = ivalue(key);
      return hashint(t, i);
    }
    case LUA_VNUMFLT: {
      lua_Number n = fltvalue(key);
      return hashmod(t, l_hashfloat(n));
    }
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: {
      TString *ts = tsvalue(key);
      return hashstr(t, ts);
    }
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: {
      TString *ts = tsvalue(key);
      return hashpow2(t, luaS_hashlongstr(ts));
    }
    case LUA_VFALSE:
      return hashboolean(t, 0);
    case LUA_VTRUE:
      return hashboolean(t, 1);
    case LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA: {
      void *p = pvalue(key);
      return hashpointer(t, p);
    }
    case LUA_VLCF: {
      lua_CFunction f = fvalue(key);
      return hashpointer(t, f);
    }
    default: {
      GCObject *o = gcvalue(key);
      return hashpointer(t, o);
    }
  }
}


l_sinline Node *mainpositionfromnode (const Table *t, Node *nd) {
  TValue key;
  getnodekey(cast(lua_State *, NULL), &key, nd);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- Null pointer dereference  return mainpositionTV(t, &key);
}


/*
** Check whether key 'k1' is equal to the key in node 'n2'. This
** equality is raw, so there are no metamethods. Floats with integer
** values have been normalized, so integers cannot be equal to
** floats. It is assumed that 'eqshrstr' is simply pointer equality, so
** that short strings are handled in the default case.
** A true 'deadok' means to accept dead keys as equal to their original
** values. All dead keys are compared in the default case, by pointer
** identity. (Only collectable objects can produce dead keys.) Note that
** dead long strings are also compared by identity.
** Once a key is dead, its corresponding value may be collected, and
** then another value can be created with the same address. If this
** other value is given to 'next', 'equalkey' will signal a false
** positive. In a regular traversal, this situation should never happen,
** as all keys given to 'next' came from the table itself, and therefore
** could not have been collected. Outside a regular traversal, we
** have garbage in, garbage out. What is relevant is that this false
** positive does not break anything.  (In particular, 'next' will return
** some other valid item on the table or nil.)
*/
static int equalkey (const TValue *k1, const Node *n2, int deadok) {
  if ((rawtt(k1) != keytt(n2)) &&  /* not the same variants? */
       !(deadok && keyisdead(n2) && iscollectable(k1)))
   return 0;  /* cannot be same key */
  switch (keytt(n2)) {
    case LUA_VNIL: case LUA_VFALSE: case LUA_VTRUE:
      return 1;
    case LUA_VNUMINT:
      return (ivalue(k1) == keyival(n2));
    case LUA_VNUMFLT:
      return luai_numeq(fltvalue(k1), fltvalueraw(keyval(n2)));
    case LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA:
      return pvalue(k1) == pvalueraw(keyval(n2));
    case LUA_VLCF:
      return fvalue(k1) == fvalueraw(keyval(n2));
    case ctb(LUA_VLNGSTR):
      return luaS_eqlngstr(tsvalue(k1), keystrval(n2));
    default:
      return gcvalue(k1) == gcvalueraw(keyval(n2));
  }
}


/*
** True if value of 'alimit' is equal to the real size of the array
** part of table 't'. (Otherwise, the array part must be larger than
** 'alimit'.)
*/
#define limitequalsasize(t)	(isrealasize(t) || ispow2((t)->alimit))


/*
** Returns the real size of the 'array' array
*/
LUAI_FUNC unsigned int luaH_realasize (const Table *t) {
  if (limitequalsasize(t))
    return t->alimit;  /* this is the size */
  else {
    unsigned int size = t->alimit;
    /* compute the smallest power of 2 not smaller than 'n' */
    size |= (size >> 1);
    size |= (size >> 2);
    size |= (size >> 4);
    size |= (size >> 8);
    size |= (size >> 16);
#if (UINT_MAX >> 30) > 3
    size |= (size >> 32);  /* unsigned int has more than 32 bits */
#endif
    size++;
    lua_assert(ispow2(size) && size/2 < t->alimit && t->alimit < size);
    return size;
  }
}


/*
** Check whether real size of the array is a power of 2.
** (If it is not, 'alimit' cannot be changed to any other value
** without changing the real size.)
*/
static int ispow2realasize (const Table *t) {
  return (!isrealasize(t) || ispow2(t->alimit));
}


static unsigned int setlimittosize (Table *t) {
  t->alimit = luaH_realasize(t);
  setrealasize(t);
  return t->alimit;
}


#define limitasasize(t)	check_exp(isrealasize(t), t->alimit)



/*
** "Generic" get version. (Not that generic: not valid for integers,
** which may be in array part, nor for floats with integral values.)
** See explanation about 'deadok' in function 'equalkey'.
*/
static const TValue *getgeneric (Table *t, const TValue *key, int deadok) {
  Node *n = mainpositionTV(t, key);
  for (;;) {  /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */
    if (equalkey(key, n, deadok))
      return gval(n);  /* that's it */
    else {
      int nx = gnext(n);
      if (nx == 0)
        return &absentkey;  /* not found */
      n += nx;
    }
  }
}


/*
** returns the index for 'k' if 'k' is an appropriate key to live in
** the array part of a table, 0 otherwise.
*/
static unsigned int arrayindex (lua_Integer k) {
  if (l_castS2U(k) - 1u < MAXASIZE)  /* 'k' in [1, MAXASIZE]? */
    return cast_uint(k);  /* 'key' is an appropriate array index */
  else
    return 0;
}


/*
** returns the index of a 'key' for table traversals. First goes all
** elements in the array part, then elements in the hash part. The
** beginning of a traversal is signaled by 0.
*/
static unsigned int findindex (lua_State *L, Table *t, TValue *key,
                               unsigned int asize) {
  unsigned int i;
  if (ttisnil(key)) return 0;  /* first iteration */
  i = ttisinteger(key) ? arrayindex(ivalue(key)) : 0;
  if (i - 1u < asize)  /* is 'key' inside array part? */
    return i;  /* yes; that's the index */
  else {
    const TValue *n = getgeneric(t, key, 1);
    if (l_unlikely(isabstkey(n)))
      luaG_runerror(L, "invalid key to 'next'");  /* key not found */
    i = cast_int(nodefromval(n) - gnode(t, 0));  /* key index in hash table */
    /* hash elements are numbered after array ones */
    return (i + 1) + asize;
  }
}


int luaH_next (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key) {
  unsigned int asize = luaH_realasize(t);
  unsigned int i = findindex(L, t, s2v(key), asize);  /* find original key */
  for (; i < asize; i++) {  /* try first array part */
    if (!isempty(&t->array[i])) {  /* a non-empty entry? */
      setivalue(s2v(key), i + 1);
      setobj2s(L, key + 1, &t->array[i]);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  for (i -= asize; cast_int(i) < sizenode(t); i++) {  /* hash part */
    if (!isempty(gval(gnode(t, i)))) {  /* a non-empty entry? */
      Node *n = gnode(t, i);
      getnodekey(L, s2v(key), n);
      setobj2s(L, key + 1, gval(n));
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;  /* no more elements */
}


static void freehash (lua_State *L, Table *t) {
  if (!isdummy(t))
    luaM_freearray(L, t->node, cast_sizet(sizenode(t)));
}


/*
** {=============================================================
** Rehash
** ==============================================================
*/

/*
** Compute the optimal size for the array part of table 't'. 'nums' is a
** "count array" where 'nums[i]' is the number of integers in the table
** between 2^(i - 1) + 1 and 2^i. 'pna' enters with the total number of
** integer keys in the table and leaves with the number of keys that
** will go to the array part; return the optimal size.  (The condition
** 'twotoi > 0' in the for loop stops the loop if 'twotoi' overflows.)
*/
static unsigned int computesizes (unsigned int nums[], unsigned int *pna) {<--- Parameter 'nums' can be declared as const array
  int i;
  unsigned int twotoi;  /* 2^i (candidate for optimal size) */
  unsigned int a = 0;  /* number of elements smaller than 2^i */
  unsigned int na = 0;  /* number of elements to go to array part */
  unsigned int optimal = 0;  /* optimal size for array part */
  /* loop while keys can fill more than half of total size */
  for (i = 0, twotoi = 1;
       twotoi > 0 && *pna > twotoi / 2;
       i++, twotoi *= 2) {
    a += nums[i];
    if (a > twotoi/2) {  /* more than half elements present? */
      optimal = twotoi;  /* optimal size (till now) */
      na = a;  /* all elements up to 'optimal' will go to array part */
    }
  }
  lua_assert((optimal == 0 || optimal / 2 < na) && na <= optimal);
  *pna = na;
  return optimal;
}


static int countint (lua_Integer key, unsigned int *nums) {
  unsigned int k = arrayindex(key);
  if (k != 0) {  /* is 'key' an appropriate array index? */
    nums[luaO_ceillog2(k)]++;  /* count as such */
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0;
}


/*
** Count keys in array part of table 't': Fill 'nums[i]' with
** number of keys that will go into corresponding slice and return
** total number of non-nil keys.
*/
static unsigned int numusearray (const Table *t, unsigned int *nums) {
  int lg;
  unsigned int ttlg;  /* 2^lg */
  unsigned int ause = 0;  /* summation of 'nums' */
  unsigned int i = 1;  /* count to traverse all array keys */
  unsigned int asize = limitasasize(t);  /* real array size */
  /* traverse each slice */
  for (lg = 0, ttlg = 1; lg <= MAXABITS; lg++, ttlg *= 2) {
    unsigned int lc = 0;  /* counter */
    unsigned int lim = ttlg;
    if (lim > asize) {
      lim = asize;  /* adjust upper limit */
      if (i > lim)
        break;  /* no more elements to count */
    }
    /* count elements in range (2^(lg - 1), 2^lg] */
    for (; i <= lim; i++) {
      if (!isempty(&t->array[i-1]))
        lc++;
    }
    nums[lg] += lc;
    ause += lc;
  }
  return ause;
}


static int numusehash (const Table *t, unsigned int *nums, unsigned int *pna) {
  int totaluse = 0;  /* total number of elements */
  int ause = 0;  /* elements added to 'nums' (can go to array part) */
  int i = sizenode(t);
  while (i--) {
    Node *n = &t->node[i];
    if (!isempty(gval(n))) {
      if (keyisinteger(n))
        ause += countint(keyival(n), nums);
      totaluse++;
    }
  }
  *pna += ause;
  return totaluse;
}


/*
** Creates an array for the hash part of a table with the given
** size, or reuses the dummy node if size is zero.
** The computation for size overflow is in two steps: the first
** comparison ensures that the shift in the second one does not
** overflow.
*/
static void setnodevector (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int size) {
  if (size == 0) {  /* no elements to hash part? */
    t->node = cast(Node *, dummynode);  /* use common 'dummynode' */
    t->lsizenode = 0;
    t->lastfree = NULL;  /* signal that it is using dummy node */
  }
  else {
    int i;
    int lsize = luaO_ceillog2(size);
    if (lsize > MAXHBITS || (1u << lsize) > MAXHSIZE)
      luaG_runerror(L, "table overflow");
    size = twoto(lsize);
    t->node = luaM_newvector(L, size, Node);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    for (i = 0; i < (int)size; i++) {
      Node *n = gnode(t, i);
      gnext(n) = 0;
      setnilkey(n);
      setempty(gval(n));
    }
    t->lsizenode = cast_byte(lsize);
    t->lastfree = gnode(t, size);  /* all positions are free */
  }
}


/*
** (Re)insert all elements from the hash part of 'ot' into table 't'.
*/
static void reinsert (lua_State *L, Table *ot, Table *t) {
  int j;
  int size = sizenode(ot);
  for (j = 0; j < size; j++) {
    Node *old = gnode(ot, j);
    if (!isempty(gval(old))) {
      /* doesn't need barrier/invalidate cache, as entry was
         already present in the table */
      TValue k;
      getnodekey(L, &k, old);
      luaH_set(L, t, &k, gval(old));
    }
  }
}


/*
** Exchange the hash part of 't1' and 't2'.
*/
static void exchangehashpart (Table *t1, Table *t2) {
  lu_byte lsizenode = t1->lsizenode;
  Node *node = t1->node;
  Node *lastfree = t1->lastfree;
  t1->lsizenode = t2->lsizenode;
  t1->node = t2->node;
  t1->lastfree = t2->lastfree;
  t2->lsizenode = lsizenode;
  t2->node = node;
  t2->lastfree = lastfree;
}


/*
** Resize table 't' for the new given sizes. Both allocations (for
** the hash part and for the array part) can fail, which creates some
** subtleties. If the first allocation, for the hash part, fails, an
** error is raised and that is it. Otherwise, it copies the elements from
** the shrinking part of the array (if it is shrinking) into the new
** hash. Then it reallocates the array part.  If that fails, the table
** is in its original state; the function frees the new hash part and then
** raises the allocation error. Otherwise, it sets the new hash part
** into the table, initializes the new part of the array (if any) with
** nils and reinserts the elements of the old hash back into the new
** parts of the table.
*/
void luaH_resize (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int newasize,
                                          unsigned int nhsize) {
  unsigned int i;
  Table newt;  /* to keep the new hash part */
  unsigned int oldasize = setlimittosize(t);
  TValue *newarray;
  /* create new hash part with appropriate size into 'newt' */
  setnodevector(L, &newt, nhsize);
  if (newasize < oldasize) {  /* will array shrink? */
    t->alimit = newasize;  /* pretend array has new size... */
    exchangehashpart(t, &newt);  /* and new hash */
    /* re-insert into the new hash the elements from vanishing slice */
    for (i = newasize; i < oldasize; i++) {
      if (!isempty(&t->array[i]))
        luaH_setint(L, t, i + 1, &t->array[i]);
    }
    t->alimit = oldasize;  /* restore current size... */
    exchangehashpart(t, &newt);  /* and hash (in case of errors) */
  }
  /* allocate new array */
  newarray = luaM_reallocvector(L, t->array, oldasize, newasize, TValue);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (l_unlikely(newarray == NULL && newasize > 0)) {  /* allocation failed? */
    freehash(L, &newt);  /* release new hash part */
    luaM_error(L);  /* raise error (with array unchanged) */
  }
  /* allocation ok; initialize new part of the array */
  exchangehashpart(t, &newt);  /* 't' has the new hash ('newt' has the old) */
  t->array = newarray;  /* set new array part */
  t->alimit = newasize;
  for (i = oldasize; i < newasize; i++)  /* clear new slice of the array */
     setempty(&t->array[i]);
  /* re-insert elements from old hash part into new parts */
  reinsert(L, &newt, t);  /* 'newt' now has the old hash */
  freehash(L, &newt);  /* free old hash part */
}


void luaH_resizearray (lua_State *L, Table *t, unsigned int nasize) {
  int nsize = allocsizenode(t);
  luaH_resize(L, t, nasize, nsize);
}

/*
** nums[i] = number of keys 'k' where 2^(i - 1) < k <= 2^i
*/
static void rehash (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *ek) {
  unsigned int asize;  /* optimal size for array part */
  unsigned int na;  /* number of keys in the array part */
  unsigned int nums[MAXABITS + 1];
  int i;
  int totaluse;
  for (i = 0; i <= MAXABITS; i++) nums[i] = 0;  /* reset counts */
  setlimittosize(t);
  na = numusearray(t, nums);  /* count keys in array part */
  totaluse = na;  /* all those keys are integer keys */
  totaluse += numusehash(t, nums, &na);  /* count keys in hash part */
  /* count extra key */
  if (ttisinteger(ek))
    na += countint(ivalue(ek), nums);
  totaluse++;
  /* compute new size for array part */
  asize = computesizes(nums, &na);
  /* resize the table to new computed sizes */
  luaH_resize(L, t, asize, totaluse - na);
}



/*
** }=============================================================
*/


Table *luaH_new (lua_State *L) {
  GCObject *o = luaC_newobj(L, LUA_VTABLE, sizeof(Table));
  Table *t = gco2t(o);
  t->metatable = NULL;
  t->flags = cast_byte(maskflags);  /* table has no metamethod fields */
  t->array = NULL;
  t->alimit = 0;
  setnodevector(L, t, 0);
  return t;
}


void luaH_free (lua_State *L, Table *t) {
  freehash(L, t);
  luaM_freearray(L, t->array, luaH_realasize(t));
  luaM_free(L, t);
}


static Node *getfreepos (Table *t) {
  if (!isdummy(t)) {
    while (t->lastfree > t->node) {
      t->lastfree--;
      if (keyisnil(t->lastfree))
        return t->lastfree;
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* could not find a free place */
}



/*
** inserts a new key into a hash table; first, check whether key's main
** position is free. If not, check whether colliding node is in its main
** position or not: if it is not, move colliding node to an empty place and
** put new key in its main position; otherwise (colliding node is in its main
** position), new key goes to an empty position.
*/
void luaH_newkey (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key, TValue *value) {
  Node *mp;
  TValue aux;
  if (l_unlikely(ttisnil(key)))
    luaG_runerror(L, "table index is nil");
  else if (ttisfloat(key)) {
    lua_Number f = fltvalue(key);
    lua_Integer k;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &k, F2Ieq)) {  /* does key fit in an integer? */
      setivalue(&aux, k);
      key = &aux;  /* insert it as an integer */
    }
    else if (l_unlikely(luai_numisnan(f)))
      luaG_runerror(L, "table index is NaN");
  }
  if (ttisnil(value))
    return;  /* do not insert nil values */
  mp = mainpositionTV(t, key);
  if (!isempty(gval(mp)) || isdummy(t)) {  /* main position is taken? */
    Node *othern;
    Node *f = getfreepos(t);  /* get a free place */
    if (f == NULL) {  /* cannot find a free place? */
      rehash(L, t, key);  /* grow table */
      /* whatever called 'newkey' takes care of TM cache */
      luaH_set(L, t, key, value);  /* insert key into grown table */
      return;
    }
    lua_assert(!isdummy(t));
    othern = mainpositionfromnode(t, mp);
    if (othern != mp) {  /* is colliding node out of its main position? */
      /* yes; move colliding node into free position */
      while (othern + gnext(othern) != mp)  /* find previous */
        othern += gnext(othern);
      gnext(othern) = cast_int(f - othern);  /* rechain to point to 'f' */
      *f = *mp;  /* copy colliding node into free pos. (mp->next also goes) */
      if (gnext(mp) != 0) {
        gnext(f) += cast_int(mp - f);  /* correct 'next' */
        gnext(mp) = 0;  /* now 'mp' is free */
      }
      setempty(gval(mp));
    }
    else {  /* colliding node is in its own main position */
      /* new node will go into free position */
      if (gnext(mp) != 0)
        gnext(f) = cast_int((mp + gnext(mp)) - f);  /* chain new position */
      else lua_assert(gnext(f) == 0);
      gnext(mp) = cast_int(f - mp);
      mp = f;
    }
  }
  setnodekey(L, mp, key);
  luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(t), key);
  lua_assert(isempty(gval(mp)));
  setobj2t(L, gval(mp), value);
}


/*
** Search function for integers. If integer is inside 'alimit', get it
** directly from the array part. Otherwise, if 'alimit' is not equal to
** the real size of the array, key still can be in the array part. In
** this case, try to avoid a call to 'luaH_realasize' when key is just
** one more than the limit (so that it can be incremented without
** changing the real size of the array).
*/
const TValue *luaH_getint (Table *t, lua_Integer key) {
  if (l_castS2U(key) - 1u < t->alimit)  /* 'key' in [1, t->alimit]? */
    return &t->array[key - 1];
  else if (!limitequalsasize(t) &&  /* key still may be in the array part? */
           (l_castS2U(key) == t->alimit + 1 ||
            l_castS2U(key) - 1u < luaH_realasize(t))) {
    t->alimit = cast_uint(key);  /* probably '#t' is here now */
    return &t->array[key - 1];
  }
  else {
    Node *n = hashint(t, key);
    for (;;) {  /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */
      if (keyisinteger(n) && keyival(n) == key)
        return gval(n);  /* that's it */
      else {
        int nx = gnext(n);
        if (nx == 0) break;
        n += nx;
      }
    }
    return &absentkey;
  }
}


/*
** search function for short strings
*/
const TValue *luaH_getshortstr (Table *t, TString *key) {
  Node *n = hashstr(t, key);
  lua_assert(key->tt == LUA_VSHRSTR);
  for (;;) {  /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */
    if (keyisshrstr(n) && eqshrstr(keystrval(n), key))
      return gval(n);  /* that's it */
    else {
      int nx = gnext(n);
      if (nx == 0)
        return &absentkey;  /* not found */
      n += nx;
    }
  }
}


const TValue *luaH_getstr (Table *t, TString *key) {
  if (key->tt == LUA_VSHRSTR)
    return luaH_getshortstr(t, key);
  else {  /* for long strings, use generic case */
    TValue ko;
    setsvalue(cast(lua_State *, NULL), &ko, key);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- Null pointer dereference    return getgeneric(t, &ko, 0);
  }
}


/*
** main search function
*/
const TValue *luaH_get (Table *t, const TValue *key) {
  switch (ttypetag(key)) {
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: return luaH_getshortstr(t, tsvalue(key));
    case LUA_VNUMINT: return luaH_getint(t, ivalue(key));
    case LUA_VNIL: return &absentkey;
    case LUA_VNUMFLT: {
      lua_Integer k;
      if (luaV_flttointeger(fltvalue(key), &k, F2Ieq)) /* integral index? */
        return luaH_getint(t, k);  /* use specialized version */
      /* else... */
    }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
    default:
      return getgeneric(t, key, 0);
  }
}


/*
** Finish a raw "set table" operation, where 'slot' is where the value
** should have been (the result of a previous "get table").
** Beware: when using this function you probably need to check a GC
** barrier and invalidate the TM cache.
*/
void luaH_finishset (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key,
                                   const TValue *slot, TValue *value) {
  if (isabstkey(slot))
    luaH_newkey(L, t, key, value);
  else
    setobj2t(L, cast(TValue *, slot), value);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}


/*
** beware: when using this function you probably need to check a GC
** barrier and invalidate the TM cache.
*/
void luaH_set (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key, TValue *value) {
  const TValue *slot = luaH_get(t, key);
  luaH_finishset(L, t, key, slot, value);
}


void luaH_setint (lua_State *L, Table *t, lua_Integer key, TValue *value) {
  const TValue *p = luaH_getint(t, key);
  if (isabstkey(p)) {
    TValue k;
    setivalue(&k, key);
    luaH_newkey(L, t, &k, value);
  }
  else
    setobj2t(L, cast(TValue *, p), value);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}


/*
** Try to find a boundary in the hash part of table 't'. From the
** caller, we know that 'j' is zero or present and that 'j + 1' is
** present. We want to find a larger key that is absent from the
** table, so that we can do a binary search between the two keys to
** find a boundary. We keep doubling 'j' until we get an absent index.
** If the doubling would overflow, we try LUA_MAXINTEGER. If it is
** absent, we are ready for the binary search. ('j', being max integer,
** is larger or equal to 'i', but it cannot be equal because it is
** absent while 'i' is present; so 'j > i'.) Otherwise, 'j' is a
** boundary. ('j + 1' cannot be a present integer key because it is
** not a valid integer in Lua.)
*/
static lua_Unsigned hash_search (Table *t, lua_Unsigned j) {
  lua_Unsigned i;
  if (j == 0) j++;  /* the caller ensures 'j + 1' is present */
  do {
    i = j;  /* 'i' is a present index */
    if (j <= l_castS2U(LUA_MAXINTEGER) / 2)<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
      j *= 2;
    else {
      j = LUA_MAXINTEGER;<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
      if (isempty(luaH_getint(t, j)))  /* t[j] not present? */
        break;  /* 'j' now is an absent index */
      else  /* weird case */
        return j;  /* well, max integer is a boundary... */
    }
  } while (!isempty(luaH_getint(t, j)));  /* repeat until an absent t[j] */
  /* i < j  &&  t[i] present  &&  t[j] absent */
  while (j - i > 1u) {  /* do a binary search between them */
    lua_Unsigned m = (i + j) / 2;
    if (isempty(luaH_getint(t, m))) j = m;
    else i = m;
  }
  return i;
}


static unsigned int binsearch (const TValue *array, unsigned int i,
                                                    unsigned int j) {
  while (j - i > 1u) {  /* binary search */
    unsigned int m = (i + j) / 2;
    if (isempty(&array[m - 1])) j = m;
    else i = m;
  }
  return i;
}


/*
** Try to find a boundary in table 't'. (A 'boundary' is an integer index
** such that t[i] is present and t[i+1] is absent, or 0 if t[1] is absent
** and 'maxinteger' if t[maxinteger] is present.)
** (In the next explanation, we use Lua indices, that is, with base 1.
** The code itself uses base 0 when indexing the array part of the table.)
** The code starts with 'limit = t->alimit', a position in the array
** part that may be a boundary.
**
** (1) If 't[limit]' is empty, there must be a boundary before it.
** As a common case (e.g., after 't[#t]=nil'), check whether 'limit-1'
** is present. If so, it is a boundary. Otherwise, do a binary search
** between 0 and limit to find a boundary. In both cases, try to
** use this boundary as the new 'alimit', as a hint for the next call.
**
** (2) If 't[limit]' is not empty and the array has more elements
** after 'limit', try to find a boundary there. Again, try first
** the special case (which should be quite frequent) where 'limit+1'
** is empty, so that 'limit' is a boundary. Otherwise, check the
** last element of the array part. If it is empty, there must be a
** boundary between the old limit (present) and the last element
** (absent), which is found with a binary search. (This boundary always
** can be a new limit.)
**
** (3) The last case is when there are no elements in the array part
** (limit == 0) or its last element (the new limit) is present.
** In this case, must check the hash part. If there is no hash part
** or 'limit+1' is absent, 'limit' is a boundary.  Otherwise, call
** 'hash_search' to find a boundary in the hash part of the table.
** (In those cases, the boundary is not inside the array part, and
** therefore cannot be used as a new limit.)
*/
lua_Unsigned luaH_getn (Table *t) {
  unsigned int limit = t->alimit;
  if (limit > 0 && isempty(&t->array[limit - 1])) {  /* (1)? */
    /* there must be a boundary before 'limit' */
    if (limit >= 2 && !isempty(&t->array[limit - 2])) {
      /* 'limit - 1' is a boundary; can it be a new limit? */
      if (ispow2realasize(t) && !ispow2(limit - 1)) {
        t->alimit = limit - 1;
        setnorealasize(t);  /* now 'alimit' is not the real size */
      }
      return limit - 1;
    }
    else {  /* must search for a boundary in [0, limit] */
      unsigned int boundary = binsearch(t->array, 0, limit);
      /* can this boundary represent the real size of the array? */
      if (ispow2realasize(t) && boundary > luaH_realasize(t) / 2) {
        t->alimit = boundary;  /* use it as the new limit */
        setnorealasize(t);
      }
      return boundary;
    }
  }
  /* 'limit' is zero or present in table */
  if (!limitequalsasize(t)) {  /* (2)? */
    /* 'limit' > 0 and array has more elements after 'limit' */
    if (isempty(&t->array[limit]))  /* 'limit + 1' is empty? */
      return limit;  /* this is the boundary */
    /* else, try last element in the array */
    limit = luaH_realasize(t);
    if (isempty(&t->array[limit - 1])) {  /* empty? */
      /* there must be a boundary in the array after old limit,
         and it must be a valid new limit */
      unsigned int boundary = binsearch(t->array, t->alimit, limit);
      t->alimit = boundary;
      return boundary;
    }
    /* else, new limit is present in the table; check the hash part */
  }
  /* (3) 'limit' is the last element and either is zero or present in table */
  lua_assert(limit == luaH_realasize(t) &&
             (limit == 0 || !isempty(&t->array[limit - 1])));
  if (isdummy(t) || isempty(luaH_getint(t, cast(lua_Integer, limit + 1))))
    return limit;  /* 'limit + 1' is absent */
  else  /* 'limit + 1' is also present */
    return hash_search(t, limit);
}



#if defined(LUA_DEBUG)

/* export these functions for the test library */

Node *luaH_mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key) {
  return mainpositionTV(t, key);
}

int luaH_isdummy (const Table *t) { return isdummy(t); }

#endif
/*
** $Id: ldo.c $
** Stack and Call structure of Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ldo_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <setjmp.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lapi.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lparser.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lundump.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/
/*#include "lzio.h"*/



#define errorstatus(s)	((s) > LUA_YIELD)


/*
** {======================================================
** Error-recovery functions
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** LUAI_THROW/LUAI_TRY define how Lua does exception handling. By
** default, Lua handles errors with exceptions when compiling as
** C++ code, with _longjmp/_setjmp when asked to use them, and with
** longjmp/setjmp otherwise.
*/
#if !defined(LUAI_THROW)				/* { */

#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(LUA_USE_LONGJMP)	/* { */

/* C++ exceptions */
#define LUAI_THROW(L,c)		throw(c)
#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a) \
	try { a } catch(...) { if ((c)->status == 0) (c)->status = -1; }
#define luai_jmpbuf		int  /* dummy variable */

#elif defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)				/* }{ */

/* in POSIX, try _longjmp/_setjmp (more efficient) */
#define LUAI_THROW(L,c)		_longjmp((c)->b, 1)
#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a)		if (_setjmp((c)->b) == 0) { a }
#define luai_jmpbuf		jmp_buf

#else							/* }{ */

/* ISO C handling with long jumps */
#define LUAI_THROW(L,c)		longjmp((c)->b, 1)
#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a)		if (setjmp((c)->b) == 0) { a }
#define luai_jmpbuf		jmp_buf

#endif							/* } */

#endif							/* } */



/* chain list of long jump buffers */
struct lua_longjmp {
  struct lua_longjmp *previous;
  luai_jmpbuf b;
  volatile int status;  /* error code */
};


void luaD_seterrorobj (lua_State *L, int errcode, StkId oldtop) {
  switch (errcode) {
    case LUA_ERRMEM: {  /* memory error? */
      setsvalue2s(L, oldtop, G(L)->memerrmsg); /* reuse preregistered msg. */<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
      break;
    }
    case LUA_ERRERR: {
      setsvalue2s(L, oldtop, luaS_newliteral(L, "error in error handling"));
      break;
    }
    case LUA_OK: {  /* special case only for closing upvalues */
      setnilvalue(s2v(oldtop));  /* no error message */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      lua_assert(errorstatus(errcode));  /* real error */
      setobjs2s(L, oldtop, L->top - 1);  /* error message on current top */
      break;
    }
  }
  L->top = oldtop + 1;
}


l_noret luaD_throw (lua_State *L, int errcode) {
  if (L->errorJmp) {  /* thread has an error handler? */<--- Null pointer dereference
    L->errorJmp->status = errcode;  /* set status */
    LUAI_THROW(L, L->errorJmp);  /* jump to it */
  }
  else {  /* thread has no error handler */
    global_State *g = G(L);<--- Null pointer dereference
    errcode = luaE_resetthread(L, errcode);  /* close all upvalues */<--- Calling function 'luaE_resetthread', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaE_resetthread', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function luaE_resetthread, 1st argument is null
    if (g->mainthread->errorJmp) {  /* main thread has a handler? */
      setobjs2s(L, g->mainthread->top++, L->top - 1);  /* copy error obj. */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
      luaD_throw(g->mainthread, errcode);  /* re-throw in main thread */
    }
    else {  /* no handler at all; abort */
      if (g->panic) {  /* panic function? */
        lua_unlock(L);
        g->panic(L);  /* call panic function (last chance to jump out) */
      }
      abort();
    }
  }
}


int luaD_rawrunprotected (lua_State *L, Pfunc f, void *ud) {
  l_uint32 oldnCcalls = L->nCcalls;
  struct lua_longjmp lj;
  lj.status = LUA_OK;
  lj.previous = L->errorJmp;  /* chain new error handler */
  L->errorJmp = &lj;
  LUAI_TRY(L, &lj,
    (*f)(L, ud);
  );
  L->errorJmp = lj.previous;  /* restore old error handler */
  L->nCcalls = oldnCcalls;
  return lj.status;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Stack reallocation
** ===================================================================
*/
static void correctstack (lua_State *L, StkId oldstack, StkId newstack) {<--- Parameter 'oldstack' can be declared as pointer to const
  CallInfo *ci;
  UpVal *up;
  L->top = (L->top - oldstack) + newstack;
  L->tbclist = (L->tbclist - oldstack) + newstack;
  for (up = L->openupval; up != NULL; up = up->u.open.next)
    up->v = s2v((uplevel(up) - oldstack) + newstack);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  for (ci = L->ci; ci != NULL; ci = ci->previous) {
    ci->top = (ci->top - oldstack) + newstack;
    ci->func = (ci->func - oldstack) + newstack;
    if (isLua(ci))
      ci->u.l.trap = 1;  /* signal to update 'trap' in 'luaV_execute' */
  }
}


/* some space for error handling */
#define ERRORSTACKSIZE	(LUAI_MAXSTACK + 200)


/*
** Reallocate the stack to a new size, correcting all pointers into
** it. (There are pointers to a stack from its upvalues, from its list
** of call infos, plus a few individual pointers.) The reallocation is
** done in two steps (allocation + free) because the correction must be
** done while both addresses (the old stack and the new one) are valid.
** (In ISO C, any pointer use after the pointer has been deallocated is
** undefined behavior.)
** In case of allocation error, raise an error or return false according
** to 'raiseerror'.
*/
int luaD_reallocstack (lua_State *L, int newsize, int raiseerror) {
  int oldsize = stacksize(L);
  int i;
  StkId newstack = luaM_reallocvector(L, NULL, 0,<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
                                      newsize + EXTRA_STACK, StackValue);
  lua_assert(newsize <= LUAI_MAXSTACK || newsize == ERRORSTACKSIZE);
  if (l_unlikely(newstack == NULL)) {  /* reallocation failed? */
    if (raiseerror)
      luaM_error(L);
    else return 0;  /* do not raise an error */
  }
  /* number of elements to be copied to the new stack */
  i = ((oldsize <= newsize) ? oldsize : newsize) + EXTRA_STACK;
  memcpy(newstack, L->stack, i * sizeof(StackValue));
  for (; i < newsize + EXTRA_STACK; i++)
    setnilvalue(s2v(newstack + i)); /* erase new segment */
  correctstack(L, L->stack, newstack);
  luaM_freearray(L, L->stack, oldsize + EXTRA_STACK);
  L->stack = newstack;
  L->stack_last = L->stack + newsize;
  return 1;
}


/*
** Try to grow the stack by at least 'n' elements. when 'raiseerror'
** is true, raises any error; otherwise, return 0 in case of errors.
*/
int luaD_growstack (lua_State *L, int n, int raiseerror) {
  int size = stacksize(L);
  if (l_unlikely(size > LUAI_MAXSTACK)) {
    /* if stack is larger than maximum, thread is already using the
       extra space reserved for errors, that is, thread is handling
       a stack error; cannot grow further than that. */
    lua_assert(stacksize(L) == ERRORSTACKSIZE);
    if (raiseerror)
      luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);  /* error inside message handler */
    return 0;  /* if not 'raiseerror', just signal it */
  }
  else {
    int newsize = 2 * size;  /* tentative new size */
    int needed = cast_int(L->top - L->stack) + n;
    if (newsize > LUAI_MAXSTACK)  /* cannot cross the limit */
      newsize = LUAI_MAXSTACK;
    if (newsize < needed)  /* but must respect what was asked for */
      newsize = needed;
    if (l_likely(newsize <= LUAI_MAXSTACK))
      return luaD_reallocstack(L, newsize, raiseerror);
    else {  /* stack overflow */
      /* add extra size to be able to handle the error message */
      luaD_reallocstack(L, ERRORSTACKSIZE, raiseerror);
      if (raiseerror)
        luaG_runerror(L, "stack overflow");
      return 0;
    }
  }
}


static int stackinuse (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  int res;
  StkId lim = L->top;
  for (ci = L->ci; ci != NULL; ci = ci->previous) {
    if (lim < ci->top) lim = ci->top;
  }
  lua_assert(lim <= L->stack_last);
  res = cast_int(lim - L->stack) + 1;  /* part of stack in use */
  if (res < LUA_MINSTACK)
    res = LUA_MINSTACK;  /* ensure a minimum size */
  return res;
}


/*
** If stack size is more than 3 times the current use, reduce that size
** to twice the current use. (So, the final stack size is at most 2/3 the
** previous size, and half of its entries are empty.)
** As a particular case, if stack was handling a stack overflow and now
** it is not, 'max' (limited by LUAI_MAXSTACK) will be smaller than
** stacksize (equal to ERRORSTACKSIZE in this case), and so the stack
** will be reduced to a "regular" size.
*/
void luaD_shrinkstack (lua_State *L) {
  int inuse = stackinuse(L);
  int nsize = inuse * 2;  /* proposed new size */
  int max = inuse * 3;  /* maximum "reasonable" size */
  if (max > LUAI_MAXSTACK) {
    max = LUAI_MAXSTACK;  /* respect stack limit */
    if (nsize > LUAI_MAXSTACK)
      nsize = LUAI_MAXSTACK;
  }
  /* if thread is currently not handling a stack overflow and its
     size is larger than maximum "reasonable" size, shrink it */
  if (inuse <= LUAI_MAXSTACK && stacksize(L) > max)
    luaD_reallocstack(L, nsize, 0);  /* ok if that fails */
  else  /* don't change stack */
    condmovestack(L,{},{});  /* (change only for debugging) */
  luaE_shrinkCI(L);  /* shrink CI list */
}


void luaD_inctop (lua_State *L) {
  luaD_checkstack(L, 1);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  L->top++;
}

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** Call a hook for the given event. Make sure there is a hook to be
** called. (Both 'L->hook' and 'L->hookmask', which trigger this
** function, can be changed asynchronously by signals.)
*/
void luaD_hook (lua_State *L, int event, int line,
                              int ftransfer, int ntransfer) {
  lua_Hook hook = L->hook;
  if (hook && L->allowhook) {  /* make sure there is a hook */
    int mask = CIST_HOOKED;
    CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
    ptrdiff_t top = savestack(L, L->top);  /* preserve original 'top' */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    ptrdiff_t ci_top = savestack(L, ci->top);  /* idem for 'ci->top' */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    lua_Debug ar;
    ar.event = event;
    ar.currentline = line;
    ar.i_ci = ci;
    if (ntransfer != 0) {
      mask |= CIST_TRAN;  /* 'ci' has transfer information */
      ci->u2.transferinfo.ftransfer = ftransfer;
      ci->u2.transferinfo.ntransfer = ntransfer;
    }
    if (isLua(ci) && L->top < ci->top)
      L->top = ci->top;  /* protect entire activation register */
    luaD_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK);  /* ensure minimum stack size */
    if (ci->top < L->top + LUA_MINSTACK)
      ci->top = L->top + LUA_MINSTACK;<--- ci->top is assigned
    L->allowhook = 0;  /* cannot call hooks inside a hook */
    ci->callstatus |= mask;
    lua_unlock(L);
    (*hook)(L, &ar);
    lua_lock(L);
    lua_assert(!L->allowhook);
    L->allowhook = 1;
    ci->top = restorestack(L, ci_top);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- ci->top is overwritten    L->top = restorestack(L, top);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    ci->callstatus &= ~mask;
  }
}


/*
** Executes a call hook for Lua functions. This function is called
** whenever 'hookmask' is not zero, so it checks whether call hooks are
** active.
*/
void luaD_hookcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci) {
  L->oldpc = 0;  /* set 'oldpc' for new function */
  if (L->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL) {  /* is call hook on? */
    int event = (ci->callstatus & CIST_TAIL) ? LUA_HOOKTAILCALL
                                             : LUA_HOOKCALL;
    Proto *p = ci_func(ci)->p;
    ci->u.l.savedpc++;  /* hooks assume 'pc' is already incremented */
    luaD_hook(L, event, -1, 1, p->numparams);
    ci->u.l.savedpc--;  /* correct 'pc' */
  }
}


/*
** Executes a return hook for Lua and C functions and sets/corrects
** 'oldpc'. (Note that this correction is needed by the line hook, so it
** is done even when return hooks are off.)
*/
static void rethook (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int nres) {
  if (L->hookmask & LUA_MASKRET) {  /* is return hook on? */
    StkId firstres = L->top - nres;  /* index of first result */
    int delta = 0;  /* correction for vararg functions */
    int ftransfer;
    if (isLua(ci)) {
      Proto *p = ci_func(ci)->p;
      if (p->is_vararg)
        delta = ci->u.l.nextraargs + p->numparams + 1;
    }
    ci->func += delta;  /* if vararg, back to virtual 'func' */
    ftransfer = cast(unsigned short, firstres - ci->func);
    luaD_hook(L, LUA_HOOKRET, -1, ftransfer, nres);  /* call it */
    ci->func -= delta;
  }
  if (isLua(ci = ci->previous))
    L->oldpc = pcRel(ci->u.l.savedpc, ci_func(ci)->p);  /* set 'oldpc' */
}


/*
** Check whether 'func' has a '__call' metafield. If so, put it in the
** stack, below original 'func', so that 'luaD_precall' can call it. Raise
** an error if there is no '__call' metafield.
*/
StkId luaD_tryfuncTM (lua_State *L, StkId func) {
  const TValue *tm;
  StkId p;
  checkstackGCp(L, 1, func);  /* space for metamethod */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, s2v(func), TM_CALL);  /* (after previous GC) */
  if (l_unlikely(ttisnil(tm)))
    luaG_callerror(L, s2v(func));  /* nothing to call */
  for (p = L->top; p > func; p--)  /* open space for metamethod */
    setobjs2s(L, p, p-1);
  L->top++;  /* stack space pre-allocated by the caller */<--- Null pointer dereference
  setobj2s(L, func, tm);  /* metamethod is the new function to be called */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  return func;
}


/*
** Given 'nres' results at 'firstResult', move 'wanted' of them to 'res'.
** Handle most typical cases (zero results for commands, one result for
** expressions, multiple results for tail calls/single parameters)
** separated.
*/
l_sinline void moveresults (lua_State *L, StkId res, int nres, int wanted) {
  StkId firstresult;
  int i;
  switch (wanted) {  /* handle typical cases separately */
    case 0:  /* no values needed */
      L->top = res;
      return;
    case 1:  /* one value needed */
      if (nres == 0)   /* no results? */
        setnilvalue(s2v(res));  /* adjust with nil */
      else  /* at least one result */
        setobjs2s(L, res, L->top - nres);  /* move it to proper place */
      L->top = res + 1;
      return;
    case LUA_MULTRET:
      wanted = nres;  /* we want all results */
      break;
    default:  /* two/more results and/or to-be-closed variables */
      if (hastocloseCfunc(wanted)) {  /* to-be-closed variables? */
        ptrdiff_t savedres = savestack(L, res);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        L->ci->callstatus |= CIST_CLSRET;  /* in case of yields */
        L->ci->u2.nres = nres;
        luaF_close(L, res, CLOSEKTOP, 1);
        L->ci->callstatus &= ~CIST_CLSRET;
        if (L->hookmask)  /* if needed, call hook after '__close's */
          rethook(L, L->ci, nres);
        res = restorestack(L, savedres);  /* close and hook can move stack */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        wanted = decodeNresults(wanted);
        if (wanted == LUA_MULTRET)
          wanted = nres;  /* we want all results */
      }
      break;
  }
  /* generic case */
  firstresult = L->top - nres;  /* index of first result */<--- Null pointer dereference
  if (nres > wanted)  /* extra results? */
    nres = wanted;  /* don't need them */
  for (i = 0; i < nres; i++)  /* move all results to correct place */
    setobjs2s(L, res + i, firstresult + i);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  for (; i < wanted; i++)  /* complete wanted number of results */
    setnilvalue(s2v(res + i));
  L->top = res + wanted;  /* top points after the last result */
}


/*
** Finishes a function call: calls hook if necessary, moves current
** number of results to proper place, and returns to previous call
** info. If function has to close variables, hook must be called after
** that.
*/
void luaD_poscall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int nres) {
  int wanted = ci->nresults;
  if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask && !hastocloseCfunc(wanted)))
    rethook(L, ci, nres);
  /* move results to proper place */
  moveresults(L, ci->func, nres, wanted);
  /* function cannot be in any of these cases when returning */
  lua_assert(!(ci->callstatus &
        (CIST_HOOKED | CIST_YPCALL | CIST_FIN | CIST_TRAN | CIST_CLSRET)));
  L->ci = ci->previous;  /* back to caller (after closing variables) */
}



#define next_ci(L)  (L->ci->next ? L->ci->next : luaE_extendCI(L))


l_sinline CallInfo *prepCallInfo (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nret,
                                                int mask, StkId top) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci = next_ci(L);  /* new frame */
  ci->func = func;
  ci->nresults = nret;
  ci->callstatus = mask;
  ci->top = top;
  return ci;
}


/*
** precall for C functions
*/
l_sinline int precallC (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nresults,
                                            lua_CFunction f) {
  int n;  /* number of returns */
  CallInfo *ci;
  checkstackGCp(L, LUA_MINSTACK, func);  /* ensure minimum stack size */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  L->ci = ci = prepCallInfo(L, func, nresults, CIST_C,
                               L->top + LUA_MINSTACK);
  lua_assert(ci->top <= L->stack_last);
  if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL)) {
    int narg = cast_int(L->top - func) - 1;
    luaD_hook(L, LUA_HOOKCALL, -1, 1, narg);
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  n = (*f)(L);  /* do the actual call */
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, n);
  luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);
  return n;
}


/*
** Prepare a function for a tail call, building its call info on top
** of the current call info. 'narg1' is the number of arguments plus 1
** (so that it includes the function itself). Return the number of
** results, if it was a C function, or -1 for a Lua function.
*/
int luaD_pretailcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, StkId func,
                                    int narg1, int delta) {
 retry:
  switch (ttypetag(s2v(func))) {
    case LUA_VCCL:  /* C closure */
      return precallC(L, func, LUA_MULTRET, clCvalue(s2v(func))->f);
    case LUA_VLCF:  /* light C function */
      return precallC(L, func, LUA_MULTRET, fvalue(s2v(func)));
    case LUA_VLCL: {  /* Lua function */
      Proto *p = clLvalue(s2v(func))->p;
      int fsize = p->maxstacksize;  /* frame size */
      int nfixparams = p->numparams;
      int i;
      checkstackGCp(L, fsize - delta, func);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      ci->func -= delta;  /* restore 'func' (if vararg) */
      for (i = 0; i < narg1; i++)  /* move down function and arguments */
        setobjs2s(L, ci->func + i, func + i);
      func = ci->func;  /* moved-down function */
      for (; narg1 <= nfixparams; narg1++)
        setnilvalue(s2v(func + narg1));  /* complete missing arguments */
      ci->top = func + 1 + fsize;  /* top for new function */
      lua_assert(ci->top <= L->stack_last);
      ci->u.l.savedpc = p->code;  /* starting point */
      ci->callstatus |= CIST_TAIL;
      L->top = func + narg1;  /* set top */
      return -1;
    }
    default: {  /* not a function */
      func = luaD_tryfuncTM(L, func);  /* try to get '__call' metamethod */
      /* return luaD_pretailcall(L, ci, func, narg1 + 1, delta); */
      narg1++;
      goto retry;  /* try again */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Prepares the call to a function (C or Lua). For C functions, also do
** the call. The function to be called is at '*func'.  The arguments
** are on the stack, right after the function.  Returns the CallInfo
** to be executed, if it was a Lua function. Otherwise (a C function)
** returns NULL, with all the results on the stack, starting at the
** original function position.
*/
CallInfo *luaD_precall (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nresults) {
 retry:
  switch (ttypetag(s2v(func))) {
    case LUA_VCCL:  /* C closure */
      precallC(L, func, nresults, clCvalue(s2v(func))->f);
      return NULL;
    case LUA_VLCF:  /* light C function */
      precallC(L, func, nresults, fvalue(s2v(func)));
      return NULL;
    case LUA_VLCL: {  /* Lua function */
      CallInfo *ci;
      Proto *p = clLvalue(s2v(func))->p;
      int narg = cast_int(L->top - func) - 1;  /* number of real arguments */
      int nfixparams = p->numparams;
      int fsize = p->maxstacksize;  /* frame size */
      checkstackGCp(L, fsize, func);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      L->ci = ci = prepCallInfo(L, func, nresults, 0, func + 1 + fsize);
      ci->u.l.savedpc = p->code;  /* starting point */
      for (; narg < nfixparams; narg++)
        setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++));  /* complete missing arguments */
      lua_assert(ci->top <= L->stack_last);
      return ci;
    }
    default: {  /* not a function */
      func = luaD_tryfuncTM(L, func);  /* try to get '__call' metamethod */
      /* return luaD_precall(L, func, nresults); */
      goto retry;  /* try again with metamethod */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Call a function (C or Lua) through C. 'inc' can be 1 (increment
** number of recursive invocations in the C stack) or nyci (the same
** plus increment number of non-yieldable calls).
*/
l_sinline void ccall (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults, int inc) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  L->nCcalls += inc;
  if (l_unlikely(getCcalls(L) >= LUAI_MAXCCALLS))
    luaE_checkcstack(L);
  if ((ci = luaD_precall(L, func, nResults)) != NULL) {  /* Lua function? */
    ci->callstatus = CIST_FRESH;  /* mark that it is a "fresh" execute */
    luaV_execute(L, ci);  /* call it */
  }
  L->nCcalls -= inc;
}


/*
** External interface for 'ccall'
*/
void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults) {
  ccall(L, func, nResults, 1);
}


/*
** Similar to 'luaD_call', but does not allow yields during the call.
*/
void luaD_callnoyield (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults) {
  ccall(L, func, nResults, nyci);
}


/*
** Finish the job of 'lua_pcallk' after it was interrupted by an yield.
** (The caller, 'finishCcall', does the final call to 'adjustresults'.)
** The main job is to complete the 'luaD_pcall' called by 'lua_pcallk'.
** If a '__close' method yields here, eventually control will be back
** to 'finishCcall' (when that '__close' method finally returns) and
** 'finishpcallk' will run again and close any still pending '__close'
** methods. Similarly, if a '__close' method errs, 'precover' calls
** 'unroll' which calls ''finishCcall' and we are back here again, to
** close any pending '__close' methods.
** Note that, up to the call to 'luaF_close', the corresponding
** 'CallInfo' is not modified, so that this repeated run works like the
** first one (except that it has at least one less '__close' to do). In
** particular, field CIST_RECST preserves the error status across these
** multiple runs, changing only if there is a new error.
*/
static int finishpcallk (lua_State *L,  CallInfo *ci) {
  int status = getcistrecst(ci);  /* get original status */
  if (l_likely(status == LUA_OK))  /* no error? */
    status = LUA_YIELD;  /* was interrupted by an yield */
  else {  /* error */
    StkId func = restorestack(L, ci->u2.funcidx);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    L->allowhook = getoah(ci->callstatus);  /* restore 'allowhook' */
    luaF_close(L, func, status, 1);  /* can yield or raise an error */
    func = restorestack(L, ci->u2.funcidx);  /* stack may be moved */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, func);
    luaD_shrinkstack(L);   /* restore stack size in case of overflow */
    setcistrecst(ci, LUA_OK);  /* clear original status */
  }
  ci->callstatus &= ~CIST_YPCALL;
  L->errfunc = ci->u.c.old_errfunc;
  /* if it is here, there were errors or yields; unlike 'lua_pcallk',
     do not change status */
  return status;
}


/*
** Completes the execution of a C function interrupted by an yield.
** The interruption must have happened while the function was either
** closing its tbc variables in 'moveresults' or executing
** 'lua_callk'/'lua_pcallk'. In the first case, it just redoes
** 'luaD_poscall'. In the second case, the call to 'finishpcallk'
** finishes the interrupted execution of 'lua_pcallk'.  After that, it
** calls the continuation of the interrupted function and finally it
** completes the job of the 'luaD_call' that called the function.  In
** the call to 'adjustresults', we do not know the number of results
** of the function called by 'lua_callk'/'lua_pcallk', so we are
** conservative and use LUA_MULTRET (always adjust).
*/
static void finishCcall (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci) {
  int n;  /* actual number of results from C function */
  if (ci->callstatus & CIST_CLSRET) {  /* was returning? */
    lua_assert(hastocloseCfunc(ci->nresults));
    n = ci->u2.nres;  /* just redo 'luaD_poscall' */
    /* don't need to reset CIST_CLSRET, as it will be set again anyway */
  }
  else {
    int status = LUA_YIELD;  /* default if there were no errors */
    /* must have a continuation and must be able to call it */
    lua_assert(ci->u.c.k != NULL && yieldable(L));
    if (ci->callstatus & CIST_YPCALL)   /* was inside a 'lua_pcallk'? */
      status = finishpcallk(L, ci);  /* finish it */
    adjustresults(L, LUA_MULTRET);  /* finish 'lua_callk' */
    lua_unlock(L);
    n = (*ci->u.c.k)(L, status, ci->u.c.ctx);  /* call continuation */
    lua_lock(L);
    api_checknelems(L, n);
  }
  luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);  /* finish 'luaD_call' */
}


/*
** Executes "full continuation" (everything in the stack) of a
** previously interrupted coroutine until the stack is empty (or another
** interruption long-jumps out of the loop).
*/
static void unroll (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  UNUSED(ud);
  while ((ci = L->ci) != &L->base_ci) {  /* something in the stack */
    if (!isLua(ci))  /* C function? */
      finishCcall(L, ci);  /* complete its execution */
    else {  /* Lua function */
      luaV_finishOp(L);  /* finish interrupted instruction */
      luaV_execute(L, ci);  /* execute down to higher C 'boundary' */
    }
  }
}


/*
** Try to find a suspended protected call (a "recover point") for the
** given thread.
*/
static CallInfo *findpcall (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  for (ci = L->ci; ci != NULL; ci = ci->previous) {  /* search for a pcall */
    if (ci->callstatus & CIST_YPCALL)
      return ci;
  }
  return NULL;  /* no pending pcall */
}


/*
** Signal an error in the call to 'lua_resume', not in the execution
** of the coroutine itself. (Such errors should not be handled by any
** coroutine error handler and should not kill the coroutine.)
*/
static int resume_error (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int narg) {
  L->top -= narg;  /* remove args from the stack */<--- Null pointer dereference
  setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_new(L, msg));  /* push error message */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Calling function luaS_new, 1st argument is null<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return LUA_ERRRUN;
}


/*
** Do the work for 'lua_resume' in protected mode. Most of the work
** depends on the status of the coroutine: initial state, suspended
** inside a hook, or regularly suspended (optionally with a continuation
** function), plus erroneous cases: non-suspended coroutine or dead
** coroutine.
*/
static void resume (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  int n = *(cast(int*, ud));  /* number of arguments */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  StkId firstArg = L->top - n;  /* first argument */
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  if (L->status == LUA_OK)  /* starting a coroutine? */
    ccall(L, firstArg - 1, LUA_MULTRET, 0);  /* just call its body */
  else {  /* resuming from previous yield */
    lua_assert(L->status == LUA_YIELD);
    L->status = LUA_OK;  /* mark that it is running (again) */
    if (isLua(ci)) {  /* yielded inside a hook? */
      L->top = firstArg;  /* discard arguments */
      luaV_execute(L, ci);  /* just continue running Lua code */
    }
    else {  /* 'common' yield */
      if (ci->u.c.k != NULL) {  /* does it have a continuation function? */
        lua_unlock(L);
        n = (*ci->u.c.k)(L, LUA_YIELD, ci->u.c.ctx); /* call continuation */
        lua_lock(L);
        api_checknelems(L, n);
      }
      luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);  /* finish 'luaD_call' */
    }
    unroll(L, NULL);  /* run continuation */
  }
}


/*
** Unrolls a coroutine in protected mode while there are recoverable
** errors, that is, errors inside a protected call. (Any error
** interrupts 'unroll', and this loop protects it again so it can
** continue.) Stops with a normal end (status == LUA_OK), an yield
** (status == LUA_YIELD), or an unprotected error ('findpcall' doesn't
** find a recover point).
*/
static int precover (lua_State *L, int status) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  while (errorstatus(status) && (ci = findpcall(L)) != NULL) {
    L->ci = ci;  /* go down to recovery functions */
    setcistrecst(ci, status);  /* status to finish 'pcall' */
    status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, unroll, NULL);
  }
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs,
                                      int *nresults) {
  int status;
  lua_lock(L);
  if (L->status == LUA_OK) {  /* may be starting a coroutine */
    if (L->ci != &L->base_ci)  /* not in base level? */
      return resume_error(L, "cannot resume non-suspended coroutine", nargs);
    else if (L->top - (L->ci->func + 1) == nargs)  /* no function? */
      return resume_error(L, "cannot resume dead coroutine", nargs);
  }
  else if (L->status != LUA_YIELD)  /* ended with errors? */
    return resume_error(L, "cannot resume dead coroutine", nargs);
  L->nCcalls = (from) ? getCcalls(from) : 0;
  if (getCcalls(L) >= LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
    return resume_error(L, "C stack overflow", nargs);
  L->nCcalls++;
  luai_userstateresume(L, nargs);
  api_checknelems(L, (L->status == LUA_OK) ? nargs + 1 : nargs);
  status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, resume, &nargs);
   /* continue running after recoverable errors */
  status = precover(L, status);
  if (l_likely(!errorstatus(status)))
    lua_assert(status == L->status);  /* normal end or yield */
  else {  /* unrecoverable error */
    L->status = cast_byte(status);  /* mark thread as 'dead' */
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, L->top);  /* push error message */
    L->ci->top = L->top;
  }
  *nresults = (status == LUA_YIELD) ? L->ci->u2.nyield
                                    : cast_int(L->top - (L->ci->func + 1));
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_isyieldable (lua_State *L) {
  return yieldable(L);
}


LUA_API int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, int nresults, lua_KContext ctx,
                        lua_KFunction k) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  luai_userstateyield(L, nresults);
  lua_lock(L);
  ci = L->ci;
  api_checknelems(L, nresults);
  if (l_unlikely(!yieldable(L))) {
    if (L != G(L)->mainthread)
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to yield across a C-call boundary");
    else
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to yield from outside a coroutine");
  }
  L->status = LUA_YIELD;
  ci->u2.nyield = nresults;  /* save number of results */
  if (isLua(ci)) {  /* inside a hook? */
    lua_assert(!isLuacode(ci));
    api_check(L, nresults == 0, "hooks cannot yield values");
    api_check(L, k == NULL, "hooks cannot continue after yielding");
  }
  else {
    if ((ci->u.c.k = k) != NULL)  /* is there a continuation? */
      ci->u.c.ctx = ctx;  /* save context */
    luaD_throw(L, LUA_YIELD);
  }
  lua_assert(ci->callstatus & CIST_HOOKED);  /* must be inside a hook */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return 0;  /* return to 'luaD_hook' */
}


/*
** Auxiliary structure to call 'luaF_close' in protected mode.
*/
struct CloseP {
  StkId level;
  int status;
};


/*
** Auxiliary function to call 'luaF_close' in protected mode.
*/
static void closepaux (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  struct CloseP *pcl = cast(struct CloseP *, ud);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaF_close(L, pcl->level, pcl->status, 0);
}


/*
** Calls 'luaF_close' in protected mode. Return the original status
** or, in case of errors, the new status.
*/
int luaD_closeprotected (lua_State *L, ptrdiff_t level, int status) {
  CallInfo *old_ci = L->ci;
  lu_byte old_allowhooks = L->allowhook;
  for (;;) {  /* keep closing upvalues until no more errors */
    struct CloseP pcl;
    pcl.level = restorestack(L, level); pcl.status = status;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, &closepaux, &pcl);
    if (l_likely(status == LUA_OK))  /* no more errors? */
      return pcl.status;
    else {  /* an error occurred; restore saved state and repeat */
      L->ci = old_ci;
      L->allowhook = old_allowhooks;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Call the C function 'func' in protected mode, restoring basic
** thread information ('allowhook', etc.) and in particular
** its stack level in case of errors.
*/
int luaD_pcall (lua_State *L, Pfunc func, void *u,
                ptrdiff_t old_top, ptrdiff_t ef) {
  int status;
  CallInfo *old_ci = L->ci;<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  lu_byte old_allowhooks = L->allowhook;
  ptrdiff_t old_errfunc = L->errfunc;
  L->errfunc = ef;
  status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, func, u);
  if (l_unlikely(status != LUA_OK)) {  /* an error occurred? */
    L->ci = old_ci;
    L->allowhook = old_allowhooks;
    status = luaD_closeprotected(L, old_top, status);
    luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, restorestack(L, old_top));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    luaD_shrinkstack(L);   /* restore stack size in case of overflow */
  }
  L->errfunc = old_errfunc;
  return status;
}



/*
** Execute a protected parser.
*/
struct SParser {  /* data to 'f_parser' */
  ZIO *z;
  Mbuffer buff;  /* dynamic structure used by the scanner */
  Dyndata dyd;  /* dynamic structures used by the parser */
  const char *mode;
  const char *name;
};


static void checkmode (lua_State *L, const char *mode, const char *x) {
  if (mode && strchr(mode, x[0]) == NULL) {
    luaO_pushfstring(L,
       "attempt to load a %s chunk (mode is '%s')", x, mode);
    luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
  }
}


static void f_parser (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  LClosure *cl;
  struct SParser *p = cast(struct SParser *, ud);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  int c = zgetc(p->z);  /* read first character */
  if (c == LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) {
    checkmode(L, p->mode, "binary");
    cl = luaU_undump(L, p->z, p->name);
  }
  else {
    checkmode(L, p->mode, "text");
    cl = luaY_parser(L, p->z, &p->buff, &p->dyd, p->name, c);
  }
  lua_assert(cl->nupvalues == cl->p->sizeupvalues);
  luaF_initupvals(L, cl);
}


int luaD_protectedparser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, const char *name,
                                        const char *mode) {
  struct SParser p;
  int status;
  incnny(L);  /* cannot yield during parsing */<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  p.z = z; p.name = name; p.mode = mode;
  p.dyd.actvar.arr = NULL; p.dyd.actvar.size = 0;
  p.dyd.gt.arr = NULL; p.dyd.gt.size = 0;
  p.dyd.label.arr = NULL; p.dyd.label.size = 0;
  luaZ_initbuffer(L, &p.buff);
  status = luaD_pcall(L, f_parser, &p, savestack(L, L->top), L->errfunc);<--- Null pointer dereference<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- Calling function luaD_pcall, 1st argument is null  luaZ_freebuffer(L, &p.buff);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
<--- Calling function luaM_saferealloc_, 1st argument is null  luaM_freearray(L, p.dyd.actvar.arr, p.dyd.actvar.size);<--- Calling function 'luaM_free_', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function luaM_free_, 1st argument is null
  luaM_freearray(L, p.dyd.gt.arr, p.dyd.gt.size);
  luaM_freearray(L, p.dyd.label.arr, p.dyd.label.size);
  decnny(L);<--- Null pointer dereference
  return status;
}


/*
** $Id: lvm.c $
** Lua virtual machine
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lvm_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/

#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lopcodes.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/


/*
** By default, use jump tables in the main interpreter loop on gcc
** and compatible compilers.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE)
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#define LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE	1
#else
#define LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE	0
#endif
#endif



/* limit for table tag-method chains (to avoid infinite loops) */
#define MAXTAGLOOP	2000


/*
** 'l_intfitsf' checks whether a given integer is in the range that
** can be converted to a float without rounding. Used in comparisons.
*/

/* number of bits in the mantissa of a float */
#define NBM		(l_floatatt(MANT_DIG))

/*
** Check whether some integers may not fit in a float, testing whether
** (maxinteger >> NBM) > 0. (That implies (1 << NBM) <= maxinteger.)
** (The shifts are done in parts, to avoid shifting by more than the size
** of an integer. In a worst case, NBM == 113 for long double and
** sizeof(long) == 32.)
*/
#if ((((LUA_MAXINTEGER >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) >> (NBM / 4)) \
	>> (NBM - (3 * (NBM / 4))))  >  0

/* limit for integers that fit in a float */
#define MAXINTFITSF	((lua_Unsigned)1 << NBM)

/* check whether 'i' is in the interval [-MAXINTFITSF, MAXINTFITSF] */
#define l_intfitsf(i)	((MAXINTFITSF + l_castS2U(i)) <= (2 * MAXINTFITSF))

#else  /* all integers fit in a float precisely */

#define l_intfitsf(i)	1

#endif


/*
** Try to convert a value from string to a number value.
** If the value is not a string or is a string not representing
** a valid numeral (or if coercions from strings to numbers
** are disabled via macro 'cvt2num'), do not modify 'result'
** and return 0.
*/
static int l_strton (const TValue *obj, TValue *result) {
  lua_assert(obj != result);
  if (!cvt2num(obj))  /* is object not a string? */
    return 0;
  else
    return (luaO_str2num(svalue(obj), result) == vslen(obj) + 1);
}


/*
** Try to convert a value to a float. The float case is already handled
** by the macro 'tonumber'.
*/
int luaV_tonumber_ (const TValue *obj, lua_Number *n) {
  TValue v;
  if (ttisinteger(obj)) {
    *n = cast_num(ivalue(obj));
    return 1;
  }
  else if (l_strton(obj, &v)) {  /* string coercible to number? */
    *n = nvalue(&v);  /* convert result of 'luaO_str2num' to a float */
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0;  /* conversion failed */
}


/*
** try to convert a float to an integer, rounding according to 'mode'.
*/
int luaV_flttointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode) {
  lua_Number f = l_floor(n);
  if (n != f) {  /* not an integral value? */
    if (mode == F2Ieq) return 0;  /* fails if mode demands integral value */
    else if (mode == F2Iceil)  /* needs ceil? */
      f += 1;  /* convert floor to ceil (remember: n != f) */
  }
  return lua_numbertointeger(f, p);
}


/*
** try to convert a value to an integer, rounding according to 'mode',
** without string coercion.
** ("Fast track" handled by macro 'tointegerns'.)
*/
int luaV_tointegerns (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode) {
  if (ttisfloat(obj))
    return luaV_flttointeger(fltvalue(obj), p, mode);
  else if (ttisinteger(obj)) {
    *p = ivalue(obj);
    return 1;
  }
  else
    return 0;
}


/*
** try to convert a value to an integer.
*/
int luaV_tointeger (const TValue *obj, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode) {
  TValue v;
  if (l_strton(obj, &v))  /* does 'obj' point to a numerical string? */
    obj = &v;  /* change it to point to its corresponding number */
  return luaV_tointegerns(obj, p, mode);
}


/*
** Try to convert a 'for' limit to an integer, preserving the semantics
** of the loop. Return true if the loop must not run; otherwise, '*p'
** gets the integer limit.
** (The following explanation assumes a positive step; it is valid for
** negative steps mutatis mutandis.)
** If the limit is an integer or can be converted to an integer,
** rounding down, that is the limit.
** Otherwise, check whether the limit can be converted to a float. If
** the float is too large, clip it to LUA_MAXINTEGER.  If the float
** is too negative, the loop should not run, because any initial
** integer value is greater than such limit; so, the function returns
** true to signal that. (For this latter case, no integer limit would be
** correct; even a limit of LUA_MININTEGER would run the loop once for
** an initial value equal to LUA_MININTEGER.)
*/
static int forlimit (lua_State *L, lua_Integer init, const TValue *lim,
                                   lua_Integer *p, lua_Integer step) {
  if (!luaV_tointeger(lim, p, (step < 0 ? F2Iceil : F2Ifloor))) {
    /* not coercible to in integer */
    lua_Number flim;  /* try to convert to float */
    if (!tonumber(lim, &flim)) /* cannot convert to float? */
      luaG_forerror(L, lim, "limit");
    /* else 'flim' is a float out of integer bounds */
    if (luai_numlt(0, flim)) {  /* if it is positive, it is too large */
      if (step < 0) return 1;  /* initial value must be less than it */
      *p = LUA_MAXINTEGER;  /* truncate */<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
    }
    else {  /* it is less than min integer */
      if (step > 0) return 1;  /* initial value must be greater than it */
      *p = LUA_MININTEGER;  /* truncate */
    }
  }
  return (step > 0 ? init > *p : init < *p);  /* not to run? */
}


/*
** Prepare a numerical for loop (opcode OP_FORPREP).
** Return true to skip the loop. Otherwise,
** after preparation, stack will be as follows:
**   ra : internal index (safe copy of the control variable)
**   ra + 1 : loop counter (integer loops) or limit (float loops)
**   ra + 2 : step
**   ra + 3 : control variable
*/
static int forprep (lua_State *L, StkId ra) {<--- Shadowed declaration
  TValue *pinit = s2v(ra);
  TValue *plimit = s2v(ra + 1);
  TValue *pstep = s2v(ra + 2);
  if (ttisinteger(pinit) && ttisinteger(pstep)) { /* integer loop? */
    lua_Integer init = ivalue(pinit);
    lua_Integer step = ivalue(pstep);
    lua_Integer limit;
    if (step == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "'for' step is zero");
    setivalue(s2v(ra + 3), init);  /* control variable */
    if (forlimit(L, init, plimit, &limit, step))
      return 1;  /* skip the loop */
    else {  /* prepare loop counter */
      lua_Unsigned count;
      if (step > 0) {  /* ascending loop? */
        count = l_castS2U(limit) - l_castS2U(init);
        if (step != 1)  /* avoid division in the too common case */
          count /= l_castS2U(step);
      }
      else {  /* step < 0; descending loop */
        count = l_castS2U(init) - l_castS2U(limit);
        /* 'step+1' avoids negating 'mininteger' */
        count /= l_castS2U(-(step + 1)) + 1u;
      }
      /* store the counter in place of the limit (which won't be
         needed anymore) */
      setivalue(plimit, l_castU2S(count));
    }
  }
  else {  /* try making all values floats */
    lua_Number init; lua_Number limit; lua_Number step;
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(plimit, &limit)))
      luaG_forerror(L, plimit, "limit");
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(pstep, &step)))
      luaG_forerror(L, pstep, "step");
    if (l_unlikely(!tonumber(pinit, &init)))
      luaG_forerror(L, pinit, "initial value");
    if (step == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "'for' step is zero");
    if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numlt(limit, init)
                            : luai_numlt(init, limit))
      return 1;  /* skip the loop */
    else {
      /* make sure internal values are all floats */
      setfltvalue(plimit, limit);
      setfltvalue(pstep, step);
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra), init);  /* internal index */
      setfltvalue(s2v(ra + 3), init);  /* control variable */
    }
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
** Execute a step of a float numerical for loop, returning
** true iff the loop must continue. (The integer case is
** written online with opcode OP_FORLOOP, for performance.)
*/
static int floatforloop (StkId ra) {
  lua_Number step = fltvalue(s2v(ra + 2));
  lua_Number limit = fltvalue(s2v(ra + 1));
  lua_Number idx = fltvalue(s2v(ra));  /* internal index */
  idx = luai_numadd(L, idx, step);  /* increment index */
  if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numle(idx, limit)
                          : luai_numle(limit, idx)) {
    chgfltvalue(s2v(ra), idx);  /* update internal index */
    setfltvalue(s2v(ra + 3), idx);  /* and control variable */
    return 1;  /* jump back */
  }
  else
    return 0;  /* finish the loop */
}


/*
** Finish the table access 'val = t[key]'.
** if 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table; otherwise, 'slot' points to
** t[k] entry (which must be empty).
*/
void luaV_finishget (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, StkId val,
                      const TValue *slot) {
  int loop;  /* counter to avoid infinite loops */
  const TValue *tm;  /* metamethod */
  for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) {
    if (slot == NULL) {  /* 't' is not a table? */
      lua_assert(!ttistable(t));
      tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_INDEX);
      if (l_unlikely(notm(tm)))
        luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");  /* no metamethod */
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    else {  /* 't' is a table */
      lua_assert(isempty(slot));
      tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t)->metatable, TM_INDEX);  /* table's metamethod */
      if (tm == NULL) {  /* no metamethod? */
        setnilvalue(s2v(val));  /* result is nil */
        return;
      }
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    if (ttisfunction(tm)) {  /* is metamethod a function? */
      luaT_callTMres(L, tm, t, key, val);  /* call it */
      return;
    }
    t = tm;  /* else try to access 'tm[key]' */
    if (luaV_fastget(L, t, key, slot, luaH_get)) {  /* fast track? */
      setobj2s(L, val, slot);  /* done */
      return;
    }
    /* else repeat (tail call 'luaV_finishget') */
  }
  luaG_runerror(L, "'__index' chain too long; possible loop");
}


/*
** Finish a table assignment 't[key] = val'.
** If 'slot' is NULL, 't' is not a table.  Otherwise, 'slot' points
** to the entry 't[key]', or to a value with an absent key if there
** is no such entry.  (The value at 'slot' must be empty, otherwise
** 'luaV_fastget' would have done the job.)
*/
void luaV_finishset (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
                     TValue *val, const TValue *slot) {
  int loop;  /* counter to avoid infinite loops */
  for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) {
    const TValue *tm;  /* '__newindex' metamethod */
    if (slot != NULL) {  /* is 't' a table? */
      Table *h = hvalue(t);  /* save 't' table */
      lua_assert(isempty(slot));  /* slot must be empty */
      tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_NEWINDEX);  /* get metamethod */
      if (tm == NULL) {  /* no metamethod? */
        luaH_finishset(L, h, key, slot, val);  /* set new value */
        invalidateTMcache(h);
        luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(h), val);
        return;
      }
      /* else will try the metamethod */
    }
    else {  /* not a table; check metamethod */
      tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_NEWINDEX);
      if (l_unlikely(notm(tm)))
        luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
    }
    /* try the metamethod */
    if (ttisfunction(tm)) {
      luaT_callTM(L, tm, t, key, val);
      return;
    }
    t = tm;  /* else repeat assignment over 'tm' */
    if (luaV_fastget(L, t, key, slot, luaH_get)) {
      luaV_finishfastset(L, t, slot, val);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      return;  /* done */
    }
    /* else 'return luaV_finishset(L, t, key, val, slot)' (loop) */
  }
  luaG_runerror(L, "'__newindex' chain too long; possible loop");
}


/*
** Compare two strings 'ls' x 'rs', returning an integer less-equal-
** -greater than zero if 'ls' is less-equal-greater than 'rs'.
** The code is a little tricky because it allows '\0' in the strings
** and it uses 'strcoll' (to respect locales) for each segments
** of the strings.
*/
static int l_strcmp (const TString *ls, const TString *rs) {
  const char *l = getstr(ls);
  size_t ll = tsslen(ls);
  const char *r = getstr(rs);
  size_t lr = tsslen(rs);
  for (;;) {  /* for each segment */
    int temp = strcoll(l, r);
    if (temp != 0)  /* not equal? */
      return temp;  /* done */
    else {  /* strings are equal up to a '\0' */
      size_t len = strlen(l);  /* index of first '\0' in both strings */
      if (len == lr)  /* 'rs' is finished? */
        return (len == ll) ? 0 : 1;  /* check 'ls' */
      else if (len == ll)  /* 'ls' is finished? */
        return -1;  /* 'ls' is less than 'rs' ('rs' is not finished) */
      /* both strings longer than 'len'; go on comparing after the '\0' */
      len++;
      l += len; ll -= len; r += len; lr -= len;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Check whether integer 'i' is less than float 'f'. If 'i' has an
** exact representation as a float ('l_intfitsf'), compare numbers as
** floats. Otherwise, use the equivalence 'i < f <=> i < ceil(f)'.
** If 'ceil(f)' is out of integer range, either 'f' is greater than
** all integers or less than all integers.
** (The test with 'l_intfitsf' is only for performance; the else
** case is correct for all values, but it is slow due to the conversion
** from float to int.)
** When 'f' is NaN, comparisons must result in false.
*/
l_sinline int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numlt(cast_num(i), f);  /* compare them as floats */
  else {  /* i < f <=> i < ceil(f) */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Iceil))  /* fi = ceil(f) */
      return i < fi;   /* compare them as integers */
    else  /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f > 0;  /* greater? */
  }
}


/*
** Check whether integer 'i' is less than or equal to float 'f'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numle(cast_num(i), f);  /* compare them as floats */
  else {  /* i <= f <=> i <= floor(f) */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Ifloor))  /* fi = floor(f) */
      return i <= fi;   /* compare them as integers */
    else  /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f > 0;  /* greater? */
  }
}


/*
** Check whether float 'f' is less than integer 'i'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numlt(f, cast_num(i));  /* compare them as floats */
  else {  /* f < i <=> floor(f) < i */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Ifloor))  /* fi = floor(f) */
      return fi < i;   /* compare them as integers */
    else  /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f < 0;  /* less? */
  }
}


/*
** Check whether float 'f' is less than or equal to integer 'i'.
** See comments on previous function.
*/
l_sinline int LEfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
  if (l_intfitsf(i))
    return luai_numle(f, cast_num(i));  /* compare them as floats */
  else {  /* f <= i <=> ceil(f) <= i */
    lua_Integer fi;
    if (luaV_flttointeger(f, &fi, F2Iceil))  /* fi = ceil(f) */
      return fi <= i;   /* compare them as integers */
    else  /* 'f' is either greater or less than all integers */
      return f < 0;  /* less? */
  }
}


/*
** Return 'l < r', for numbers.
*/
l_sinline int LTnum (const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  lua_assert(ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisinteger(l)) {
    lua_Integer li = ivalue(l);
    if (ttisinteger(r))
      return li < ivalue(r);  /* both are integers */
    else  /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */
      return LTintfloat(li, fltvalue(r));  /* l < r ? */
  }
  else {
    lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l);  /* 'l' must be float */
    if (ttisfloat(r))
      return luai_numlt(lf, fltvalue(r));  /* both are float */
    else  /* 'l' is float and 'r' is int */
      return LTfloatint(lf, ivalue(r));
  }
}


/*
** Return 'l <= r', for numbers.
*/
l_sinline int LEnum (const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  lua_assert(ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisinteger(l)) {
    lua_Integer li = ivalue(l);
    if (ttisinteger(r))
      return li <= ivalue(r);  /* both are integers */
    else  /* 'l' is int and 'r' is float */
      return LEintfloat(li, fltvalue(r));  /* l <= r ? */
  }
  else {
    lua_Number lf = fltvalue(l);  /* 'l' must be float */
    if (ttisfloat(r))
      return luai_numle(lf, fltvalue(r));  /* both are float */
    else  /* 'l' is float and 'r' is int */
      return LEfloatint(lf, ivalue(r));
  }
}


/*
** return 'l < r' for non-numbers.
*/
static int lessthanothers (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  lua_assert(!ttisnumber(l) || !ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisstring(l) && ttisstring(r))  /* both are strings? */
    return l_strcmp(tsvalue(l), tsvalue(r)) < 0;
  else
    return luaT_callorderTM(L, l, r, TM_LT);
}


/*
** Main operation less than; return 'l < r'.
*/
int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  if (ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r))  /* both operands are numbers? */
    return LTnum(l, r);
  else return lessthanothers(L, l, r);
}


/*
** return 'l <= r' for non-numbers.
*/
static int lessequalothers (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  lua_assert(!ttisnumber(l) || !ttisnumber(r));
  if (ttisstring(l) && ttisstring(r))  /* both are strings? */
    return l_strcmp(tsvalue(l), tsvalue(r)) <= 0;
  else
    return luaT_callorderTM(L, l, r, TM_LE);
}


/*
** Main operation less than or equal to; return 'l <= r'.
*/
int luaV_lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
  if (ttisnumber(l) && ttisnumber(r))  /* both operands are numbers? */
    return LEnum(l, r);
  else return lessequalothers(L, l, r);
}


/*
** Main operation for equality of Lua values; return 't1 == t2'.
** L == NULL means raw equality (no metamethods)
*/
int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2) {
  const TValue *tm;
  if (ttypetag(t1) != ttypetag(t2)) {  /* not the same variant? */
    if (ttype(t1) != ttype(t2) || ttype(t1) != LUA_TNUMBER)
      return 0;  /* only numbers can be equal with different variants */
    else {  /* two numbers with different variants */
      /* One of them is an integer. If the other does not have an
         integer value, they cannot be equal; otherwise, compare their
         integer values. */
      lua_Integer i1, i2;
      return (luaV_tointegerns(t1, &i1, F2Ieq) &&
              luaV_tointegerns(t2, &i2, F2Ieq) &&
              i1 == i2);
    }
  }
  /* values have same type and same variant */
  switch (ttypetag(t1)) {
    case LUA_VNIL: case LUA_VFALSE: case LUA_VTRUE: return 1;
    case LUA_VNUMINT: return (ivalue(t1) == ivalue(t2));
    case LUA_VNUMFLT: return luai_numeq(fltvalue(t1), fltvalue(t2));
    case LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA: return pvalue(t1) == pvalue(t2);
    case LUA_VLCF: return fvalue(t1) == fvalue(t2);
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: return eqshrstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2));
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: return luaS_eqlngstr(tsvalue(t1), tsvalue(t2));
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: {
      if (uvalue(t1) == uvalue(t2)) return 1;
      else if (L == NULL) return 0;
      tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ);
      if (tm == NULL)
        tm = fasttm(L, uvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ);
      break;  /* will try TM */
    }
    case LUA_VTABLE: {
      if (hvalue(t1) == hvalue(t2)) return 1;
      else if (L == NULL) return 0;
      tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t1)->metatable, TM_EQ);
      if (tm == NULL)
        tm = fasttm(L, hvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ);
      break;  /* will try TM */
    }
    default:
      return gcvalue(t1) == gcvalue(t2);
  }
  if (tm == NULL)  /* no TM? */
    return 0;  /* objects are different */
  else {
    luaT_callTMres(L, tm, t1, t2, L->top);  /* call TM */
    return !l_isfalse(s2v(L->top));
  }
}


/* macro used by 'luaV_concat' to ensure that element at 'o' is a string */
#define tostring(L,o)  \
	(ttisstring(o) || (cvt2str(o) && (luaO_tostring(L, o), 1)))

#define isemptystr(o)	(ttisshrstring(o) && tsvalue(o)->shrlen == 0)

/* copy strings in stack from top - n up to top - 1 to buffer */
static void copy2buff (StkId top, int n, char *buff) {
  size_t tl = 0;  /* size already copied */
  do {
    size_t l = vslen(s2v(top - n));  /* length of string being copied */
    memcpy(buff + tl, svalue(s2v(top - n)), l * sizeof(char));
    tl += l;
  } while (--n > 0);
}


/*
** Main operation for concatenation: concat 'total' values in the stack,
** from 'L->top - total' up to 'L->top - 1'.
*/
void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total) {
  if (total == 1)
    return;  /* "all" values already concatenated */
  do {
    StkId top = L->top;<--- Null pointer dereference
    int n = 2;  /* number of elements handled in this pass (at least 2) */
    if (!(ttisstring(s2v(top - 2)) || cvt2str(s2v(top - 2))) ||
        !tostring(L, s2v(top - 1)))
      luaT_tryconcatTM(L);
    else if (isemptystr(s2v(top - 1)))  /* second operand is empty? */
      cast_void(tostring(L, s2v(top - 2)));  /* result is first operand */
    else if (isemptystr(s2v(top - 2))) {  /* first operand is empty string? */
      setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top - 1);  /* result is second op. */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    }
    else {
      /* at least two non-empty string values; get as many as possible */
      size_t tl = vslen(s2v(top - 1));
      TString *ts;
      /* collect total length and number of strings */
      for (n = 1; n < total && tostring(L, s2v(top - n - 1)); n++) {
        size_t l = vslen(s2v(top - n - 1));
        if (l_unlikely(l >= (MAX_SIZE/sizeof(char)) - tl))<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
          luaG_runerror(L, "string length overflow");
        tl += l;
      }
      if (tl <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN) {  /* is result a short string? */
        char buff[LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN];
        copy2buff(top, n, buff);  /* copy strings to buffer */
        ts = luaS_newlstr(L, buff, tl);
      }
      else {  /* long string; copy strings directly to final result */
        ts = luaS_createlngstrobj(L, tl);
        copy2buff(top, n, getstr(ts));
      }
      setsvalue2s(L, top - n, ts);  /* create result */
    }
    total -= n-1;  /* got 'n' strings to create 1 new */
    L->top -= n-1;  /* popped 'n' strings and pushed one */
  } while (total > 1);  /* repeat until only 1 result left */
}


/*
** Main operation 'ra = #rb'.
*/
void luaV_objlen (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb) {
  const TValue *tm;
  switch (ttypetag(rb)) {
    case LUA_VTABLE: {
      Table *h = hvalue(rb);
      tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_LEN);
      if (tm) break;  /* metamethod? break switch to call it */
      setivalue(s2v(ra), luaH_getn(h));  /* else primitive len */
      return;
    }
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: {
      setivalue(s2v(ra), tsvalue(rb)->shrlen);
      return;
    }
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: {
      setivalue(s2v(ra), tsvalue(rb)->u.lnglen);
      return;
    }
    default: {  /* try metamethod */
      tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, rb, TM_LEN);
      if (l_unlikely(notm(tm)))  /* no metamethod? */
        luaG_typeerror(L, rb, "get length of");
      break;
    }
  }
  luaT_callTMres(L, tm, rb, rb, ra);
}


/*
** Integer division; return 'm // n', that is, floor(m/n).
** C division truncates its result (rounds towards zero).
** 'floor(q) == trunc(q)' when 'q >= 0' or when 'q' is integer,
** otherwise 'floor(q) == trunc(q) - 1'.
*/
lua_Integer luaV_idiv (lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n) {
  if (l_unlikely(l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u)) {  /* special cases: -1 or 0 */
    if (n == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to divide by zero");
    return intop(-, 0, m);   /* n==-1; avoid overflow with 0x80000...//-1 */
  }
  else {
    lua_Integer q = m / n;  /* perform C division */
    if ((m ^ n) < 0 && m % n != 0)  /* 'm/n' would be negative non-integer? */
      q -= 1;  /* correct result for different rounding */
    return q;
  }
}


/*
** Integer modulus; return 'm % n'. (Assume that C '%' with
** negative operands follows C99 behavior. See previous comment
** about luaV_idiv.)
*/
lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer m, lua_Integer n) {
  if (l_unlikely(l_castS2U(n) + 1u <= 1u)) {  /* special cases: -1 or 0 */
    if (n == 0)
      luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to perform 'n%%0'");
    return 0;   /* m % -1 == 0; avoid overflow with 0x80000...%-1 */
  }
  else {
    lua_Integer r = m % n;
    if (r != 0 && (r ^ n) < 0)  /* 'm/n' would be non-integer negative? */
      r += n;  /* correct result for different rounding */
    return r;
  }
}


/*
** Float modulus
*/
lua_Number luaV_modf (lua_State *L, lua_Number m, lua_Number n) {
  lua_Number r;
  luai_nummod(L, m, n, r);
  return r;
}


/* number of bits in an integer */
#define NBITS	cast_int(sizeof(lua_Integer) * CHAR_BIT)

/*
** Shift left operation. (Shift right just negates 'y'.)
*/
#define luaV_shiftr(x,y)	luaV_shiftl(x,intop(-, 0, y))


lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y) {
  if (y < 0) {  /* shift right? */
    if (y <= -NBITS) return 0;
    else return intop(>>, x, -y);
  }
  else {  /* shift left */
    if (y >= NBITS) return 0;
    else return intop(<<, x, y);
  }
}


/*
** create a new Lua closure, push it in the stack, and initialize
** its upvalues.
*/
static void pushclosure (lua_State *L, Proto *p, UpVal **encup, StkId base,
                         StkId ra) {
  int nup = p->sizeupvalues;
  Upvaldesc *uv = p->upvalues;
  int i;
  LClosure *ncl = luaF_newLclosure(L, nup);
  ncl->p = p;
  setclLvalue2s(L, ra, ncl);  /* anchor new closure in stack */
  for (i = 0; i < nup; i++) {  /* fill in its upvalues */
    if (uv[i].instack)  /* upvalue refers to local variable? */
      ncl->upvals[i] = luaF_findupval(L, base + uv[i].idx);
    else  /* get upvalue from enclosing function */
      ncl->upvals[i] = encup[uv[i].idx];
    luaC_objbarrier(L, ncl, ncl->upvals[i]);
  }
}


/*
** finish execution of an opcode interrupted by a yield
*/
void luaV_finishOp (lua_State *L) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  StkId base = ci->func + 1;
  Instruction inst = *(ci->u.l.savedpc - 1);  /* interrupted instruction */
  OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(inst);
  switch (op) {  /* finish its execution */
    case OP_MMBIN: case OP_MMBINI: case OP_MMBINK: {
      setobjs2s(L, base + GETARG_A(*(ci->u.l.savedpc - 2)), --L->top);
      break;
    }
    case OP_UNM: case OP_BNOT: case OP_LEN:
    case OP_GETTABUP: case OP_GETTABLE: case OP_GETI:
    case OP_GETFIELD: case OP_SELF: {
      setobjs2s(L, base + GETARG_A(inst), --L->top);
      break;
    }
    case OP_LT: case OP_LE:
    case OP_LTI: case OP_LEI:
    case OP_GTI: case OP_GEI:
    case OP_EQ: {  /* note that 'OP_EQI'/'OP_EQK' cannot yield */
      int res = !l_isfalse(s2v(L->top - 1));
      L->top--;
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LT_LE)
      if (ci->callstatus & CIST_LEQ) {  /* "<=" using "<" instead? */
        ci->callstatus ^= CIST_LEQ;  /* clear mark */
        res = !res;  /* negate result */
      }
#endif
      lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*ci->u.l.savedpc) == OP_JMP);
      if (res != GETARG_k(inst))  /* condition failed? */
        ci->u.l.savedpc++;  /* skip jump instruction */
      break;
    }
    case OP_CONCAT: {
      StkId top = L->top - 1;  /* top when 'luaT_tryconcatTM' was called */<--- Null pointer dereference
      int a = GETARG_A(inst);      /* first element to concatenate */
      int total = cast_int(top - 1 - (base + a));  /* yet to concatenate */
      setobjs2s(L, top - 2, top);  /* put TM result in proper position */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
      L->top = top - 1;  /* top is one after last element (at top-2) */
      luaV_concat(L, total);  /* concat them (may yield again) */
      break;
    }
    case OP_CLOSE: {  /* yielded closing variables */
      ci->u.l.savedpc--;  /* repeat instruction to close other vars. */
      break;
    }
    case OP_RETURN: {  /* yielded closing variables */
      StkId ra = base + GETARG_A(inst);
      /* adjust top to signal correct number of returns, in case the
         return is "up to top" ('isIT') */
      L->top = ra + ci->u2.nres;
      /* repeat instruction to close other vars. and complete the return */
      ci->u.l.savedpc--;
      break;
    }
    default: {
      /* only these other opcodes can yield */
      lua_assert(op == OP_TFORCALL || op == OP_CALL ||
           op == OP_TAILCALL || op == OP_SETTABUP || op == OP_SETTABLE ||
           op == OP_SETI || op == OP_SETFIELD);
      break;
    }
  }
}




/*
** {==================================================================
** Macros for arithmetic/bitwise/comparison opcodes in 'luaV_execute'
** ===================================================================
*/

#define l_addi(L,a,b)	intop(+, a, b)
#define l_subi(L,a,b)	intop(-, a, b)
#define l_muli(L,a,b)	intop(*, a, b)
#define l_band(a,b)	intop(&, a, b)
#define l_bor(a,b)	intop(|, a, b)
#define l_bxor(a,b)	intop(^, a, b)

#define l_lti(a,b)	(a < b)
#define l_lei(a,b)	(a <= b)
#define l_gti(a,b)	(a > b)
#define l_gei(a,b)	(a >= b)


/*
** Arithmetic operations with immediate operands. 'iop' is the integer
** operation, 'fop' is the float operation.
*/
#define op_arithI(L,iop,fop) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  int imm = GETARG_sC(i);  \
  if (ttisinteger(v1)) {  \
    lua_Integer iv1 = ivalue(v1);  \
    pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), iop(L, iv1, imm));  \
  }  \
  else if (ttisfloat(v1)) {  \
    lua_Number nb = fltvalue(v1);  \
    lua_Number fimm = cast_num(imm);  \
    pc++; setfltvalue(s2v(ra), fop(L, nb, fimm)); \
  }}


/*
** Auxiliary function for arithmetic operations over floats and others
** with two register operands.
*/
#define op_arithf_aux(L,v1,v2,fop) {  \
  lua_Number n1; lua_Number n2;  \
  if (tonumberns(v1, n1) && tonumberns(v2, n2)) {  \
    pc++; setfltvalue(s2v(ra), fop(L, n1, n2));  \
  }}


/*
** Arithmetic operations over floats and others with register operands.
*/
#define op_arithf(L,fop) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = vRC(i);  \
  op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop); }


/*
** Arithmetic operations with K operands for floats.
*/
#define op_arithfK(L,fop) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = KC(i); lua_assert(ttisnumber(v2));  \
  op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop); }


/*
** Arithmetic operations over integers and floats.
*/
#define op_arith_aux(L,v1,v2,iop,fop) {  \
  if (ttisinteger(v1) && ttisinteger(v2)) {  \
    lua_Integer i1 = ivalue(v1); lua_Integer i2 = ivalue(v2);  \
    pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), iop(L, i1, i2));  \
  }  \
  else op_arithf_aux(L, v1, v2, fop); }


/*
** Arithmetic operations with register operands.
*/
#define op_arith(L,iop,fop) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = vRC(i);  \
  op_arith_aux(L, v1, v2, iop, fop); }


/*
** Arithmetic operations with K operands.
*/
#define op_arithK(L,iop,fop) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = KC(i); lua_assert(ttisnumber(v2));  \
  op_arith_aux(L, v1, v2, iop, fop); }


/*
** Bitwise operations with constant operand.
*/
#define op_bitwiseK(L,op) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = KC(i);  \
  lua_Integer i1;  \
  lua_Integer i2 = ivalue(v2);  \
  if (tointegerns(v1, &i1)) {  \
    pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), op(i1, i2));  \
  }}


/*
** Bitwise operations with register operands.
*/
#define op_bitwise(L,op) {  \
  TValue *v1 = vRB(i);  \
  TValue *v2 = vRC(i);  \
  lua_Integer i1; lua_Integer i2;  \
  if (tointegerns(v1, &i1) && tointegerns(v2, &i2)) {  \
    pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), op(i1, i2));  \
  }}


/*
** Order operations with register operands. 'opn' actually works
** for all numbers, but the fast track improves performance for
** integers.
*/
#define op_order(L,opi,opn,other) {  \
        int cond;  \
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);  \
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)) && ttisinteger(rb)) {  \
          lua_Integer ia = ivalue(s2v(ra));  \
          lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb);  \
          cond = opi(ia, ib);  \
        }  \
        else if (ttisnumber(s2v(ra)) && ttisnumber(rb))  \
          cond = opn(s2v(ra), rb);  \
        else  \
          Protect(cond = other(L, s2v(ra), rb));  \
        docondjump(); }


/*
** Order operations with immediate operand. (Immediate operand is
** always small enough to have an exact representation as a float.)
*/
#define op_orderI(L,opi,opf,inv,tm) {  \
        int cond;  \
        int im = GETARG_sB(i);  \
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)))  \
          cond = opi(ivalue(s2v(ra)), im);  \
        else if (ttisfloat(s2v(ra))) {  \
          lua_Number fa = fltvalue(s2v(ra));  \
          lua_Number fim = cast_num(im);  \
          cond = opf(fa, fim);  \
        }  \
        else {  \
          int isf = GETARG_C(i);  \
          Protect(cond = luaT_callorderiTM(L, s2v(ra), im, inv, isf, tm));  \
        }  \
        docondjump(); }

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Function 'luaV_execute': main interpreter loop
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** some macros for common tasks in 'luaV_execute'
*/


#define RA(i)	(base+GETARG_A(i))
#define RB(i)	(base+GETARG_B(i))
#define vRB(i)	s2v(RB(i))
#define KB(i)	(k+GETARG_B(i))
#define RC(i)	(base+GETARG_C(i))
#define vRC(i)	s2v(RC(i))
#define KC(i)	(k+GETARG_C(i))
#define RKC(i)	((TESTARG_k(i)) ? k + GETARG_C(i) : s2v(base + GETARG_C(i)))



#define updatetrap(ci)  (trap = ci->u.l.trap)

#define updatebase(ci)	(base = ci->func + 1)


#define updatestack(ci)  \
	{ if (l_unlikely(trap)) { updatebase(ci); ra = RA(i); } }


/*
** Execute a jump instruction. The 'updatetrap' allows signals to stop
** tight loops. (Without it, the local copy of 'trap' could never change.)
*/
#define dojump(ci,i,e)	{ pc += GETARG_sJ(i) + e; updatetrap(ci); }


/* for test instructions, execute the jump instruction that follows it */
#define donextjump(ci)	{ Instruction ni = *pc; dojump(ci, ni, 1); }

/*
** do a conditional jump: skip next instruction if 'cond' is not what
** was expected (parameter 'k'), else do next instruction, which must
** be a jump.
*/
#define docondjump()	if (cond != GETARG_k(i)) pc++; else donextjump(ci);


/*
** Correct global 'pc'.
*/
#define savepc(L)	(ci->u.l.savedpc = pc)


/*
** Whenever code can raise errors, the global 'pc' and the global
** 'top' must be correct to report occasional errors.
*/
#define savestate(L,ci)		(savepc(L), L->top = ci->top)


/*
** Protect code that, in general, can raise errors, reallocate the
** stack, and change the hooks.
*/
#define Protect(exp)  (savestate(L,ci), (exp), updatetrap(ci))

/* special version that does not change the top */
#define ProtectNT(exp)  (savepc(L), (exp), updatetrap(ci))

/*
** Protect code that can only raise errors. (That is, it cannot change
** the stack or hooks.)
*/
#define halfProtect(exp)  (savestate(L,ci), (exp))

/* 'c' is the limit of live values in the stack */
#define checkGC(L,c)  \
	{ luaC_condGC(L, (savepc(L), L->top = (c)), \
                         updatetrap(ci)); \
           luai_threadyield(L); }


/* fetch an instruction and prepare its execution */
#define vmfetch()	{ \
  if (l_unlikely(trap)) {  /* stack reallocation or hooks? */ \
    trap = luaG_traceexec(L, pc);  /* handle hooks */ \
    updatebase(ci);  /* correct stack */ \
  } \
  i = *(pc++); \
  ra = RA(i); /* WARNING: any stack reallocation invalidates 'ra' */ \
}

#define vmdispatch(o)	switch(o)
#define vmcase(l)	case l:
#define vmbreak		break


void luaV_execute (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci) {
  LClosure *cl;
  TValue *k;
  StkId base;
  const Instruction *pc;
  int trap;
#if LUA_USE_JUMPTABLE
/*#include "ljumptab.h"*/
/*
** $Id: ljumptab.h $
** Jump Table for the Lua interpreter
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#undef vmdispatch
#undef vmcase
#undef vmbreak

#define vmdispatch(x)     goto *disptab[x];

#define vmcase(l)     L_##l:

#define vmbreak		vmfetch(); vmdispatch(GET_OPCODE(i));


static const void *const disptab[NUM_OPCODES] = {

#if 0
** you can update the following list with this command:
**
**  sed -n '/^OP_/\!d; s/OP_/\&\&L_OP_/ ; s/,.*/,/ ; s/\/.*// ; p'  lopcodes.h
**
#endif

&&L_OP_MOVE,
&&L_OP_LOADI,
&&L_OP_LOADF,
&&L_OP_LOADK,
&&L_OP_LOADKX,
&&L_OP_LOADFALSE,
&&L_OP_LFALSESKIP,
&&L_OP_LOADTRUE,
&&L_OP_LOADNIL,
&&L_OP_GETUPVAL,
&&L_OP_SETUPVAL,
&&L_OP_GETTABUP,
&&L_OP_GETTABLE,
&&L_OP_GETI,
&&L_OP_GETFIELD,
&&L_OP_SETTABUP,
&&L_OP_SETTABLE,
&&L_OP_SETI,
&&L_OP_SETFIELD,
&&L_OP_NEWTABLE,
&&L_OP_SELF,
&&L_OP_ADDI,
&&L_OP_ADDK,
&&L_OP_SUBK,
&&L_OP_MULK,
&&L_OP_MODK,
&&L_OP_POWK,
&&L_OP_DIVK,
&&L_OP_IDIVK,
&&L_OP_BANDK,
&&L_OP_BORK,
&&L_OP_BXORK,
&&L_OP_SHRI,
&&L_OP_SHLI,
&&L_OP_ADD,
&&L_OP_SUB,
&&L_OP_MUL,
&&L_OP_MOD,
&&L_OP_POW,
&&L_OP_DIV,
&&L_OP_IDIV,
&&L_OP_BAND,
&&L_OP_BOR,
&&L_OP_BXOR,
&&L_OP_SHL,
&&L_OP_SHR,
&&L_OP_MMBIN,
&&L_OP_MMBINI,
&&L_OP_MMBINK,
&&L_OP_UNM,
&&L_OP_BNOT,
&&L_OP_NOT,
&&L_OP_LEN,
&&L_OP_CONCAT,
&&L_OP_CLOSE,
&&L_OP_TBC,
&&L_OP_JMP,
&&L_OP_EQ,
&&L_OP_LT,
&&L_OP_LE,
&&L_OP_EQK,
&&L_OP_EQI,
&&L_OP_LTI,
&&L_OP_LEI,
&&L_OP_GTI,
&&L_OP_GEI,
&&L_OP_TEST,
&&L_OP_TESTSET,
&&L_OP_CALL,
&&L_OP_TAILCALL,
&&L_OP_RETURN,
&&L_OP_RETURN0,
&&L_OP_RETURN1,
&&L_OP_FORLOOP,
&&L_OP_FORPREP,
&&L_OP_TFORPREP,
&&L_OP_TFORCALL,
&&L_OP_TFORLOOP,
&&L_OP_SETLIST,
&&L_OP_CLOSURE,
&&L_OP_VARARG,
&&L_OP_VARARGPREP,
&&L_OP_EXTRAARG

};
#endif
 startfunc:
  trap = L->hookmask;
 returning:  /* trap already set */
  cl = clLvalue(s2v(ci->func));
  k = cl->p->k;
  pc = ci->u.l.savedpc;
  if (l_unlikely(trap)) {
    if (pc == cl->p->code) {  /* first instruction (not resuming)? */
      if (cl->p->is_vararg)
        trap = 0;  /* hooks will start after VARARGPREP instruction */
      else  /* check 'call' hook */
        luaD_hookcall(L, ci);
    }
    ci->u.l.trap = 1;  /* assume trap is on, for now */
  }
  base = ci->func + 1;
  /* main loop of interpreter */
  for (;;) {
    Instruction i;  /* instruction being executed */
    StkId ra;  /* instruction's A register */
    vmfetch();
    #if 0
      /* low-level line tracing for debugging Lua */
      printf("line: %d\n", luaG_getfuncline(cl->p, pcRel(pc, cl->p)));
    #endif
    lua_assert(base == ci->func + 1);
    lua_assert(base <= L->top && L->top < L->stack_last);
    /* invalidate top for instructions not expecting it */
    lua_assert(isIT(i) || (cast_void(L->top = base), 1));
    vmdispatch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
      vmcase(OP_MOVE) {
        setobjs2s(L, ra, RB(i));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADI) {
        lua_Integer b = GETARG_sBx(i);
        setivalue(s2v(ra), b);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADF) {
        int b = GETARG_sBx(i);
        setfltvalue(s2v(ra), cast_num(b));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADK) {
        TValue *rb = k + GETARG_Bx(i);
        setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADKX) {
        TValue *rb;
        rb = k + GETARG_Ax(*pc); pc++;
        setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADFALSE) {
        setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LFALSESKIP) {
        setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        pc++;  /* skip next instruction */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADTRUE) {
        setbtvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LOADNIL) {
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        do {
          setnilvalue(s2v(ra++));
        } while (b--);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETUPVAL) {
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        setobj2s(L, ra, cl->upvals[b]->v);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETUPVAL) {
        UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)];
        setobj(L, uv->v, s2v(ra));
        luaC_barrier(L, uv, s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETTABUP) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)]->v;
        TValue *rc = KC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc);  /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, upval, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr)) {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, upval, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETTABLE) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = vRC(i);
        lua_Unsigned n;
        if (ttisinteger(rc)  /* fast track for integers? */
            ? (cast_void(n = ivalue(rc)), luaV_fastgeti(L, rb, n, slot))
            : luaV_fastget(L, rb, rc, slot, luaH_get)) {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETI) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int c = GETARG_C(i);
        if (luaV_fastgeti(L, rb, c, slot)) {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else {
          TValue key;
          setivalue(&key, c);
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, &key, ra, slot));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GETFIELD) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = KC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc);  /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, rb, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr)) {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETTABUP) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *upval = cl->upvals[GETARG_A(i)]->v;
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rb);  /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, upval, key, slot, luaH_getshortstr)) {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, upval, slot, rc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, upval, rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETTABLE) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);  /* key (table is in 'ra') */
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);  /* value */
        lua_Unsigned n;
        if (ttisinteger(rb)  /* fast track for integers? */
            ? (cast_void(n = ivalue(rb)), luaV_fastgeti(L, s2v(ra), n, slot))
            : luaV_fastget(L, s2v(ra), rb, slot, luaH_get)) {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETI) {
        const TValue *slot;
        int c = GETARG_B(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        if (luaV_fastgeti(L, s2v(ra), c, slot)) {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        }
        else {
          TValue key;
          setivalue(&key, c);
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), &key, rc, slot));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETFIELD) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rb);  /* key must be a string */
        if (luaV_fastget(L, s2v(ra), key, slot, luaH_getshortstr)) {
          luaV_finishfastset(L, s2v(ra), slot, rc);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishset(L, s2v(ra), rb, rc, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_NEWTABLE) {
        int b = GETARG_B(i);  /* log2(hash size) + 1 */
        int c = GETARG_C(i);  /* array size */
        Table *t;
        if (b > 0)
          b = 1 << (b - 1);  /* size is 2^(b - 1) */
        lua_assert((!TESTARG_k(i)) == (GETARG_Ax(*pc) == 0));
        if (TESTARG_k(i))  /* non-zero extra argument? */
          c += GETARG_Ax(*pc) * (MAXARG_C + 1);  /* add it to size */
        pc++;  /* skip extra argument */
        L->top = ra + 1;  /* correct top in case of emergency GC */<--- Null pointer dereference
        t = luaH_new(L);  /* memory allocation */
        sethvalue2s(L, ra, t);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
        if (b != 0 || c != 0)
          luaH_resize(L, t, c, b);  /* idem */
        checkGC(L, ra + 1);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SELF) {
        const TValue *slot;
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TValue *rc = RKC(i);
        TString *key = tsvalue(rc);  /* key must be a string */
        setobj2s(L, ra + 1, rb);
        if (luaV_fastget(L, rb, key, slot, luaH_getstr)) {
          setobj2s(L, ra, slot);
        }
        else
          Protect(luaV_finishget(L, rb, rc, ra, slot));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADDI) {
        op_arithI(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADDK) {
        op_arithK(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SUBK) {
        op_arithK(L, l_subi, luai_numsub);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MULK) {
        op_arithK(L, l_muli, luai_nummul);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MODK) {
        op_arithK(L, luaV_mod, luaV_modf);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_POWK) {
        op_arithfK(L, luai_numpow);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_DIVK) {
        op_arithfK(L, luai_numdiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_IDIVK) {
        op_arithK(L, luaV_idiv, luai_numidiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BANDK) {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_band);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BORK) {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_bor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BXORK) {
        op_bitwiseK(L, l_bxor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHRI) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int ic = GETARG_sC(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib)) {
          pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), luaV_shiftl(ib, -ic));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHLI) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        int ic = GETARG_sC(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib)) {
          pc++; setivalue(s2v(ra), luaV_shiftl(ic, ib));
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_ADD) {
        op_arith(L, l_addi, luai_numadd);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SUB) {
        op_arith(L, l_subi, luai_numsub);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MUL) {
        op_arith(L, l_muli, luai_nummul);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MOD) {
        op_arith(L, luaV_mod, luaV_modf);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_POW) {
        op_arithf(L, luai_numpow);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_DIV) {  /* float division (always with floats) */
        op_arithf(L, luai_numdiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_IDIV) {  /* floor division */
        op_arith(L, luaV_idiv, luai_numidiv);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BAND) {
        op_bitwise(L, l_band);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BOR) {
        op_bitwise(L, l_bor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BXOR) {
        op_bitwise(L, l_bxor);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHR) {
        op_bitwise(L, luaV_shiftr);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SHL) {
        op_bitwise(L, luaV_shiftl);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBIN) {
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2);  /* original arith. expression */
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        lua_assert(OP_ADD <= GET_OPCODE(pi) && GET_OPCODE(pi) <= OP_SHR);
        Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, s2v(ra), rb, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBINI) {
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2);  /* original arith. expression */
        int imm = GETARG_sB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        int flip = GETARG_k(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        Protect(luaT_trybiniTM(L, s2v(ra), imm, flip, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_MMBINK) {
        Instruction pi = *(pc - 2);  /* original arith. expression */
        TValue *imm = KB(i);
        TMS tm = (TMS)GETARG_C(i);
        int flip = GETARG_k(i);
        StkId result = RA(pi);
        Protect(luaT_trybinassocTM(L, s2v(ra), imm, flip, result, tm));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_UNM) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        lua_Number nb;
        if (ttisinteger(rb)) {
          lua_Integer ib = ivalue(rb);
          setivalue(s2v(ra), intop(-, 0, ib));
        }
        else if (tonumberns(rb, nb)) {
          setfltvalue(s2v(ra), luai_numunm(L, nb));
        }
        else
          Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_UNM));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_BNOT) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        lua_Integer ib;
        if (tointegerns(rb, &ib)) {
          setivalue(s2v(ra), intop(^, ~l_castS2U(0), ib));
        }
        else
          Protect(luaT_trybinTM(L, rb, rb, ra, TM_BNOT));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_NOT) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        if (l_isfalse(rb))
          setbtvalue(s2v(ra));
        else
          setbfvalue(s2v(ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LEN) {
        Protect(luaV_objlen(L, ra, vRB(i)));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CONCAT) {
        int n = GETARG_B(i);  /* number of elements to concatenate */
        L->top = ra + n;  /* mark the end of concat operands */
        ProtectNT(luaV_concat(L, n));
        checkGC(L, L->top); /* 'luaV_concat' ensures correct top */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CLOSE) {
        Protect(luaF_close(L, ra, LUA_OK, 1));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TBC) {
        /* create new to-be-closed upvalue */
        halfProtect(luaF_newtbcupval(L, ra));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_JMP) {
        dojump(ci, i, 0);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQ) {
        int cond;<--- Shadow variable
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        Protect(cond = luaV_equalobj(L, s2v(ra), rb));
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LT) {
        op_order(L, l_lti, LTnum, lessthanothers);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LE) {
        op_order(L, l_lei, LEnum, lessequalothers);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQK) {
        TValue *rb = KB(i);
        /* basic types do not use '__eq'; we can use raw equality */
        int cond = luaV_rawequalobj(s2v(ra), rb);<--- Shadow variable
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EQI) {
        int cond;<--- Shadow variable
        int im = GETARG_sB(i);
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra)))
          cond = (ivalue(s2v(ra)) == im);
        else if (ttisfloat(s2v(ra)))
          cond = luai_numeq(fltvalue(s2v(ra)), cast_num(im));
        else
          cond = 0;  /* other types cannot be equal to a number */
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LTI) {
        op_orderI(L, l_lti, luai_numlt, 0, TM_LT);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_LEI) {
        op_orderI(L, l_lei, luai_numle, 0, TM_LE);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GTI) {
        op_orderI(L, l_gti, luai_numgt, 1, TM_LT);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_GEI) {
        op_orderI(L, l_gei, luai_numge, 1, TM_LE);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TEST) {
        int cond = !l_isfalse(s2v(ra));<--- Shadow variable
        docondjump();
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TESTSET) {
        TValue *rb = vRB(i);
        if (l_isfalse(rb) == GETARG_k(i))
          pc++;
        else {
          setobj2s(L, ra, rb);
          donextjump(ci);
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CALL) {
        CallInfo *newci;
        int b = GETARG_B(i);
        int nresults = GETARG_C(i) - 1;
        if (b != 0)  /* fixed number of arguments? */
          L->top = ra + b;  /* top signals number of arguments */
        /* else previous instruction set top */
        savepc(L);  /* in case of errors */
        if ((newci = luaD_precall(L, ra, nresults)) == NULL)
          updatetrap(ci);  /* C call; nothing else to be done */
        else {  /* Lua call: run function in this same C frame */
          ci = newci;
          goto startfunc;
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TAILCALL) {
        int b = GETARG_B(i);  /* number of arguments + 1 (function) */
        int n;  /* number of results when calling a C function */
        int nparams1 = GETARG_C(i);
        /* delta is virtual 'func' - real 'func' (vararg functions) */
        int delta = (nparams1) ? ci->u.l.nextraargs + nparams1 : 0;
        if (b != 0)
          L->top = ra + b;
        else  /* previous instruction set top */
          b = cast_int(L->top - ra);
        savepc(ci);  /* several calls here can raise errors */
        if (TESTARG_k(i)) {
          luaF_closeupval(L, base);  /* close upvalues from current call */
          lua_assert(L->tbclist < base);  /* no pending tbc variables */
          lua_assert(base == ci->func + 1);
        }
        if ((n = luaD_pretailcall(L, ci, ra, b, delta)) < 0)  /* Lua function? */
          goto startfunc;  /* execute the callee */
        else {  /* C function? */
          ci->func -= delta;  /* restore 'func' (if vararg) */
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);  /* finish caller */
          updatetrap(ci);  /* 'luaD_poscall' can change hooks */
          goto ret;  /* caller returns after the tail call */
        }
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN) {
        int n = GETARG_B(i) - 1;  /* number of results */
        int nparams1 = GETARG_C(i);
        if (n < 0)  /* not fixed? */
          n = cast_int(L->top - ra);  /* get what is available */
        savepc(ci);
        if (TESTARG_k(i)) {  /* may there be open upvalues? */
          ci->u2.nres = n;  /* save number of returns */
          if (L->top < ci->top)
            L->top = ci->top;
          luaF_close(L, base, CLOSEKTOP, 1);
          updatetrap(ci);
          updatestack(ci);
        }
        if (nparams1)  /* vararg function? */
          ci->func -= ci->u.l.nextraargs + nparams1;
        L->top = ra + n;  /* set call for 'luaD_poscall' */
        luaD_poscall(L, ci, n);
        updatetrap(ci);  /* 'luaD_poscall' can change hooks */
        goto ret;
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN0) {
        if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask)) {
          L->top = ra;
          savepc(ci);
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, 0);  /* no hurry... */
          trap = 1;
        }
        else {  /* do the 'poscall' here */
          int nres;
          L->ci = ci->previous;  /* back to caller */
          L->top = base - 1;
          for (nres = ci->nresults; l_unlikely(nres > 0); nres--)
            setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++));  /* all results are nil */
        }
        goto ret;
      }
      vmcase(OP_RETURN1) {
        if (l_unlikely(L->hookmask)) {<--- Null pointer dereference
          L->top = ra + 1;
          savepc(ci);
          luaD_poscall(L, ci, 1);  /* no hurry... */
          trap = 1;
        }
        else {  /* do the 'poscall' here */
          int nres = ci->nresults;
          L->ci = ci->previous;  /* back to caller */<--- Null pointer dereference
          if (nres == 0)
            L->top = base - 1;  /* asked for no results */
          else {
            setobjs2s(L, base - 1, ra);  /* at least this result */<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
            L->top = base;
            for (; l_unlikely(nres > 1); nres--)
              setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++));  /* complete missing results */
          }
        }
       ret:  /* return from a Lua function */
        if (ci->callstatus & CIST_FRESH)
          return;  /* end this frame */
        else {
          ci = ci->previous;
          goto returning;  /* continue running caller in this frame */
        }
      }
      vmcase(OP_FORLOOP) {
        if (ttisinteger(s2v(ra + 2))) {  /* integer loop? */
          lua_Unsigned count = l_castS2U(ivalue(s2v(ra + 1)));
          if (count > 0) {  /* still more iterations? */
            lua_Integer step = ivalue(s2v(ra + 2));
            lua_Integer idx = ivalue(s2v(ra));  /* internal index */
            chgivalue(s2v(ra + 1), count - 1);  /* update counter */
            idx = intop(+, idx, step);  /* add step to index */
            chgivalue(s2v(ra), idx);  /* update internal index */
            setivalue(s2v(ra + 3), idx);  /* and control variable */
            pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);  /* jump back */
          }
        }
        else if (floatforloop(ra))  /* float loop */
          pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);  /* jump back */
        updatetrap(ci);  /* allows a signal to break the loop */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_FORPREP) {
        savestate(L, ci);  /* in case of errors */
        if (forprep(L, ra))
          pc += GETARG_Bx(i) + 1;  /* skip the loop */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORPREP) {
        /* create to-be-closed upvalue (if needed) */
        halfProtect(luaF_newtbcupval(L, ra + 3));
        pc += GETARG_Bx(i);
        i = *(pc++);  /* go to next instruction */
        lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORCALL && ra == RA(i));
        goto l_tforcall;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORCALL) {
       l_tforcall:
        /* 'ra' has the iterator function, 'ra + 1' has the state,
           'ra + 2' has the control variable, and 'ra + 3' has the
           to-be-closed variable. The call will use the stack after
           these values (starting at 'ra + 4')
        */
        /* push function, state, and control variable */
        memcpy(ra + 4, ra, 3 * sizeof(*ra));
        L->top = ra + 4 + 3;
        ProtectNT(luaD_call(L, ra + 4, GETARG_C(i)));  /* do the call */
        updatestack(ci);  /* stack may have changed */
        i = *(pc++);  /* go to next instruction */
        lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORLOOP && ra == RA(i));
        goto l_tforloop;
      }
      vmcase(OP_TFORLOOP) {
        l_tforloop:
        if (!ttisnil(s2v(ra + 4))) {  /* continue loop? */
          setobjs2s(L, ra + 2, ra + 4);  /* save control variable */
          pc -= GETARG_Bx(i);  /* jump back */
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_SETLIST) {
        int n = GETARG_B(i);
        unsigned int last = GETARG_C(i);
        Table *h = hvalue(s2v(ra));
        if (n == 0)
          n = cast_int(L->top - ra) - 1;  /* get up to the top */
        else
          L->top = ci->top;  /* correct top in case of emergency GC */
        last += n;
        if (TESTARG_k(i)) {
          last += GETARG_Ax(*pc) * (MAXARG_C + 1);
          pc++;
        }
        if (last > luaH_realasize(h))  /* needs more space? */
          luaH_resizearray(L, h, last);  /* preallocate it at once */
        for (; n > 0; n--) {
          TValue *val = s2v(ra + n);
          setobj2t(L, &h->array[last - 1], val);
          last--;
          luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(h), val);
        }
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_CLOSURE) {
        Proto *p = cl->p->p[GETARG_Bx(i)];
        halfProtect(pushclosure(L, p, cl->upvals, base, ra));
        checkGC(L, ra + 1);
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_VARARG) {
        int n = GETARG_C(i) - 1;  /* required results */
        Protect(luaT_getvarargs(L, ci, ra, n));
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_VARARGPREP) {
        ProtectNT(luaT_adjustvarargs(L, GETARG_A(i), ci, cl->p));
        if (l_unlikely(trap)) {  /* previous "Protect" updated trap */
          luaD_hookcall(L, ci);
          L->oldpc = 1;  /* next opcode will be seen as a "new" line */
        }
        updatebase(ci);  /* function has new base after adjustment */
        vmbreak;
      }
      vmcase(OP_EXTRAARG) {
        lua_assert(0);
        vmbreak;
      }
    }
  }
}

/* }================================================================== */
/*
** $Id: lapi.c $
** Lua API
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lapi_c
#define LUA_CORE

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <limits.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lapi.h"*/
/*#include "ldebug.h"*/
/*#include "ldo.h"*/
/*#include "lfunc.h"*/
/*#include "lgc.h"*/
/*#include "lmem.h"*/
/*#include "lobject.h"*/
/*#include "lstate.h"*/
/*#include "lstring.h"*/
/*#include "ltable.h"*/
/*#include "ltm.h"*/
/*#include "lundump.h"*/
/*#include "lvm.h"*/



const char lua_ident[] =
  "$LuaVersion: " LUA_COPYRIGHT " $"
  "$LuaAuthors: " LUA_AUTHORS " $";



/*
** Test for a valid index (one that is not the 'nilvalue').
** '!ttisnil(o)' implies 'o != &G(L)->nilvalue', so it is not needed.
** However, it covers the most common cases in a faster way.
*/
#define isvalid(L, o)	(!ttisnil(o) || o != &G(L)->nilvalue)


/* test for pseudo index */
#define ispseudo(i)		((i) <= LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)

/* test for upvalue */
#define isupvalue(i)		((i) < LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)


/*
** Convert an acceptable index to a pointer to its respective value.
** Non-valid indices return the special nil value 'G(L)->nilvalue'.
*/
static TValue *index2value (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Null pointer dereference<--- Dereferencing argument L that is null
  if (idx > 0) {
    StkId o = ci->func + idx;
    api_check(L, idx <= L->ci->top - (ci->func + 1), "unacceptable index");
    if (o >= L->top) return &G(L)->nilvalue;<--- Null pointer dereference
    else return s2v(o);
  }
  else if (!ispseudo(idx)) {  /* negative index */
    api_check(L, idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - (ci->func + 1), "invalid index");
    return s2v(L->top + idx);
  }
  else if (idx == LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)
    return &G(L)->l_registry;
  else {  /* upvalues */
    idx = LUA_REGISTRYINDEX - idx;
    api_check(L, idx <= MAXUPVAL + 1, "upvalue index too large");
    if (ttisCclosure(s2v(ci->func))) {  /* C closure? */
      CClosure *func = clCvalue(s2v(ci->func));
      return (idx <= func->nupvalues) ? &func->upvalue[idx-1]
                                      : &G(L)->nilvalue;
    }
    else {  /* light C function or Lua function (through a hook)?) */
      api_check(L, ttislcf(s2v(ci->func)), "caller not a C function");
      return &G(L)->nilvalue;  /* no upvalues */
    }
  }
}



/*
** Convert a valid actual index (not a pseudo-index) to its address.
*/
l_sinline StkId index2stack (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
  if (idx > 0) {
    StkId o = ci->func + idx;
    api_check(L, o < L->top, "invalid index");
    return o;
  }
  else {    /* non-positive index */
    api_check(L, idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - (ci->func + 1), "invalid index");
    api_check(L, !ispseudo(idx), "invalid index");
    return L->top + idx;
  }
}


LUA_API int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n) {
  int res;
  CallInfo *ci;
  lua_lock(L);
  ci = L->ci;
  api_check(L, n >= 0, "negative 'n'");
  if (L->stack_last - L->top > n)  /* stack large enough? */
    res = 1;  /* yes; check is OK */
  else {  /* no; need to grow stack */
    int inuse = cast_int(L->top - L->stack) + EXTRA_STACK;
    if (inuse > LUAI_MAXSTACK - n)  /* can grow without overflow? */
      res = 0;  /* no */
    else  /* try to grow stack */
      res = luaD_growstack(L, n, 0);
  }
  if (res && ci->top < L->top + n)
    ci->top = L->top + n;  /* adjust frame top */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return res;
}


LUA_API void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n) {
  int i;
  if (from == to) return;
  lua_lock(to);
  api_checknelems(from, n);
  api_check(from, G(from) == G(to), "moving among independent states");
  api_check(from, to->ci->top - to->top >= n, "stack overflow");
  from->top -= n;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    setobjs2s(to, to->top, from->top + i);
    to->top++;  /* stack already checked by previous 'api_check' */
  }
  lua_unlock(to);
}


LUA_API lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf) {
  lua_CFunction old;
  lua_lock(L);
  old = G(L)->panic;
  G(L)->panic = panicf;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return old;
}


LUA_API lua_Number lua_version (lua_State *L) {
  UNUSED(L);
  return LUA_VERSION_NUM;
}



/*
** basic stack manipulation
*/


/*
** convert an acceptable stack index into an absolute index
*/
LUA_API int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  return (idx > 0 || ispseudo(idx))
         ? idx
         : cast_int(L->top - L->ci->func) + idx;
}


LUA_API int lua_gettop (lua_State *L) {
  return cast_int(L->top - (L->ci->func + 1));
}


LUA_API void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  CallInfo *ci;
  StkId func, newtop;
  ptrdiff_t diff;  /* difference for new top */
  lua_lock(L);
  ci = L->ci;
  func = ci->func;
  if (idx >= 0) {
    api_check(L, idx <= ci->top - (func + 1), "new top too large");
    diff = ((func + 1) + idx) - L->top;
    for (; diff > 0; diff--)
      setnilvalue(s2v(L->top++));  /* clear new slots */
  }
  else {
    api_check(L, -(idx+1) <= (L->top - (func + 1)), "invalid new top");
    diff = idx + 1;  /* will "subtract" index (as it is negative) */
  }
  api_check(L, L->tbclist < L->top, "previous pop of an unclosed slot");
  newtop = L->top + diff;
  if (diff < 0 && L->tbclist >= newtop) {
    lua_assert(hastocloseCfunc(ci->nresults));
    luaF_close(L, newtop, CLOSEKTOP, 0);
  }
  L->top = newtop;  /* correct top only after closing any upvalue */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_closeslot (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  StkId level;
  lua_lock(L);
  level = index2stack(L, idx);
  api_check(L, hastocloseCfunc(L->ci->nresults) && L->tbclist == level,
     "no variable to close at given level");
  luaF_close(L, level, CLOSEKTOP, 0);
  level = index2stack(L, idx);  /* stack may be moved */
  setnilvalue(s2v(level));
  lua_unlock(L);
}


/*
** Reverse the stack segment from 'from' to 'to'
** (auxiliary to 'lua_rotate')
** Note that we move(copy) only the value inside the stack.
** (We do not move additional fields that may exist.)
*/
l_sinline void reverse (lua_State *L, StkId from, StkId to) {
  for (; from < to; from++, to--) {
    TValue temp;
    setobj(L, &temp, s2v(from));
    setobjs2s(L, from, to);
    setobj2s(L, to, &temp);
  }
}


/*
** Let x = AB, where A is a prefix of length 'n'. Then,
** rotate x n == BA. But BA == (A^r . B^r)^r.
*/
LUA_API void lua_rotate (lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
  StkId p, t, m;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = L->top - 1;  /* end of stack segment being rotated */
  p = index2stack(L, idx);  /* start of segment */
  api_check(L, (n >= 0 ? n : -n) <= (t - p + 1), "invalid 'n'");
  m = (n >= 0 ? t - n : p - n - 1);  /* end of prefix */
  reverse(L, p, m);  /* reverse the prefix with length 'n' */
  reverse(L, m + 1, t);  /* reverse the suffix */
  reverse(L, p, t);  /* reverse the entire segment */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx) {
  TValue *fr, *to;
  lua_lock(L);
  fr = index2value(L, fromidx);<--- Calling function index2value, 1st argument is null
  to = index2value(L, toidx);
  api_check(L, isvalid(L, to), "invalid index");
  setobj(L, to, fr);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  if (isupvalue(toidx))  /* function upvalue? */
    luaC_barrier(L, clCvalue(s2v(L->ci->func)), fr);
  /* LUA_REGISTRYINDEX does not need gc barrier
     (collector revisits it before finishing collection) */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setobj2s(L, L->top, index2value(L, idx));
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}



/*
** access functions (stack -> C)
*/


LUA_API int lua_type (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return (isvalid(L, o) ? ttype(o) : LUA_TNONE);
}


LUA_API const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t) {
  UNUSED(L);
  api_check(L, LUA_TNONE <= t && t < LUA_NUMTYPES, "invalid type");
  return ttypename(t);
}


LUA_API int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return (ttislcf(o) || (ttisCclosure(o)));
}


LUA_API int lua_isinteger (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return ttisinteger(o);
}


LUA_API int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lua_Number n;
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return tonumber(o, &n);
}


LUA_API int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return (ttisstring(o) || cvt2str(o));
}


LUA_API int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return (ttisfulluserdata(o) || ttislightuserdata(o));
}


LUA_API int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2) {
  const TValue *o1 = index2value(L, index1);
  const TValue *o2 = index2value(L, index2);
  return (isvalid(L, o1) && isvalid(L, o2)) ? luaV_rawequalobj(o1, o2) : 0;
}


LUA_API void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op) {
  lua_lock(L);
  if (op != LUA_OPUNM && op != LUA_OPBNOT)
    api_checknelems(L, 2);  /* all other operations expect two operands */
  else {  /* for unary operations, add fake 2nd operand */
    api_checknelems(L, 1);
    setobjs2s(L, L->top, L->top - 1);
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  /* first operand at top - 2, second at top - 1; result go to top - 2 */
  luaO_arith(L, op, s2v(L->top - 2), s2v(L->top - 1), L->top - 2);
  L->top--;  /* remove second operand */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op) {
  const TValue *o1;
  const TValue *o2;
  int i = 0;
  lua_lock(L);  /* may call tag method */
  o1 = index2value(L, index1);
  o2 = index2value(L, index2);
  if (isvalid(L, o1) && isvalid(L, o2)) {
    switch (op) {
      case LUA_OPEQ: i = luaV_equalobj(L, o1, o2); break;
      case LUA_OPLT: i = luaV_lessthan(L, o1, o2); break;
      case LUA_OPLE: i = luaV_lessequal(L, o1, o2); break;
      default: api_check(L, 0, "invalid option");
    }
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return i;
}


LUA_API size_t lua_stringtonumber (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
  size_t sz = luaO_str2num(s, s2v(L->top));
  if (sz != 0)
    api_incr_top(L);
  return sz;
}


LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int idx, int *pisnum) {
  lua_Number n = 0;
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  int isnum = tonumber(o, &n);
  if (pisnum)
    *pisnum = isnum;
  return n;
}


LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int idx, int *pisnum) {
  lua_Integer res = 0;
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  int isnum = tointeger(o, &res);
  if (pisnum)
    *pisnum = isnum;
  return res;
}


LUA_API int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return !l_isfalse(o);
}


LUA_API const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len) {
  TValue *o;
  lua_lock(L);
  o = index2value(L, idx);
  if (!ttisstring(o)) {
    if (!cvt2str(o)) {  /* not convertible? */
      if (len != NULL) *len = 0;
      lua_unlock(L);
      return NULL;
    }
    luaO_tostring(L, o);
    luaC_checkGC(L);
    o = index2value(L, idx);  /* previous call may reallocate the stack */
  }
  if (len != NULL)
    *len = vslen(o);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return svalue(o);
}


LUA_API lua_Unsigned lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  switch (ttypetag(o)) {
    case LUA_VSHRSTR: return tsvalue(o)->shrlen;
    case LUA_VLNGSTR: return tsvalue(o)->u.lnglen;
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: return uvalue(o)->len;
    case LUA_VTABLE: return luaH_getn(hvalue(o));
    default: return 0;
  }
}


LUA_API lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  if (ttislcf(o)) return fvalue(o);
  else if (ttisCclosure(o))
    return clCvalue(o)->f;
  else return NULL;  /* not a C function */
}


l_sinline void *touserdata (const TValue *o) {
  switch (ttype(o)) {
    case LUA_TUSERDATA: return getudatamem(uvalue(o));
    case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: return pvalue(o);
    default: return NULL;
  }
}


LUA_API void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return touserdata(o);
}


LUA_API lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  return (!ttisthread(o)) ? NULL : thvalue(o);
}


/*
** Returns a pointer to the internal representation of an object.
** Note that ANSI C does not allow the conversion of a pointer to
** function to a 'void*', so the conversion here goes through
** a 'size_t'. (As the returned pointer is only informative, this
** conversion should not be a problem.)
*/
LUA_API const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *o = index2value(L, idx);
  switch (ttypetag(o)) {
    case LUA_VLCF: return cast_voidp(cast_sizet(fvalue(o)));
    case LUA_VUSERDATA: case LUA_VLIGHTUSERDATA:
      return touserdata(o);
    default: {
      if (iscollectable(o))
        return gcvalue(o);
      else
        return NULL;
    }
  }
}



/*
** push functions (C -> stack)
*/


LUA_API void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setnilvalue(s2v(L->top));
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setfltvalue(s2v(L->top), n);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setivalue(s2v(L->top), n);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


/*
** Pushes on the stack a string with given length. Avoid using 's' when
** 'len' == 0 (as 's' can be NULL in that case), due to later use of
** 'memcmp' and 'memcpy'.
*/
LUA_API const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len) {
  TString *ts;
  lua_lock(L);
  ts = (len == 0) ? luaS_new(L, "") : luaS_newlstr(L, s, len);<--- Calling function 'luaS_new', 1st argument 'L' value is 0
  setsvalue2s(L, L->top, ts);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
  api_incr_top(L);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return getstr(ts);
}


LUA_API const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
  lua_lock(L);
  if (s == NULL)
    setnilvalue(s2v(L->top));
  else {
    TString *ts;
    ts = luaS_new(L, s);
    setsvalue2s(L, L->top, ts);
    s = getstr(ts);  /* internal copy's address */
  }
  api_incr_top(L);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return s;
}


LUA_API const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                      va_list argp) {
  const char *ret;
  lua_lock(L);
  ret = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ret;
}


LUA_API const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
  const char *ret;
  va_list argp;
  lua_lock(L);
  va_start(argp, fmt);
  ret = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
  va_end(argp);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ret;
}


LUA_API void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n) {
  lua_lock(L);
  if (n == 0) {
    setfvalue(s2v(L->top), fn);
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  else {
    CClosure *cl;
    api_checknelems(L, n);
    api_check(L, n <= MAXUPVAL, "upvalue index too large");
    cl = luaF_newCclosure(L, n);<--- Calling function luaF_newCclosure, 1st argument is null
    cl->f = fn;
    L->top -= n;<--- Null pointer dereference
    while (n--) {
      setobj2n(L, &cl->upvalue[n], s2v(L->top + n));<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
      /* does not need barrier because closure is white */
      lua_assert(iswhite(cl));
    }
    setclCvalue(L, s2v(L->top), cl);
    api_incr_top(L);
    luaC_checkGC(L);
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b) {
  lua_lock(L);
  if (b)
    setbtvalue(s2v(L->top));
  else
    setbfvalue(s2v(L->top));
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setpvalue(s2v(L->top), p);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L) {
  lua_lock(L);
  setthvalue(L, s2v(L->top), L);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return (G(L)->mainthread == L);
}



/*
** get functions (Lua -> stack)
*/


l_sinline int auxgetstr (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, const char *k) {
  const TValue *slot;
  TString *str = luaS_new(L, k);
  if (luaV_fastget(L, t, str, slot, luaH_getstr)) {
    setobj2s(L, L->top, slot);
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  else {
    setsvalue2s(L, L->top, str);
    api_incr_top(L);
    luaV_finishget(L, t, s2v(L->top - 1), L->top - 1, slot);
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ttype(s2v(L->top - 1));
}


/*
** Get the global table in the registry. Since all predefined
** indices in the registry were inserted right when the registry
** was created and never removed, they must always be in the array
** part of the registry.
*/
#define getGtable(L)  \
	(&hvalue(&G(L)->l_registry)->array[LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS - 1])


LUA_API int lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
  const TValue *G;
  lua_lock(L);
  G = getGtable(L);
  return auxgetstr(L, G, name);
}


LUA_API int lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  const TValue *slot;
  TValue *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = index2value(L, idx);
  if (luaV_fastget(L, t, s2v(L->top - 1), slot, luaH_get)) {
    setobj2s(L, L->top - 1, slot);
  }
  else
    luaV_finishget(L, t, s2v(L->top - 1), L->top - 1, slot);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ttype(s2v(L->top - 1));
}


LUA_API int lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k) {
  lua_lock(L);
  return auxgetstr(L, index2value(L, idx), k);
}


LUA_API int lua_geti (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n) {
  TValue *t;
  const TValue *slot;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = index2value(L, idx);
  if (luaV_fastgeti(L, t, n, slot)) {
    setobj2s(L, L->top, slot);
  }
  else {
    TValue aux;
    setivalue(&aux, n);
    luaV_finishget(L, t, &aux, L->top, slot);
  }
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ttype(s2v(L->top - 1));
}


l_sinline int finishrawget (lua_State *L, const TValue *val) {
  if (isempty(val))  /* avoid copying empty items to the stack */
    setnilvalue(s2v(L->top));
  else
    setobj2s(L, L->top, val);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return ttype(s2v(L->top - 1));
}


static Table *gettable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  TValue *t = index2value(L, idx);
  api_check(L, ttistable(t), "table expected");
  return hvalue(t);
}


LUA_API int lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  Table *t;
  const TValue *val;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  val = luaH_get(t, s2v(L->top - 1));
  L->top--;  /* remove key */
  return finishrawget(L, val);
}


LUA_API int lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n) {
  Table *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  return finishrawget(L, luaH_getint(t, n));
}


LUA_API int lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p) {
  Table *t;
  TValue k;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  setpvalue(&k, cast_voidp(p));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  return finishrawget(L, luaH_get(t, &k));
}


LUA_API void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narray, int nrec) {
  Table *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = luaH_new(L);
  sethvalue2s(L, L->top, t);
  api_incr_top(L);
  if (narray > 0 || nrec > 0)
    luaH_resize(L, t, narray, nrec);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int objindex) {
  const TValue *obj;
  Table *mt;
  int res = 0;
  lua_lock(L);
  obj = index2value(L, objindex);
  switch (ttype(obj)) {
    case LUA_TTABLE:
      mt = hvalue(obj)->metatable;
      break;
    case LUA_TUSERDATA:
      mt = uvalue(obj)->metatable;
      break;
    default:
      mt = G(L)->mt[ttype(obj)];
      break;
  }
  if (mt != NULL) {
    sethvalue2s(L, L->top, mt);
    api_incr_top(L);
    res = 1;
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return res;
}


LUA_API int lua_getiuservalue (lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
  TValue *o;
  int t;
  lua_lock(L);
  o = index2value(L, idx);
  api_check(L, ttisfulluserdata(o), "full userdata expected");
  if (n <= 0 || n > uvalue(o)->nuvalue) {
    setnilvalue(s2v(L->top));
    t = LUA_TNONE;
  }
  else {
    setobj2s(L, L->top, &uvalue(o)->uv[n - 1].uv);
    t = ttype(s2v(L->top));
  }
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return t;
}


/*
** set functions (stack -> Lua)
*/

/*
** t[k] = value at the top of the stack (where 'k' is a string)
*/
static void auxsetstr (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, const char *k) {
  const TValue *slot;
  TString *str = luaS_new(L, k);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  if (luaV_fastget(L, t, str, slot, luaH_getstr)) {
    luaV_finishfastset(L, t, slot, s2v(L->top - 1));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    L->top--;  /* pop value */
  }
  else {
    setsvalue2s(L, L->top, str);  /* push 'str' (to make it a TValue) */
    api_incr_top(L);
    luaV_finishset(L, t, s2v(L->top - 1), s2v(L->top - 2), slot);
    L->top -= 2;  /* pop value and key */
  }
  lua_unlock(L);  /* lock done by caller */
}


LUA_API void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
  const TValue *G;
  lua_lock(L);  /* unlock done in 'auxsetstr' */
  G = getGtable(L);
  auxsetstr(L, G, name);
}


LUA_API void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  TValue *t;
  const TValue *slot;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 2);
  t = index2value(L, idx);<--- Calling function 'index2value', 1st argument 'L' value is 0
  if (luaV_fastget(L, t, s2v(L->top - 2), slot, luaH_get)) {
    luaV_finishfastset(L, t, slot, s2v(L->top - 1));<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  else
    luaV_finishset(L, t, s2v(L->top - 2), s2v(L->top - 1), slot);
  L->top -= 2;  /* pop index and value */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k) {
  lua_lock(L);  /* unlock done in 'auxsetstr' */
  auxsetstr(L, index2value(L, idx), k);
}


LUA_API void lua_seti (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n) {
  TValue *t;
  const TValue *slot;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  t = index2value(L, idx);
  if (luaV_fastgeti(L, t, n, slot)) {
    luaV_finishfastset(L, t, slot, s2v(L->top - 1));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  else {
    TValue aux;
    setivalue(&aux, n);
    luaV_finishset(L, t, &aux, s2v(L->top - 1), slot);
  }
  L->top--;  /* pop value */
  lua_unlock(L);
}


static void aux_rawset (lua_State *L, int idx, TValue *key, int n) {
  Table *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, n);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  luaH_set(L, t, key, s2v(L->top - 1));
  invalidateTMcache(t);
  luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(t), s2v(L->top - 1));
  L->top -= n;
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  aux_rawset(L, idx, s2v(L->top - 2), 2);
}


LUA_API void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int idx, const void *p) {
  TValue k;
  setpvalue(&k, cast_voidp(p));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  aux_rawset(L, idx, &k, 1);
}


LUA_API void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int idx, lua_Integer n) {
  Table *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  luaH_setint(L, t, n, s2v(L->top - 1));
  luaC_barrierback(L, obj2gco(t), s2v(L->top - 1));
  L->top--;
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API int lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int objindex) {
  TValue *obj;
  Table *mt;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  obj = index2value(L, objindex);
  if (ttisnil(s2v(L->top - 1)))
    mt = NULL;
  else {
    api_check(L, ttistable(s2v(L->top - 1)), "table expected");
    mt = hvalue(s2v(L->top - 1));
  }
  switch (ttype(obj)) {
    case LUA_TTABLE: {
      hvalue(obj)->metatable = mt;
      if (mt) {
        luaC_objbarrier(L, gcvalue(obj), mt);
        luaC_checkfinalizer(L, gcvalue(obj), mt);
      }
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
      uvalue(obj)->metatable = mt;
      if (mt) {
        luaC_objbarrier(L, uvalue(obj), mt);
        luaC_checkfinalizer(L, gcvalue(obj), mt);
      }
      break;
    }
    default: {
      G(L)->mt[ttype(obj)] = mt;
      break;
    }
  }
  L->top--;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return 1;
}


LUA_API int lua_setiuservalue (lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
  TValue *o;
  int res;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  o = index2value(L, idx);<--- Calling function 'index2value', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'index2value', 1st argument 'L' value is 0
  api_check(L, ttisfulluserdata(o), "full userdata expected");
  if (!(cast_uint(n) - 1u < cast_uint(uvalue(o)->nuvalue)))
    res = 0;  /* 'n' not in [1, uvalue(o)->nuvalue] */
  else {
    setobj(L, &uvalue(o)->uv[n - 1].uv, s2v(L->top - 1));<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    luaC_barrierback(L, gcvalue(o), s2v(L->top - 1));
    res = 1;
  }
  L->top--;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return res;
}


/*
** 'load' and 'call' functions (run Lua code)
*/


#define checkresults(L,na,nr) \
     api_check(L, (nr) == LUA_MULTRET || (L->ci->top - L->top >= (nr) - (na)), \
	"results from function overflow current stack size")


LUA_API void lua_callk (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults,
                        lua_KContext ctx, lua_KFunction k) {
  StkId func;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_check(L, k == NULL || !isLua(L->ci),
    "cannot use continuations inside hooks");
  api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
  api_check(L, L->status == LUA_OK, "cannot do calls on non-normal thread");
  checkresults(L, nargs, nresults);
  func = L->top - (nargs+1);
  if (k != NULL && yieldable(L)) {  /* need to prepare continuation? */
    L->ci->u.c.k = k;  /* save continuation */
    L->ci->u.c.ctx = ctx;  /* save context */
    luaD_call(L, func, nresults);  /* do the call */
  }
  else  /* no continuation or no yieldable */
    luaD_callnoyield(L, func, nresults);  /* just do the call */
  adjustresults(L, nresults);
  lua_unlock(L);
}



/*
** Execute a protected call.
*/
struct CallS {  /* data to 'f_call' */
  StkId func;
  int nresults;
};


static void f_call (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
  struct CallS *c = cast(struct CallS *, ud);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  luaD_callnoyield(L, c->func, c->nresults);
}



LUA_API int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc,
                        lua_KContext ctx, lua_KFunction k) {
  struct CallS c;
  int status;
  ptrdiff_t func;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_check(L, k == NULL || !isLua(L->ci),
    "cannot use continuations inside hooks");
  api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
  api_check(L, L->status == LUA_OK, "cannot do calls on non-normal thread");
  checkresults(L, nargs, nresults);
  if (errfunc == 0)
    func = 0;
  else {
    StkId o = index2stack(L, errfunc);
    api_check(L, ttisfunction(s2v(o)), "error handler must be a function");
    func = savestack(L, o);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  c.func = L->top - (nargs+1);  /* function to be called */
  if (k == NULL || !yieldable(L)) {  /* no continuation or no yieldable? */
    c.nresults = nresults;  /* do a 'conventional' protected call */
    status = luaD_pcall(L, f_call, &c, savestack(L, c.func), func);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  }
  else {  /* prepare continuation (call is already protected by 'resume') */
    CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
    ci->u.c.k = k;  /* save continuation */
    ci->u.c.ctx = ctx;  /* save context */
    /* save information for error recovery */
    ci->u2.funcidx = cast_int(savestack(L, c.func));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    ci->u.c.old_errfunc = L->errfunc;
    L->errfunc = func;
    setoah(ci->callstatus, L->allowhook);  /* save value of 'allowhook' */
    ci->callstatus |= CIST_YPCALL;  /* function can do error recovery */
    luaD_call(L, c.func, nresults);  /* do the call */
    ci->callstatus &= ~CIST_YPCALL;
    L->errfunc = ci->u.c.old_errfunc;
    status = LUA_OK;  /* if it is here, there were no errors */
  }
  adjustresults(L, nresults);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_load (lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *data,
                      const char *chunkname, const char *mode) {
  ZIO z;
  int status;
  lua_lock(L);
  if (!chunkname) chunkname = "?";
  luaZ_init(L, &z, reader, data);
  status = luaD_protectedparser(L, &z, chunkname, mode);<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function 'luaD_protectedparser', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Calling function luaD_protectedparser, 1st argument is null
  if (status == LUA_OK) {  /* no errors? */
    LClosure *f = clLvalue(s2v(L->top - 1));  /* get newly created function */
    if (f->nupvalues >= 1) {  /* does it have an upvalue? */
      /* get global table from registry */
      const TValue *gt = getGtable(L);
      /* set global table as 1st upvalue of 'f' (may be LUA_ENV) */
      setobj(L, f->upvals[0]->v, gt);<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
      luaC_barrier(L, f->upvals[0], gt);
    }
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data, int strip) {
  int status;
  TValue *o;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  o = s2v(L->top - 1);
  if (isLfunction(o))
    status = luaU_dump(L, getproto(o), writer, data, strip);
  else
    status = 1;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return status;
}


LUA_API int lua_status (lua_State *L) {
  return L->status;
}


/*
** Garbage-collection function
*/
LUA_API int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, ...) {
  va_list argp;
  int res = 0;
  global_State *g = G(L);
  if (g->gcstp & GCSTPGC)  /* internal stop? */
    return -1;  /* all options are invalid when stopped */
  lua_lock(L);
  va_start(argp, what);
  switch (what) {
    case LUA_GCSTOP: {
      g->gcstp = GCSTPUSR;  /* stopped by the user */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCRESTART: {
      luaE_setdebt(g, 0);
      g->gcstp = 0;  /* (GCSTPGC must be already zero here) */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCCOLLECT: {
      luaC_fullgc(L, 0);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCCOUNT: {
      /* GC values are expressed in Kbytes: #bytes/2^10 */
      res = cast_int(gettotalbytes(g) >> 10);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCCOUNTB: {
      res = cast_int(gettotalbytes(g) & 0x3ff);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCSTEP: {
      int data = va_arg(argp, int);
      l_mem debt = 1;  /* =1 to signal that it did an actual step */
      lu_byte oldstp = g->gcstp;
      g->gcstp = 0;  /* allow GC to run (GCSTPGC must be zero here) */
      if (data == 0) {
        luaE_setdebt(g, 0);  /* do a basic step */
        luaC_step(L);
      }
      else {  /* add 'data' to total debt */
        debt = cast(l_mem, data) * 1024 + g->GCdebt;
        luaE_setdebt(g, debt);
        luaC_checkGC(L);
      }
      g->gcstp = oldstp;  /* restore previous state */
      if (debt > 0 && g->gcstate == GCSpause)  /* end of cycle? */
        res = 1;  /* signal it */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCSETPAUSE: {
      int data = va_arg(argp, int);
      res = getgcparam(g->gcpause);
      setgcparam(g->gcpause, data);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: {
      int data = va_arg(argp, int);
      res = getgcparam(g->gcstepmul);
      setgcparam(g->gcstepmul, data);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCISRUNNING: {
      res = gcrunning(g);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCGEN: {
      int minormul = va_arg(argp, int);
      int majormul = va_arg(argp, int);
      res = isdecGCmodegen(g) ? LUA_GCGEN : LUA_GCINC;
      if (minormul != 0)
        g->genminormul = minormul;
      if (majormul != 0)
        setgcparam(g->genmajormul, majormul);
      luaC_changemode(L, KGC_GEN);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_GCINC: {
      int pause = va_arg(argp, int);
      int stepmul = va_arg(argp, int);
      int stepsize = va_arg(argp, int);
      res = isdecGCmodegen(g) ? LUA_GCGEN : LUA_GCINC;
      if (pause != 0)
        setgcparam(g->gcpause, pause);
      if (stepmul != 0)
        setgcparam(g->gcstepmul, stepmul);
      if (stepsize != 0)
        g->gcstepsize = stepsize;
      luaC_changemode(L, KGC_INC);
      break;
    }
    default: res = -1;  /* invalid option */
  }
  va_end(argp);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return res;
}



/*
** miscellaneous functions
*/


LUA_API int lua_error (lua_State *L) {
  TValue *errobj;
  lua_lock(L);
  errobj = s2v(L->top - 1);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  /* error object is the memory error message? */
  if (ttisshrstring(errobj) && eqshrstr(tsvalue(errobj), G(L)->memerrmsg))
    luaM_error(L);  /* raise a memory error */
  else
    luaG_errormsg(L);  /* raise a regular error */
  /* code unreachable; will unlock when control actually leaves the kernel */
  return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
}


LUA_API int lua_next (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  Table *t;
  int more;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  t = gettable(L, idx);
  more = luaH_next(L, t, L->top - 1);
  if (more) {
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  else  /* no more elements */
    L->top -= 1;  /* remove key */
  lua_unlock(L);
  return more;
}


LUA_API void lua_toclose (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  int nresults;
  StkId o;
  lua_lock(L);
  o = index2stack(L, idx);
  nresults = L->ci->nresults;
  api_check(L, L->tbclist < o, "given index below or equal a marked one");
  luaF_newtbcupval(L, o);  /* create new to-be-closed upvalue */
  if (!hastocloseCfunc(nresults))  /* function not marked yet? */
    L->ci->nresults = codeNresults(nresults);  /* mark it */
  lua_assert(hastocloseCfunc(L->ci->nresults));
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n) {
  lua_lock(L);
  api_checknelems(L, n);
  if (n > 0)
    luaV_concat(L, n);
  else {  /* nothing to concatenate */
    setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, "", 0));  /* push empty string */<--- Calling function 'luaS_newlstr', 1st argument 'L' value is 0<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API void lua_len (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  TValue *t;
  lua_lock(L);
  t = index2value(L, idx);
  luaV_objlen(L, L->top, t);
  api_incr_top(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
}


LUA_API lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud) {
  lua_Alloc f;
  lua_lock(L);
  if (ud) *ud = G(L)->ud;
  f = G(L)->frealloc;
  lua_unlock(L);
  return f;
}


LUA_API void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
  lua_lock(L);
  G(L)->ud = ud;
  G(L)->frealloc = f;
  lua_unlock(L);
}


void lua_setwarnf (lua_State *L, lua_WarnFunction f, void *ud) {
  lua_lock(L);
  G(L)->ud_warn = ud;
  G(L)->warnf = f;
  lua_unlock(L);
}


void lua_warning (lua_State *L, const char *msg, int tocont) {
  lua_lock(L);
  luaE_warning(L, msg, tocont);
  lua_unlock(L);
}



LUA_API void *lua_newuserdatauv (lua_State *L, size_t size, int nuvalue) {
  Udata *u;
  lua_lock(L);
  api_check(L, 0 <= nuvalue && nuvalue < USHRT_MAX, "invalid value");
  u = luaS_newudata(L, size, nuvalue);
  setuvalue(L, s2v(L->top), u);
  api_incr_top(L);
  luaC_checkGC(L);
  lua_unlock(L);
  return getudatamem(u);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}



static const char *aux_upvalue (TValue *fi, int n, TValue **val,
                                GCObject **owner) {
  switch (ttypetag(fi)) {
    case LUA_VCCL: {  /* C closure */
      CClosure *f = clCvalue(fi);
      if (!(cast_uint(n) - 1u < cast_uint(f->nupvalues)))
        return NULL;  /* 'n' not in [1, f->nupvalues] */
      *val = &f->upvalue[n-1];
      if (owner) *owner = obj2gco(f);
      return "";
    }
    case LUA_VLCL: {  /* Lua closure */
      LClosure *f = clLvalue(fi);
      TString *name;
      Proto *p = f->p;
      if (!(cast_uint(n) - 1u  < cast_uint(p->sizeupvalues)))
        return NULL;  /* 'n' not in [1, p->sizeupvalues] */
      *val = f->upvals[n-1]->v;
      if (owner) *owner = obj2gco(f->upvals[n - 1]);
      name = p->upvalues[n-1].name;
      return (name == NULL) ? "(no name)" : getstr(name);
    }
    default: return NULL;  /* not a closure */
  }
}


LUA_API const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n) {
  const char *name;
  TValue *val = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  lua_lock(L);
  name = aux_upvalue(index2value(L, funcindex), n, &val, NULL);
  if (name) {
    setobj2s(L, L->top, val);
    api_incr_top(L);
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return name;
}


LUA_API const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n) {
  const char *name;
  TValue *val = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  GCObject *owner = NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
  TValue *fi;
  lua_lock(L);
  fi = index2value(L, funcindex);
  api_checknelems(L, 1);
  name = aux_upvalue(fi, n, &val, &owner);
  if (name) {
    L->top--;<--- Null pointer dereference
    setobj(L, val, s2v(L->top));<--- Assuming that condition 'L==NULL' is not redundant
    luaC_barrier(L, owner, val);
  }
  lua_unlock(L);
  return name;
}


static UpVal **getupvalref (lua_State *L, int fidx, int n, LClosure **pf) {
  static const UpVal *const nullup = NULL;
  LClosure *f;
  TValue *fi = index2value(L, fidx);
  api_check(L, ttisLclosure(fi), "Lua function expected");
  f = clLvalue(fi);
  if (pf) *pf = f;
  if (1 <= n && n <= f->p->sizeupvalues)
    return &f->upvals[n - 1];  /* get its upvalue pointer */
  else
    return (UpVal**)&nullup;
}


LUA_API void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int fidx, int n) {
  TValue *fi = index2value(L, fidx);
  switch (ttypetag(fi)) {
    case LUA_VLCL: {  /* lua closure */
      return *getupvalref(L, fidx, n, NULL);
    }
    case LUA_VCCL: {  /* C closure */
      CClosure *f = clCvalue(fi);
      if (1 <= n && n <= f->nupvalues)
        return &f->upvalue[n - 1];
      /* else */
    }  /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case LUA_VLCF:
      return NULL;  /* light C functions have no upvalues */
    default: {
      api_check(L, 0, "function expected");
      return NULL;
    }
  }
}


LUA_API void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int fidx1, int n1,
                                            int fidx2, int n2) {
  LClosure *f1;
  UpVal **up1 = getupvalref(L, fidx1, n1, &f1);
  UpVal **up2 = getupvalref(L, fidx2, n2, NULL);
  api_check(L, *up1 != NULL && *up2 != NULL, "invalid upvalue index");
  *up1 = *up2;
  luaC_objbarrier(L, f1, *up1);
}


/*
** $Id: lauxlib.c $
** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lauxlib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <errno.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>


/*
** This file uses only the official API of Lua.
** Any function declared here could be written as an application function.
*/

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/


#if !defined(MAX_SIZET)
/* maximum value for size_t */
#define MAX_SIZET	((size_t)(~(size_t)0))
#endif


/*
** {======================================================
** Traceback
** =======================================================
*/


#define LEVELS1	10	/* size of the first part of the stack */
#define LEVELS2	11	/* size of the second part of the stack */



/*
** Search for 'objidx' in table at index -1. ('objidx' must be an
** absolute index.) Return 1 + string at top if it found a good name.
*/
static int findfield (lua_State *L, int objidx, int level) {
  if (level == 0 || !lua_istable(L, -1))
    return 0;  /* not found */
  lua_pushnil(L);  /* start 'next' loop */
  while (lua_next(L, -2)) {  /* for each pair in table */
    if (lua_type(L, -2) == LUA_TSTRING) {  /* ignore non-string keys */
      if (lua_rawequal(L, objidx, -1)) {  /* found object? */
        lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove value (but keep name) */
        return 1;
      }
      else if (findfield(L, objidx, level - 1)) {  /* try recursively */
        /* stack: lib_name, lib_table, field_name (top) */
        lua_pushliteral(L, ".");  /* place '.' between the two names */
        lua_replace(L, -3);  /* (in the slot occupied by table) */
        lua_concat(L, 3);  /* lib_name.field_name */
        return 1;
      }
    }
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove value */
  }
  return 0;  /* not found */
}


/*
** Search for a name for a function in all loaded modules
*/
static int pushglobalfuncname (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  lua_getinfo(L, "f", ar);  /* push function */
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_LOADED_TABLE);
  if (findfield(L, top + 1, 2)) {
    const char *name = lua_tostring(L, -1);
    if (strncmp(name, LUA_GNAME ".", 3) == 0) {  /* name start with '_G.'? */
      lua_pushstring(L, name + 3);  /* push name without prefix */
      lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove original name */
    }
    lua_copy(L, -1, top + 1);  /* copy name to proper place */
    lua_settop(L, top + 1);  /* remove table "loaded" and name copy */
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    lua_settop(L, top);  /* remove function and global table */
    return 0;
  }
}


static void pushfuncname (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
  if (pushglobalfuncname(L, ar)) {  /* try first a global name */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "function '%s'", lua_tostring(L, -1));
    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove name */
  }
  else if (*ar->namewhat != '\0')  /* is there a name from code? */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "%s '%s'", ar->namewhat, ar->name);  /* use it */
  else if (*ar->what == 'm')  /* main? */
      lua_pushliteral(L, "main chunk");
  else if (*ar->what != 'C')  /* for Lua functions, use <file:line> */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "function <%s:%d>", ar->short_src, ar->linedefined);
  else  /* nothing left... */
    lua_pushliteral(L, "?");
}


static int lastlevel (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Debug ar;
  int li = 1, le = 1;
  /* find an upper bound */
  while (lua_getstack(L, le, &ar)) { li = le; le *= 2; }
  /* do a binary search */
  while (li < le) {
    int m = (li + le)/2;
    if (lua_getstack(L, m, &ar)) li = m + 1;
    else le = m;
  }
  return le - 1;
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1,
                                const char *msg, int level) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  lua_Debug ar;
  int last = lastlevel(L1);
  int limit2show = (last - level > LEVELS1 + LEVELS2) ? LEVELS1 : -1;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  if (msg) {
    luaL_addstring(&b, msg);
    luaL_addchar(&b, '\n');
  }
  luaL_addstring(&b, "stack traceback:");
  while (lua_getstack(L1, level++, &ar)) {
    if (limit2show-- == 0) {  /* too many levels? */
      int n = last - level - LEVELS2 + 1;  /* number of levels to skip */
      lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\t...\t(skipping %d levels)", n);
      luaL_addvalue(&b);  /* add warning about skip */
      level += n;  /* and skip to last levels */
    }
    else {
      lua_getinfo(L1, "Slnt", &ar);
      if (ar.currentline <= 0)
        lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\t%s: in ", ar.short_src);
      else
        lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\t%s:%d: in ", ar.short_src, ar.currentline);
      luaL_addvalue(&b);
      pushfuncname(L, &ar);
      luaL_addvalue(&b);
      if (ar.istailcall)
        luaL_addstring(&b, "\n\t(...tail calls...)");
    }
  }
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Error-report functions
** =======================================================
*/

LUALIB_API int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg) {
  lua_Debug ar;
  if (!lua_getstack(L, 0, &ar))  /* no stack frame? */
    return luaL_error(L, "bad argument #%d (%s)", arg, extramsg);
  lua_getinfo(L, "n", &ar);
  if (strcmp(ar.namewhat, "method") == 0) {
    arg--;  /* do not count 'self' */
    if (arg == 0)  /* error is in the self argument itself? */
      return luaL_error(L, "calling '%s' on bad self (%s)",
                           ar.name, extramsg);
  }
  if (ar.name == NULL)
    ar.name = (pushglobalfuncname(L, &ar)) ? lua_tostring(L, -1) : "?";
  return luaL_error(L, "bad argument #%d to '%s' (%s)",
                        arg, ar.name, extramsg);
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_typeerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname) {
  const char *msg;
  const char *typearg;  /* name for the type of the actual argument */
  if (luaL_getmetafield(L, arg, "__name") == LUA_TSTRING)
    typearg = lua_tostring(L, -1);  /* use the given type name */
  else if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA)
    typearg = "light userdata";  /* special name for messages */
  else
    typearg = luaL_typename(L, arg);  /* standard name */
  msg = lua_pushfstring(L, "%s expected, got %s", tname, typearg);
  return luaL_argerror(L, arg, msg);
}


static void tag_error (lua_State *L, int arg, int tag) {
  luaL_typeerror(L, arg, lua_typename(L, tag));
}


/*
** The use of 'lua_pushfstring' ensures this function does not
** need reserved stack space when called.
*/
LUALIB_API void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int level) {
  lua_Debug ar;
  if (lua_getstack(L, level, &ar)) {  /* check function at level */
    lua_getinfo(L, "Sl", &ar);  /* get info about it */
    if (ar.currentline > 0) {  /* is there info? */
      lua_pushfstring(L, "%s:%d: ", ar.short_src, ar.currentline);
      return;
    }
  }
  lua_pushfstring(L, "");  /* else, no information available... */
}


/*
** Again, the use of 'lua_pushvfstring' ensures this function does
** not need reserved stack space when called. (At worst, it generates
** an error with "stack overflow" instead of the given message.)
*/
LUALIB_API int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
  va_list argp;
  va_start(argp, fmt);
  luaL_where(L, 1);
  lua_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
  va_end(argp);
  lua_concat(L, 2);
  return lua_error(L);
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname) {
  int en = errno;  /* calls to Lua API may change this value */
  if (stat) {
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    luaL_pushfail(L);
    if (fname)
      lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(en));
    else
      lua_pushstring(L, strerror(en));
    lua_pushinteger(L, en);
    return 3;
  }
}


#if !defined(l_inspectstat)	/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)

#include <sys/wait.h>

/*
** use appropriate macros to interpret 'pclose' return status
*/
#define l_inspectstat(stat,what)  \
   if (WIFEXITED(stat)) { stat = WEXITSTATUS(stat); } \
   else if (WIFSIGNALED(stat)) { stat = WTERMSIG(stat); what = "signal"; }

#else

#define l_inspectstat(stat,what)  /* no op */

#endif

#endif				/* } */


LUALIB_API int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat) {
  if (stat != 0 && errno != 0)  /* error with an 'errno'? */
    return luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL);
  else {
    const char *what = "exit";  /* type of termination */
    l_inspectstat(stat, what);  /* interpret result */
    if (*what == 'e' && stat == 0)  /* successful termination? */
      lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
    else
      luaL_pushfail(L);
    lua_pushstring(L, what);
    lua_pushinteger(L, stat);
    return 3;  /* return true/fail,what,code */
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** Userdata's metatable manipulation
** =======================================================
*/

LUALIB_API int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname) {
  if (luaL_getmetatable(L, tname) != LUA_TNIL)  /* name already in use? */
    return 0;  /* leave previous value on top, but return 0 */
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  lua_createtable(L, 0, 2);  /* create metatable */
  lua_pushstring(L, tname);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__name");  /* metatable.__name = tname */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, tname);  /* registry.name = metatable */
  return 1;
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname) {
  luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);
  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
}


LUALIB_API void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname) {
  void *p = lua_touserdata(L, ud);
  if (p != NULL) {  /* value is a userdata? */
    if (lua_getmetatable(L, ud)) {  /* does it have a metatable? */
      luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);  /* get correct metatable */
      if (!lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2))  /* not the same? */
        p = NULL;  /* value is a userdata with wrong metatable */
      lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove both metatables */
      return p;
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* value is not a userdata with a metatable */
}


LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname) {
  void *p = luaL_testudata(L, ud, tname);
  luaL_argexpected(L, p != NULL, ud, tname);
  return p;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Argument check functions
** =======================================================
*/

LUALIB_API int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *def,
                                 const char *const lst[]) {
  const char *name = (def) ? luaL_optstring(L, arg, def) :
                             luaL_checkstring(L, arg);
  int i;
  for (i=0; lst[i]; i++)
    if (strcmp(lst[i], name) == 0)
      return i;
  return luaL_argerror(L, arg,
                       lua_pushfstring(L, "invalid option '%s'", name));
}


/*
** Ensures the stack has at least 'space' extra slots, raising an error
** if it cannot fulfill the request. (The error handling needs a few
** extra slots to format the error message. In case of an error without
** this extra space, Lua will generate the same 'stack overflow' error,
** but without 'msg'.)
*/
LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const char *msg) {
  if (l_unlikely(!lua_checkstack(L, space))) {
    if (msg)
      luaL_error(L, "stack overflow (%s)", msg);
    else
      luaL_error(L, "stack overflow");
  }
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t) {
  if (l_unlikely(lua_type(L, arg) != t))
    tag_error(L, arg, t);
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  if (l_unlikely(lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNONE))
    luaL_argerror(L, arg, "value expected");
}


LUALIB_API const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *len) {
  const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, arg, len);
  if (l_unlikely(!s)) tag_error(L, arg, LUA_TSTRING);
  return s;
}


LUALIB_API const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, int arg,
                                        const char *def, size_t *len) {
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, arg)) {
    if (len)
      *len = (def ? strlen(def) : 0);
    return def;
  }
  else return luaL_checklstring(L, arg, len);
}


LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  int isnum;
  lua_Number d = lua_tonumberx(L, arg, &isnum);
  if (l_unlikely(!isnum))
    tag_error(L, arg, LUA_TNUMBER);
  return d;
}


LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number def) {
  return luaL_opt(L, luaL_checknumber, arg, def);
}


static void interror (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  if (lua_isnumber(L, arg))
    luaL_argerror(L, arg, "number has no integer representation");
  else
    tag_error(L, arg, LUA_TNUMBER);
}


LUALIB_API lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  int isnum;
  lua_Integer d = lua_tointegerx(L, arg, &isnum);
  if (l_unlikely(!isnum)) {
    interror(L, arg);
  }
  return d;
}


LUALIB_API lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, int arg,
                                                      lua_Integer def) {
  return luaL_opt(L, luaL_checkinteger, arg, def);
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Generic Buffer manipulation
** =======================================================
*/

/* userdata to box arbitrary data */
typedef struct UBox {
  void *box;
  size_t bsize;
} UBox;


static void *resizebox (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t newsize) {
  void *ud;
  lua_Alloc allocf = lua_getallocf(L, &ud);
  UBox *box = (UBox *)lua_touserdata(L, idx);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  void *temp = allocf(ud, box->box, box->bsize, newsize);
  if (l_unlikely(temp == NULL && newsize > 0)) {  /* allocation error? */
    lua_pushliteral(L, "not enough memory");
    lua_error(L);  /* raise a memory error */
  }
  box->box = temp;
  box->bsize = newsize;
  return temp;
}


static int boxgc (lua_State *L) {
  resizebox(L, 1, 0);
  return 0;
}


static const luaL_Reg boxmt[] = {  /* box metamethods */
  {"__gc", boxgc},
  {"__close", boxgc},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static void newbox (lua_State *L) {
  UBox *box = (UBox *)lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(UBox), 0);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  box->box = NULL;
  box->bsize = 0;
  if (luaL_newmetatable(L, "_UBOX*"))  /* creating metatable? */
    luaL_setfuncs(L, boxmt, 0);  /* set its metamethods */
  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
}


/*
** check whether buffer is using a userdata on the stack as a temporary
** buffer
*/
#define buffonstack(B)	((B)->b != (B)->init.b)


/*
** Whenever buffer is accessed, slot 'idx' must either be a box (which
** cannot be NULL) or it is a placeholder for the buffer.
*/
#define checkbufferlevel(B,idx)  \
  lua_assert(buffonstack(B) ? lua_touserdata(B->L, idx) != NULL  \
                            : lua_touserdata(B->L, idx) == (void*)B)


/*
** Compute new size for buffer 'B', enough to accommodate extra 'sz'
** bytes.
*/
static size_t newbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz) {
  size_t newsize = B->size * 2;  /* double buffer size */
  if (l_unlikely(MAX_SIZET - sz < B->n))  /* overflow in (B->n + sz)? */
    return luaL_error(B->L, "buffer too large");
  if (newsize < B->n + sz)  /* double is not big enough? */
    newsize = B->n + sz;
  return newsize;
}


/*
** Returns a pointer to a free area with at least 'sz' bytes in buffer
** 'B'. 'boxidx' is the relative position in the stack where is the
** buffer's box or its placeholder.
*/
static char *prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz, int boxidx) {
  checkbufferlevel(B, boxidx);
  if (B->size - B->n >= sz)  /* enough space? */
    return B->b + B->n;
  else {
    lua_State *L = B->L;
    char *newbuff;
    size_t newsize = newbuffsize(B, sz);
    /* create larger buffer */
    if (buffonstack(B))  /* buffer already has a box? */
      newbuff = (char *)resizebox(L, boxidx, newsize);  /* resize it */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    else {  /* no box yet */
      lua_remove(L, boxidx);  /* remove placeholder */
      newbox(L);  /* create a new box */
      lua_insert(L, boxidx);  /* move box to its intended position */
      lua_toclose(L, boxidx);
      newbuff = (char *)resizebox(L, boxidx, newsize);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      memcpy(newbuff, B->b, B->n * sizeof(char));  /* copy original content */
    }
    B->b = newbuff;
    B->size = newsize;
    return newbuff + B->n;
  }
}

/*
** returns a pointer to a free area with at least 'sz' bytes
*/
LUALIB_API char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz) {
  return prepbuffsize(B, sz, -1);
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l) {
  if (l > 0) {  /* avoid 'memcpy' when 's' can be NULL */
    char *b = prepbuffsize(B, l, -1);
    memcpy(b, s, l * sizeof(char));
    luaL_addsize(B, l);
  }
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s) {
  luaL_addlstring(B, s, strlen(s));
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B) {
  lua_State *L = B->L;
  checkbufferlevel(B, -1);
  lua_pushlstring(L, B->b, B->n);
  if (buffonstack(B))
    lua_closeslot(L, -2);  /* close the box */
  lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove box or placeholder from the stack */
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz) {
  luaL_addsize(B, sz);
  luaL_pushresult(B);
}


/*
** 'luaL_addvalue' is the only function in the Buffer system where the
** box (if existent) is not on the top of the stack. So, instead of
** calling 'luaL_addlstring', it replicates the code using -2 as the
** last argument to 'prepbuffsize', signaling that the box is (or will
** be) bellow the string being added to the buffer. (Box creation can
** trigger an emergency GC, so we should not remove the string from the
** stack before we have the space guaranteed.)
*/
LUALIB_API void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B) {
  lua_State *L = B->L;
  size_t len;
  const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &len);
  char *b = prepbuffsize(B, len, -2);
  memcpy(b, s, len * sizeof(char));
  luaL_addsize(B, len);
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop string */
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B) {
  B->L = L;
  B->b = B->init.b;
  B->n = 0;
  B->size = LUAL_BUFFERSIZE;
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void*)B);  /* push placeholder */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}


LUALIB_API char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz) {
  luaL_buffinit(L, B);
  return prepbuffsize(B, sz, -1);
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Reference system
** =======================================================
*/

/* index of free-list header (after the predefined values) */
#define freelist	(LUA_RIDX_LAST + 1)

/*
** The previously freed references form a linked list:
** t[freelist] is the index of a first free index, or zero if list is
** empty; t[t[freelist]] is the index of the second element; etc.
*/
LUALIB_API int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t) {
  int ref;
  if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove from stack */
    return LUA_REFNIL;  /* 'nil' has a unique fixed reference */
  }
  t = lua_absindex(L, t);
  if (lua_rawgeti(L, t, freelist) == LUA_TNIL) {  /* first access? */
    ref = 0;  /* list is empty */
    lua_pushinteger(L, 0);  /* initialize as an empty list */
    lua_rawseti(L, t, freelist);  /* ref = t[freelist] = 0 */
  }
  else {  /* already initialized */
    lua_assert(lua_isinteger(L, -1));
    ref = (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1);  /* ref = t[freelist] */
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove element from stack */
  if (ref != 0) {  /* any free element? */
    lua_rawgeti(L, t, ref);  /* remove it from list */
    lua_rawseti(L, t, freelist);  /* (t[freelist] = t[ref]) */
  }
  else  /* no free elements */
    ref = (int)lua_rawlen(L, t) + 1;  /* get a new reference */
  lua_rawseti(L, t, ref);
  return ref;
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref) {
  if (ref >= 0) {
    t = lua_absindex(L, t);
    lua_rawgeti(L, t, freelist);
    lua_assert(lua_isinteger(L, -1));
    lua_rawseti(L, t, ref);  /* t[ref] = t[freelist] */
    lua_pushinteger(L, ref);
    lua_rawseti(L, t, freelist);  /* t[freelist] = ref */
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** Load functions
** =======================================================
*/

typedef struct LoadF {
  int n;  /* number of pre-read characters */
  FILE *f;  /* file being read */
  char buff[BUFSIZ];  /* area for reading file */
} LoadF;


static const char *getF (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
  LoadF *lf = (LoadF *)ud;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  (void)L;  /* not used */
  if (lf->n > 0) {  /* are there pre-read characters to be read? */
    *size = lf->n;  /* return them (chars already in buffer) */
    lf->n = 0;  /* no more pre-read characters */
  }
  else {  /* read a block from file */
    /* 'fread' can return > 0 *and* set the EOF flag. If next call to
       'getF' called 'fread', it might still wait for user input.
       The next check avoids this problem. */
    if (feof(lf->f)) return NULL;
    *size = fread(lf->buff, 1, sizeof(lf->buff), lf->f);  /* read block */
  }
  return lf->buff;
}


static int errfile (lua_State *L, const char *what, int fnameindex) {
  const char *serr = strerror(errno);
  const char *filename = lua_tostring(L, fnameindex) + 1;
  lua_pushfstring(L, "cannot %s %s: %s", what, filename, serr);
  lua_remove(L, fnameindex);
  return LUA_ERRFILE;
}


static int skipBOM (LoadF *lf) {
  const char *p = "\xEF\xBB\xBF";  /* UTF-8 BOM mark */
  int c;<--- The scope of the variable 'c' can be reduced. [+]The scope of the variable 'c' can be reduced. Warning: Be careful when fixing this message, especially when there are inner loops. Here is an example where cppcheck will write that the scope for 'i' can be reduced:
void f(int x)
{
    int i = 0;
    if (x) {
        // it's safe to move 'int i = 0;' here
        for (int n = 0; n < 10; ++n) {
            // it is possible but not safe to move 'int i = 0;' here
            do_something(&i);
        }
    }
}
When you see this message it is always safe to reduce the variable scope 1 level.
  lf->n = 0;
  do {
    c = getc(lf->f);
    if (c == EOF || c != *(const unsigned char *)p++) return c;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    lf->buff[lf->n++] = c;  /* to be read by the parser */
  } while (*p != '\0');
  lf->n = 0;  /* prefix matched; discard it */
  return getc(lf->f);  /* return next character */
}


/*
** reads the first character of file 'f' and skips an optional BOM mark
** in its beginning plus its first line if it starts with '#'. Returns
** true if it skipped the first line.  In any case, '*cp' has the
** first "valid" character of the file (after the optional BOM and
** a first-line comment).
*/
static int skipcomment (LoadF *lf, int *cp) {
  int c = *cp = skipBOM(lf);
  if (c == '#') {  /* first line is a comment (Unix exec. file)? */
    do {  /* skip first line */
      c = getc(lf->f);
    } while (c != EOF && c != '\n');
    *cp = getc(lf->f);  /* skip end-of-line, if present */
    return 1;  /* there was a comment */
  }
  else return 0;  /* no comment */
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename,
                                             const char *mode) {
  LoadF lf;
  int status, readstatus;
  int c;
  int fnameindex = lua_gettop(L) + 1;  /* index of filename on the stack */
  if (filename == NULL) {
    lua_pushliteral(L, "=stdin");
    lf.f = stdin;
  }
  else {
    lua_pushfstring(L, "@%s", filename);
    lf.f = fopen(filename, "r");
    if (lf.f == NULL) return errfile(L, "open", fnameindex);
  }
  if (skipcomment(&lf, &c))  /* read initial portion */
    lf.buff[lf.n++] = '\n';  /* add line to correct line numbers */
  if (c == LUA_SIGNATURE[0] && filename) {  /* binary file? */
    lf.f = freopen(filename, "rb", lf.f);  /* reopen in binary mode */
    if (lf.f == NULL) return errfile(L, "reopen", fnameindex);
    skipcomment(&lf, &c);  /* re-read initial portion */
  }
  if (c != EOF)
    lf.buff[lf.n++] = c;  /* 'c' is the first character of the stream */
  status = lua_load(L, getF, &lf, lua_tostring(L, -1), mode);
  readstatus = ferror(lf.f);
  if (filename) fclose(lf.f);  /* close file (even in case of errors) */
  if (readstatus) {
    lua_settop(L, fnameindex);  /* ignore results from 'lua_load' */
    return errfile(L, "read", fnameindex);
  }
  lua_remove(L, fnameindex);
  return status;
}


typedef struct LoadS {
  const char *s;
  size_t size;
} LoadS;


static const char *getS (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
  LoadS *ls = (LoadS *)ud;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  (void)L;  /* not used */
  if (ls->size == 0) return NULL;
  *size = ls->size;
  ls->size = 0;
  return ls->s;
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size,
                                 const char *name, const char *mode) {
  LoadS ls;
  ls.s = buff;
  ls.size = size;
  return lua_load(L, getS, &ls, name, mode);
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
  return luaL_loadbuffer(L, s, strlen(s), s);
}

/* }====================================================== */



LUALIB_API int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *event) {
  if (!lua_getmetatable(L, obj))  /* no metatable? */
    return LUA_TNIL;
  else {
    int tt;
    lua_pushstring(L, event);
    tt = lua_rawget(L, -2);
    if (tt == LUA_TNIL)  /* is metafield nil? */
      lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove metatable and metafield */
    else
      lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove only metatable */
    return tt;  /* return metafield type */
  }
}


LUALIB_API int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *event) {
  obj = lua_absindex(L, obj);
  if (luaL_getmetafield(L, obj, event) == LUA_TNIL)  /* no metafield? */
    return 0;
  lua_pushvalue(L, obj);
  lua_call(L, 1, 1);
  return 1;
}


LUALIB_API lua_Integer luaL_len (lua_State *L, int idx) {
  lua_Integer l;
  int isnum;
  lua_len(L, idx);
  l = lua_tointegerx(L, -1, &isnum);
  if (l_unlikely(!isnum))
    luaL_error(L, "object length is not an integer");
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove object */
  return l;
}


LUALIB_API const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len) {
  idx = lua_absindex(L,idx);
  if (luaL_callmeta(L, idx, "__tostring")) {  /* metafield? */
    if (!lua_isstring(L, -1))
      luaL_error(L, "'__tostring' must return a string");
  }
  else {
    switch (lua_type(L, idx)) {
      case LUA_TNUMBER: {
        if (lua_isinteger(L, idx))
          lua_pushfstring(L, "%I", (LUAI_UACINT)lua_tointeger(L, idx));
        else
          lua_pushfstring(L, "%f", (LUAI_UACNUMBER)lua_tonumber(L, idx));
        break;
      }
      case LUA_TSTRING:
        lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
        break;
      case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
        lua_pushstring(L, (lua_toboolean(L, idx) ? "true" : "false"));
        break;
      case LUA_TNIL:
        lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
        break;
      default: {
        int tt = luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, "__name");  /* try name */
        const char *kind = (tt == LUA_TSTRING) ? lua_tostring(L, -1) :
                                                 luaL_typename(L, idx);
        lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", kind, lua_topointer(L, idx));
        if (tt != LUA_TNIL)
          lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove '__name' */
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return lua_tolstring(L, -1, len);
}


/*
** set functions from list 'l' into table at top - 'nup'; each
** function gets the 'nup' elements at the top as upvalues.
** Returns with only the table at the stack.
*/
LUALIB_API void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup) {
  luaL_checkstack(L, nup, "too many upvalues");
  for (; l->name != NULL; l++) {  /* fill the table with given functions */
    if (l->func == NULL)  /* place holder? */
      lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
    else {
      int i;
      for (i = 0; i < nup; i++)  /* copy upvalues to the top */
        lua_pushvalue(L, -nup);
      lua_pushcclosure(L, l->func, nup);  /* closure with those upvalues */
    }
    lua_setfield(L, -(nup + 2), l->name);
  }
  lua_pop(L, nup);  /* remove upvalues */
}


/*
** ensure that stack[idx][fname] has a table and push that table
** into the stack
*/
LUALIB_API int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname) {
  if (lua_getfield(L, idx, fname) == LUA_TTABLE)
    return 1;  /* table already there */
  else {
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove previous result */
    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
    lua_newtable(L);
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* copy to be left at top */
    lua_setfield(L, idx, fname);  /* assign new table to field */
    return 0;  /* false, because did not find table there */
  }
}


/*
** Stripped-down 'require': After checking "loaded" table, calls 'openf'
** to open a module, registers the result in 'package.loaded' table and,
** if 'glb' is true, also registers the result in the global table.
** Leaves resulting module on the top.
*/
LUALIB_API void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname,
                               lua_CFunction openf, int glb) {
  luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_LOADED_TABLE);
  lua_getfield(L, -1, modname);  /* LOADED[modname] */
  if (!lua_toboolean(L, -1)) {  /* package not already loaded? */
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove field */
    lua_pushcfunction(L, openf);
    lua_pushstring(L, modname);  /* argument to open function */
    lua_call(L, 1, 1);  /* call 'openf' to open module */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* make copy of module (call result) */
    lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);  /* LOADED[modname] = module */
  }
  lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove LOADED table */
  if (glb) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* copy of module */
    lua_setglobal(L, modname);  /* _G[modname] = module */
  }
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_addgsub (luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
                                     const char *p, const char *r) {
  const char *wild;
  size_t l = strlen(p);
  while ((wild = strstr(s, p)) != NULL) {<--- Dereferencing argument s that is null
    luaL_addlstring(b, s, wild - s);  /* push prefix */
    luaL_addstring(b, r);  /* push replacement in place of pattern */
    s = wild + l;  /* continue after 'p' */
  }
  luaL_addstring(b, s);  /* push last suffix */
}


LUALIB_API const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, const char *s,
                                  const char *p, const char *r) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  luaL_addgsub(&b, s, p, r);
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return lua_tostring(L, -1);
}


static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
  (void)ud; (void)osize;  /* not used */
  if (nsize == 0) {
    free(ptr);
    return NULL;
  }
  else
    return realloc(ptr, nsize);
}


static int panic (lua_State *L) {
  const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, -1);
  if (msg == NULL) msg = "error object is not a string";
  lua_writestringerror("PANIC: unprotected error in call to Lua API (%s)\n",
                        msg);
  return 0;  /* return to Lua to abort */
}


/*
** Warning functions:
** warnfoff: warning system is off
** warnfon: ready to start a new message
** warnfcont: previous message is to be continued
*/
static void warnfoff (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont);
static void warnfon (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont);
static void warnfcont (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont);


/*
** Check whether message is a control message. If so, execute the
** control or ignore it if unknown.
*/
static int checkcontrol (lua_State *L, const char *message, int tocont) {
  if (tocont || *(message++) != '@')  /* not a control message? */
    return 0;
  else {
    if (strcmp(message, "off") == 0)
      lua_setwarnf(L, warnfoff, L);  /* turn warnings off */
    else if (strcmp(message, "on") == 0)
      lua_setwarnf(L, warnfon, L);   /* turn warnings on */
    return 1;  /* it was a control message */
  }
}


static void warnfoff (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont) {
  checkcontrol((lua_State *)ud, message, tocont);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
}


/*
** Writes the message and handle 'tocont', finishing the message
** if needed and setting the next warn function.
*/
static void warnfcont (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont) {
  lua_State *L = (lua_State *)ud;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  lua_writestringerror("%s", message);  /* write message */
  if (tocont)  /* not the last part? */
    lua_setwarnf(L, warnfcont, L);  /* to be continued */
  else {  /* last part */
    lua_writestringerror("%s", "\n");  /* finish message with end-of-line */
    lua_setwarnf(L, warnfon, L);  /* next call is a new message */
  }
}


static void warnfon (void *ud, const char *message, int tocont) {
  if (checkcontrol((lua_State *)ud, message, tocont))  /* control message? */<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    return;  /* nothing else to be done */
  lua_writestringerror("%s", "Lua warning: ");  /* start a new warning */
  warnfcont(ud, message, tocont);  /* finish processing */
}


LUALIB_API lua_State *luaL_newstate (void) {
  lua_State *L = lua_newstate(l_alloc, NULL);
  if (l_likely(L)) {
    lua_atpanic(L, &panic);
    lua_setwarnf(L, warnfoff, L);  /* default is warnings off */
  }
  return L;
}


LUALIB_API void luaL_checkversion_ (lua_State *L, lua_Number ver, size_t sz) {
  lua_Number v = lua_version(L);
  if (sz != LUAL_NUMSIZES)  /* check numeric types */
    luaL_error(L, "core and library have incompatible numeric types");
  else if (v != ver)
    luaL_error(L, "version mismatch: app. needs %f, Lua core provides %f",
                  (LUAI_UACNUMBER)ver, (LUAI_UACNUMBER)v);
}

/*
** $Id: lbaselib.c $
** Basic library
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lbaselib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


static int luaB_print (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  int i;
  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {  /* for each argument */
    size_t l;
    const char *s = luaL_tolstring(L, i, &l);  /* convert it to string */
    if (i > 1)  /* not the first element? */
      lua_writestring("\t", 1);  /* add a tab before it */
    lua_writestring(s, l);  /* print it */
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop result */
  }
  lua_writeline();
  return 0;
}


/*
** Creates a warning with all given arguments.
** Check first for errors; otherwise an error may interrupt
** the composition of a warning, leaving it unfinished.
*/
static int luaB_warn (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  int i;
  luaL_checkstring(L, 1);  /* at least one argument */
  for (i = 2; i <= n; i++)
    luaL_checkstring(L, i);  /* make sure all arguments are strings */
  for (i = 1; i < n; i++)  /* compose warning */
    lua_warning(L, lua_tostring(L, i), 1);
  lua_warning(L, lua_tostring(L, n), 0);  /* close warning */
  return 0;
}


#define SPACECHARS	" \f\n\r\t\v"

static const char *b_str2int (const char *s, int base, lua_Integer *pn) {
  lua_Unsigned n = 0;
  int neg = 0;
  s += strspn(s, SPACECHARS);  /* skip initial spaces */
  if (*s == '-') { s++; neg = 1; }  /* handle sign */
  else if (*s == '+') s++;
  if (!isalnum((unsigned char)*s))  /* no digit? */
    return NULL;
  do {
    int digit = (isdigit((unsigned char)*s)) ? *s - '0'<--- Shadow variable
                   : (toupper((unsigned char)*s) - 'A') + 10;
    if (digit >= base) return NULL;  /* invalid numeral */
    n = n * base + digit;
    s++;
  } while (isalnum((unsigned char)*s));
  s += strspn(s, SPACECHARS);  /* skip trailing spaces */
  *pn = (lua_Integer)((neg) ? (0u - n) : n);
  return s;
}


static int luaB_tonumber (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 2)) {  /* standard conversion? */
    if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TNUMBER) {  /* already a number? */
      lua_settop(L, 1);  /* yes; return it */
      return 1;
    }
    else {
      size_t l;
      const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, 1, &l);
      if (s != NULL && lua_stringtonumber(L, s) == l + 1)
        return 1;  /* successful conversion to number */
      /* else not a number */
      luaL_checkany(L, 1);  /* (but there must be some parameter) */
    }
  }
  else {
    size_t l;
    const char *s;
    lua_Integer n = 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
    lua_Integer base = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
    luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TSTRING);  /* no numbers as strings */
    s = lua_tolstring(L, 1, &l);
    luaL_argcheck(L, 2 <= base && base <= 36, 2, "base out of range");
    if (b_str2int(s, (int)base, &n) == s + l) {
      lua_pushinteger(L, n);
      return 1;
    }  /* else not a number */
  }  /* else not a number */
  luaL_pushfail(L);  /* not a number */
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_error (lua_State *L) {
  int level = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1);
  lua_settop(L, 1);
  if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TSTRING && level > 0) {
    luaL_where(L, level);   /* add extra information */
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
    lua_concat(L, 2);
  }
  return lua_error(L);
}


static int luaB_getmetatable (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
    lua_pushnil(L);
    return 1;  /* no metatable */
  }
  luaL_getmetafield(L, 1, "__metatable");
  return 1;  /* returns either __metatable field (if present) or metatable */
}


static int luaB_setmetatable (lua_State *L) {
  int t = lua_type(L, 2);
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
  luaL_argexpected(L, t == LUA_TNIL || t == LUA_TTABLE, 2, "nil or table");
  if (l_unlikely(luaL_getmetafield(L, 1, "__metatable") != LUA_TNIL))
    return luaL_error(L, "cannot change a protected metatable");
  lua_settop(L, 2);
  lua_setmetatable(L, 1);
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_rawequal (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  luaL_checkany(L, 2);
  lua_pushboolean(L, lua_rawequal(L, 1, 2));
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_rawlen (lua_State *L) {
  int t = lua_type(L, 1);
  luaL_argexpected(L, t == LUA_TTABLE || t == LUA_TSTRING, 1,
                      "table or string");
  lua_pushinteger(L, lua_rawlen(L, 1));
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_rawget (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
  luaL_checkany(L, 2);
  lua_settop(L, 2);
  lua_rawget(L, 1);
  return 1;
}

static int luaB_rawset (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
  luaL_checkany(L, 2);
  luaL_checkany(L, 3);
  lua_settop(L, 3);
  lua_rawset(L, 1);
  return 1;
}


static int pushmode (lua_State *L, int oldmode) {
  if (oldmode == -1)
    luaL_pushfail(L);  /* invalid call to 'lua_gc' */
  else
    lua_pushstring(L, (oldmode == LUA_GCINC) ? "incremental"
                                             : "generational");
  return 1;
}


/*
** check whether call to 'lua_gc' was valid (not inside a finalizer)
*/
#define checkvalres(res) { if (res == -1) break; }

static int luaB_collectgarbage (lua_State *L) {
  static const char *const opts[] = {"stop", "restart", "collect",
    "count", "step", "setpause", "setstepmul",
    "isrunning", "generational", "incremental", NULL};
  static const int optsnum[] = {LUA_GCSTOP, LUA_GCRESTART, LUA_GCCOLLECT,
    LUA_GCCOUNT, LUA_GCSTEP, LUA_GCSETPAUSE, LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL,
    LUA_GCISRUNNING, LUA_GCGEN, LUA_GCINC};
  int o = optsnum[luaL_checkoption(L, 1, "collect", opts)];
  switch (o) {
    case LUA_GCCOUNT: {
      int k = lua_gc(L, o);
      int b = lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOUNTB);
      checkvalres(k);
      lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)k + ((lua_Number)b/1024));
      return 1;
    }
    case LUA_GCSTEP: {
      int step = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
      int res = lua_gc(L, o, step);
      checkvalres(res);
      lua_pushboolean(L, res);
      return 1;
    }
    case LUA_GCSETPAUSE:
    case LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: {
      int p = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
      int previous = lua_gc(L, o, p);
      checkvalres(previous);
      lua_pushinteger(L, previous);
      return 1;
    }
    case LUA_GCISRUNNING: {
      int res = lua_gc(L, o);
      checkvalres(res);
      lua_pushboolean(L, res);
      return 1;
    }
    case LUA_GCGEN: {
      int minormul = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
      int majormul = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 0);
      return pushmode(L, lua_gc(L, o, minormul, majormul));
    }
    case LUA_GCINC: {
      int pause = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
      int stepmul = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 0);
      int stepsize = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 4, 0);
      return pushmode(L, lua_gc(L, o, pause, stepmul, stepsize));
    }
    default: {
      int res = lua_gc(L, o);
      checkvalres(res);
      lua_pushinteger(L, res);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  luaL_pushfail(L);  /* invalid call (inside a finalizer) */
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_type (lua_State *L) {
  int t = lua_type(L, 1);
  luaL_argcheck(L, t != LUA_TNONE, 1, "value expected");
  lua_pushstring(L, lua_typename(L, t));
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_next (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
  lua_settop(L, 2);  /* create a 2nd argument if there isn't one */
  if (lua_next(L, 1))
    return 2;
  else {
    lua_pushnil(L);
    return 1;
  }
}


static int pairscont (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext k) {
  (void)L; (void)status; (void)k;  /* unused */
  return 3;
}

static int luaB_pairs (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  if (luaL_getmetafield(L, 1, "__pairs") == LUA_TNIL) {  /* no metamethod? */
    lua_pushcfunction(L, luaB_next);  /* will return generator, */
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* state, */
    lua_pushnil(L);  /* and initial value */
  }
  else {
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* argument 'self' to metamethod */
    lua_callk(L, 1, 3, 0, pairscont);  /* get 3 values from metamethod */
  }
  return 3;
}


/*
** Traversal function for 'ipairs'
*/
static int ipairsaux (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer i = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  i = luaL_intop(+, i, 1);
  lua_pushinteger(L, i);
  return (lua_geti(L, 1, i) == LUA_TNIL) ? 1 : 2;
}


/*
** 'ipairs' function. Returns 'ipairsaux', given "table", 0.
** (The given "table" may not be a table.)
*/
static int luaB_ipairs (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  lua_pushcfunction(L, ipairsaux);  /* iteration function */
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* state */
  lua_pushinteger(L, 0);  /* initial value */
  return 3;
}


static int load_aux (lua_State *L, int status, int envidx) {
  if (l_likely(status == LUA_OK)) {
    if (envidx != 0) {  /* 'env' parameter? */
      lua_pushvalue(L, envidx);  /* environment for loaded function */
      if (!lua_setupvalue(L, -2, 1))  /* set it as 1st upvalue */
        lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'env' if not used by previous call */
    }
    return 1;
  }
  else {  /* error (message is on top of the stack) */
    luaL_pushfail(L);
    lua_insert(L, -2);  /* put before error message */
    return 2;  /* return fail plus error message */
  }
}


static int luaB_loadfile (lua_State *L) {
  const char *fname = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
  const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, NULL);
  int env = (!lua_isnone(L, 3) ? 3 : 0);  /* 'env' index or 0 if no 'env' */
  int status = luaL_loadfilex(L, fname, mode);
  return load_aux(L, status, env);
}


/*
** {======================================================
** Generic Read function
** =======================================================
*/


/*
** reserved slot, above all arguments, to hold a copy of the returned
** string to avoid it being collected while parsed. 'load' has four
** optional arguments (chunk, source name, mode, and environment).
*/
#define RESERVEDSLOT	5


/*
** Reader for generic 'load' function: 'lua_load' uses the
** stack for internal stuff, so the reader cannot change the
** stack top. Instead, it keeps its resulting string in a
** reserved slot inside the stack.
*/
static const char *generic_reader (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
  (void)(ud);  /* not used */
  luaL_checkstack(L, 2, "too many nested functions");
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* get function */
  lua_call(L, 0, 1);  /* call it */
  if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop result */
    *size = 0;
    return NULL;
  }
  else if (l_unlikely(!lua_isstring(L, -1)))
    luaL_error(L, "reader function must return a string");
  lua_replace(L, RESERVEDSLOT);  /* save string in reserved slot */
  return lua_tolstring(L, RESERVEDSLOT, size);
}


static int luaB_load (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  size_t l;
  const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, 1, &l);
  const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 3, "bt");
  int env = (!lua_isnone(L, 4) ? 4 : 0);  /* 'env' index or 0 if no 'env' */
  if (s != NULL) {  /* loading a string? */
    const char *chunkname = luaL_optstring(L, 2, s);
    status = luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, l, chunkname, mode);
  }
  else {  /* loading from a reader function */
    const char *chunkname = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "=(load)");
    luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
    lua_settop(L, RESERVEDSLOT);  /* create reserved slot */
    status = lua_load(L, generic_reader, NULL, chunkname, mode);
  }
  return load_aux(L, status, env);
}

/* }====================================================== */


static int dofilecont (lua_State *L, int d1, lua_KContext d2) {
  (void)d1;  (void)d2;  /* only to match 'lua_Kfunction' prototype */
  return lua_gettop(L) - 1;
}


static int luaB_dofile (lua_State *L) {
  const char *fname = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
  lua_settop(L, 1);
  if (l_unlikely(luaL_loadfile(L, fname) != LUA_OK))
    return lua_error(L);
  lua_callk(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0, dofilecont);
  return dofilecont(L, 0, 0);
}


static int luaB_assert (lua_State *L) {
  if (l_likely(lua_toboolean(L, 1)))  /* condition is true? */
    return lua_gettop(L);  /* return all arguments */
  else {  /* error */
    luaL_checkany(L, 1);  /* there must be a condition */
    lua_remove(L, 1);  /* remove it */
    lua_pushliteral(L, "assertion failed!");  /* default message */
    lua_settop(L, 1);  /* leave only message (default if no other one) */
    return luaB_error(L);  /* call 'error' */
  }
}


static int luaB_select (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);
  if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TSTRING && *lua_tostring(L, 1) == '#') {
    lua_pushinteger(L, n-1);
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    lua_Integer i = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
    if (i < 0) i = n + i;
    else if (i > n) i = n;
    luaL_argcheck(L, 1 <= i, 1, "index out of range");
    return n - (int)i;
  }
}


/*
** Continuation function for 'pcall' and 'xpcall'. Both functions
** already pushed a 'true' before doing the call, so in case of success
** 'finishpcall' only has to return everything in the stack minus
** 'extra' values (where 'extra' is exactly the number of items to be
** ignored).
*/
static int finishpcall (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext extra) {
  if (l_unlikely(status != LUA_OK && status != LUA_YIELD)) {  /* error? */
    lua_pushboolean(L, 0);  /* first result (false) */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* error message */
    return 2;  /* return false, msg */
  }
  else
    return lua_gettop(L) - (int)extra;  /* return all results */
}


static int luaB_pcall (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* first result if no errors */
  lua_insert(L, 1);  /* put it in place */
  status = lua_pcallk(L, lua_gettop(L) - 2, LUA_MULTRET, 0, 0, finishpcall);
  return finishpcall(L, status, 0);
}


/*
** Do a protected call with error handling. After 'lua_rotate', the
** stack will have <f, err, true, f, [args...]>; so, the function passes
** 2 to 'finishpcall' to skip the 2 first values when returning results.
*/
static int luaB_xpcall (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  int n = lua_gettop(L);
  luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);  /* check error function */
  lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* first result */
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* function */
  lua_rotate(L, 3, 2);  /* move them below function's arguments */
  status = lua_pcallk(L, n - 2, LUA_MULTRET, 2, 2, finishpcall);
  return finishpcall(L, status, 2);
}


static int luaB_tostring (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  luaL_tolstring(L, 1, NULL);
  return 1;
}


static const luaL_Reg base_funcs[] = {
  {"assert", luaB_assert},
  {"collectgarbage", luaB_collectgarbage},
  {"dofile", luaB_dofile},
  {"error", luaB_error},
  {"getmetatable", luaB_getmetatable},
  {"ipairs", luaB_ipairs},
  {"loadfile", luaB_loadfile},
  {"load", luaB_load},
  {"next", luaB_next},
  {"pairs", luaB_pairs},
  {"pcall", luaB_pcall},
  {"print", luaB_print},
  {"warn", luaB_warn},
  {"rawequal", luaB_rawequal},
  {"rawlen", luaB_rawlen},
  {"rawget", luaB_rawget},
  {"rawset", luaB_rawset},
  {"select", luaB_select},
  {"setmetatable", luaB_setmetatable},
  {"tonumber", luaB_tonumber},
  {"tostring", luaB_tostring},
  {"type", luaB_type},
  {"xpcall", luaB_xpcall},
  /* placeholders */
  {LUA_GNAME, NULL},
  {"_VERSION", NULL},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_base (lua_State *L) {
  /* open lib into global table */
  lua_pushglobaltable(L);
  luaL_setfuncs(L, base_funcs, 0);
  /* set global _G */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, LUA_GNAME);
  /* set global _VERSION */
  lua_pushliteral(L, LUA_VERSION);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "_VERSION");
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: lcorolib.c $
** Coroutine Library
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lcorolib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stdlib.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


static lua_State *getco (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = lua_tothread(L, 1);
  luaL_argexpected(L, co, 1, "thread");
  return co;
}


/*
** Resumes a coroutine. Returns the number of results for non-error
** cases or -1 for errors.
*/
static int auxresume (lua_State *L, lua_State *co, int narg) {
  int status, nres;
  if (l_unlikely(!lua_checkstack(co, narg))) {
    lua_pushliteral(L, "too many arguments to resume");
    return -1;  /* error flag */
  }
  lua_xmove(L, co, narg);
  status = lua_resume(co, L, narg, &nres);
  if (l_likely(status == LUA_OK || status == LUA_YIELD)) {
    if (l_unlikely(!lua_checkstack(L, nres + 1))) {
      lua_pop(co, nres);  /* remove results anyway */
      lua_pushliteral(L, "too many results to resume");
      return -1;  /* error flag */
    }
    lua_xmove(co, L, nres);  /* move yielded values */
    return nres;
  }
  else {
    lua_xmove(co, L, 1);  /* move error message */
    return -1;  /* error flag */
  }
}


static int luaB_coresume (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = getco(L);
  int r;
  r = auxresume(L, co, lua_gettop(L) - 1);
  if (l_unlikely(r < 0)) {
    lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
    lua_insert(L, -2);
    return 2;  /* return false + error message */
  }
  else {
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
    lua_insert(L, -(r + 1));
    return r + 1;  /* return true + 'resume' returns */
  }
}


static int luaB_auxwrap (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = lua_tothread(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
  int r = auxresume(L, co, lua_gettop(L));
  if (l_unlikely(r < 0)) {  /* error? */
    int stat = lua_status(co);
    if (stat != LUA_OK && stat != LUA_YIELD) {  /* error in the coroutine? */
      stat = lua_resetthread(co);  /* close its tbc variables */
      lua_assert(stat != LUA_OK);
      lua_xmove(co, L, 1);  /* move error message to the caller */
    }
    if (stat != LUA_ERRMEM &&  /* not a memory error and ... */
        lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TSTRING) {  /* ... error object is a string? */
      luaL_where(L, 1);  /* add extra info, if available */
      lua_insert(L, -2);
      lua_concat(L, 2);
    }
    return lua_error(L);  /* propagate error */
  }
  return r;
}


static int luaB_cocreate (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *NL;
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
  NL = lua_newthread(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* move function to top */
  lua_xmove(L, NL, 1);  /* move function from L to NL */
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_cowrap (lua_State *L) {
  luaB_cocreate(L);
  lua_pushcclosure(L, luaB_auxwrap, 1);
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_yield (lua_State *L) {
  return lua_yield(L, lua_gettop(L));
}


#define COS_RUN		0
#define COS_DEAD	1
#define COS_YIELD	2
#define COS_NORM	3


static const char *const statname[] =
  {"running", "dead", "suspended", "normal"};


static int auxstatus (lua_State *L, lua_State *co) {<--- Parameter 'L' can be declared as pointer to const
  if (L == co) return COS_RUN;
  else {
    switch (lua_status(co)) {
      case LUA_YIELD:
        return COS_YIELD;
      case LUA_OK: {
        lua_Debug ar;
        if (lua_getstack(co, 0, &ar))  /* does it have frames? */
          return COS_NORM;  /* it is running */
        else if (lua_gettop(co) == 0)
            return COS_DEAD;
        else
          return COS_YIELD;  /* initial state */
      }
      default:  /* some error occurred */
        return COS_DEAD;
    }
  }
}


static int luaB_costatus (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = getco(L);
  lua_pushstring(L, statname[auxstatus(L, co)]);
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_yieldable (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = lua_isnone(L, 1) ? L : getco(L);
  lua_pushboolean(L, lua_isyieldable(co));
  return 1;
}


static int luaB_corunning (lua_State *L) {
  int ismain = lua_pushthread(L);
  lua_pushboolean(L, ismain);
  return 2;
}


static int luaB_close (lua_State *L) {
  lua_State *co = getco(L);
  int status = auxstatus(L, co);
  switch (status) {
    case COS_DEAD: case COS_YIELD: {
      status = lua_resetthread(co);
      if (status == LUA_OK) {
        lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
        return 1;
      }
      else {
        lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
        lua_xmove(co, L, 1);  /* move error message */
        return 2;
      }
    }
    default:  /* normal or running coroutine */
      return luaL_error(L, "cannot close a %s coroutine", statname[status]);
  }
}


static const luaL_Reg co_funcs[] = {
  {"create", luaB_cocreate},
  {"resume", luaB_coresume},
  {"running", luaB_corunning},
  {"status", luaB_costatus},
  {"wrap", luaB_cowrap},
  {"yield", luaB_yield},
  {"isyieldable", luaB_yieldable},
  {"close", luaB_close},
  {NULL, NULL}
};



LUAMOD_API int luaopen_coroutine (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, co_funcs);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: ldblib.c $
** Interface from Lua to its debug API
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ldblib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


/*
** The hook table at registry[HOOKKEY] maps threads to their current
** hook function.
*/
static const char *const HOOKKEY = "_HOOKKEY";


/*
** If L1 != L, L1 can be in any state, and therefore there are no
** guarantees about its stack space; any push in L1 must be
** checked.
*/
static void checkstack (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, int n) {
  if (l_unlikely(L != L1 && !lua_checkstack(L1, n)))
    luaL_error(L, "stack overflow");
}


static int db_getregistry (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
  return 1;
}


static int db_getmetatable (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
    lua_pushnil(L);  /* no metatable */
  }
  return 1;
}


static int db_setmetatable (lua_State *L) {
  int t = lua_type(L, 2);
  luaL_argexpected(L, t == LUA_TNIL || t == LUA_TTABLE, 2, "nil or table");
  lua_settop(L, 2);
  lua_setmetatable(L, 1);
  return 1;  /* return 1st argument */
}


static int db_getuservalue (lua_State *L) {
  int n = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1);
  if (lua_type(L, 1) != LUA_TUSERDATA)
    luaL_pushfail(L);
  else if (lua_getiuservalue(L, 1, n) != LUA_TNONE) {
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
    return 2;
  }
  return 1;
}


static int db_setuservalue (lua_State *L) {
  int n = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1);
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TUSERDATA);
  luaL_checkany(L, 2);
  lua_settop(L, 2);
  if (!lua_setiuservalue(L, 1, n))
    luaL_pushfail(L);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Auxiliary function used by several library functions: check for
** an optional thread as function's first argument and set 'arg' with
** 1 if this argument is present (so that functions can skip it to
** access their other arguments)
*/
static lua_State *getthread (lua_State *L, int *arg) {
  if (lua_isthread(L, 1)) {
    *arg = 1;
    return lua_tothread(L, 1);
  }
  else {
    *arg = 0;
    return L;  /* function will operate over current thread */
  }
}


/*
** Variations of 'lua_settable', used by 'db_getinfo' to put results
** from 'lua_getinfo' into result table. Key is always a string;
** value can be a string, an int, or a boolean.
*/
static void settabss (lua_State *L, const char *k, const char *v) {
  lua_pushstring(L, v);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, k);
}

static void settabsi (lua_State *L, const char *k, int v) {
  lua_pushinteger(L, v);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, k);
}

static void settabsb (lua_State *L, const char *k, int v) {
  lua_pushboolean(L, v);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, k);
}


/*
** In function 'db_getinfo', the call to 'lua_getinfo' may push
** results on the stack; later it creates the result table to put
** these objects. Function 'treatstackoption' puts the result from
** 'lua_getinfo' on top of the result table so that it can call
** 'lua_setfield'.
*/
static void treatstackoption (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *fname) {
  if (L == L1)
    lua_rotate(L, -2, 1);  /* exchange object and table */
  else
    lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);  /* move object to the "main" stack */
  lua_setfield(L, -2, fname);  /* put object into table */
}


/*
** Calls 'lua_getinfo' and collects all results in a new table.
** L1 needs stack space for an optional input (function) plus
** two optional outputs (function and line table) from function
** 'lua_getinfo'.
*/
static int db_getinfo (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Debug ar;
  int arg;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  const char *options = luaL_optstring(L, arg+2, "flnSrtu");
  checkstack(L, L1, 3);
  luaL_argcheck(L, options[0] != '>', arg + 2, "invalid option '>'");
  if (lua_isfunction(L, arg + 1)) {  /* info about a function? */
    options = lua_pushfstring(L, ">%s", options);  /* add '>' to 'options' */
    lua_pushvalue(L, arg + 1);  /* move function to 'L1' stack */
    lua_xmove(L, L1, 1);
  }
  else {  /* stack level */
    if (!lua_getstack(L1, (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg + 1), &ar)) {
      luaL_pushfail(L);  /* level out of range */
      return 1;
    }
  }
  if (!lua_getinfo(L1, options, &ar))
    return luaL_argerror(L, arg+2, "invalid option");
  lua_newtable(L);  /* table to collect results */
  if (strchr(options, 'S')) {
    lua_pushlstring(L, ar.source, ar.srclen);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "source");
    settabss(L, "short_src", ar.short_src);
    settabsi(L, "linedefined", ar.linedefined);
    settabsi(L, "lastlinedefined", ar.lastlinedefined);
    settabss(L, "what", ar.what);
  }
  if (strchr(options, 'l'))
    settabsi(L, "currentline", ar.currentline);
  if (strchr(options, 'u')) {
    settabsi(L, "nups", ar.nups);
    settabsi(L, "nparams", ar.nparams);
    settabsb(L, "isvararg", ar.isvararg);
  }
  if (strchr(options, 'n')) {
    settabss(L, "name", ar.name);
    settabss(L, "namewhat", ar.namewhat);
  }
  if (strchr(options, 'r')) {
    settabsi(L, "ftransfer", ar.ftransfer);
    settabsi(L, "ntransfer", ar.ntransfer);
  }
  if (strchr(options, 't'))
    settabsb(L, "istailcall", ar.istailcall);
  if (strchr(options, 'L'))
    treatstackoption(L, L1, "activelines");
  if (strchr(options, 'f'))
    treatstackoption(L, L1, "func");
  return 1;  /* return table */
}


static int db_getlocal (lua_State *L) {
  int arg;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  int nvar = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg + 2);  /* local-variable index */
  if (lua_isfunction(L, arg + 1)) {  /* function argument? */
    lua_pushvalue(L, arg + 1);  /* push function */
    lua_pushstring(L, lua_getlocal(L, NULL, nvar));  /* push local name */
    return 1;  /* return only name (there is no value) */
  }
  else {  /* stack-level argument */
    lua_Debug ar;
    const char *name;
    int level = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg + 1);
    if (l_unlikely(!lua_getstack(L1, level, &ar)))  /* out of range? */
      return luaL_argerror(L, arg+1, "level out of range");
    checkstack(L, L1, 1);
    name = lua_getlocal(L1, &ar, nvar);
    if (name) {
      lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);  /* move local value */
      lua_pushstring(L, name);  /* push name */
      lua_rotate(L, -2, 1);  /* re-order */
      return 2;
    }
    else {
      luaL_pushfail(L);  /* no name (nor value) */
      return 1;
    }
  }
}


static int db_setlocal (lua_State *L) {
  int arg;
  const char *name;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  lua_Debug ar;
  int level = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg + 1);
  int nvar = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg + 2);
  if (l_unlikely(!lua_getstack(L1, level, &ar)))  /* out of range? */
    return luaL_argerror(L, arg+1, "level out of range");
  luaL_checkany(L, arg+3);
  lua_settop(L, arg+3);
  checkstack(L, L1, 1);
  lua_xmove(L, L1, 1);
  name = lua_setlocal(L1, &ar, nvar);
  if (name == NULL)
    lua_pop(L1, 1);  /* pop value (if not popped by 'lua_setlocal') */
  lua_pushstring(L, name);
  return 1;
}


/*
** get (if 'get' is true) or set an upvalue from a closure
*/
static int auxupvalue (lua_State *L, int get) {
  const char *name;
  int n = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);  /* upvalue index */
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);  /* closure */
  name = get ? lua_getupvalue(L, 1, n) : lua_setupvalue(L, 1, n);
  if (name == NULL) return 0;
  lua_pushstring(L, name);
  lua_insert(L, -(get+1));  /* no-op if get is false */
  return get + 1;
}


static int db_getupvalue (lua_State *L) {
  return auxupvalue(L, 1);
}


static int db_setupvalue (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_checkany(L, 3);
  return auxupvalue(L, 0);
}


/*
** Check whether a given upvalue from a given closure exists and
** returns its index
*/
static void *checkupval (lua_State *L, int argf, int argnup, int *pnup) {
  void *id;
  int nup = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, argnup);  /* upvalue index */
  luaL_checktype(L, argf, LUA_TFUNCTION);  /* closure */
  id = lua_upvalueid(L, argf, nup);
  if (pnup) {
    luaL_argcheck(L, id != NULL, argnup, "invalid upvalue index");
    *pnup = nup;
  }
  return id;
}


static int db_upvalueid (lua_State *L) {
  void *id = checkupval(L, 1, 2, NULL);
  if (id != NULL)
    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, id);
  else
    luaL_pushfail(L);
  return 1;
}


static int db_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L) {
  int n1, n2;
  checkupval(L, 1, 2, &n1);
  checkupval(L, 3, 4, &n2);
  luaL_argcheck(L, !lua_iscfunction(L, 1), 1, "Lua function expected");
  luaL_argcheck(L, !lua_iscfunction(L, 3), 3, "Lua function expected");
  lua_upvaluejoin(L, 1, n1, 3, n2);
  return 0;
}


/*
** Call hook function registered at hook table for the current
** thread (if there is one)
*/
static void hookf (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
  static const char *const hooknames[] =
    {"call", "return", "line", "count", "tail call"};
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, HOOKKEY);
  lua_pushthread(L);
  if (lua_rawget(L, -2) == LUA_TFUNCTION) {  /* is there a hook function? */
    lua_pushstring(L, hooknames[(int)ar->event]);  /* push event name */
    if (ar->currentline >= 0)
      lua_pushinteger(L, ar->currentline);  /* push current line */
    else lua_pushnil(L);
    lua_assert(lua_getinfo(L, "lS", ar));
    lua_call(L, 2, 0);  /* call hook function */
  }
}


/*
** Convert a string mask (for 'sethook') into a bit mask
*/
static int makemask (const char *smask, int count) {
  int mask = 0;
  if (strchr(smask, 'c')) mask |= LUA_MASKCALL;
  if (strchr(smask, 'r')) mask |= LUA_MASKRET;
  if (strchr(smask, 'l')) mask |= LUA_MASKLINE;
  if (count > 0) mask |= LUA_MASKCOUNT;
  return mask;
}


/*
** Convert a bit mask (for 'gethook') into a string mask
*/
static char *unmakemask (int mask, char *smask) {
  int i = 0;
  if (mask & LUA_MASKCALL) smask[i++] = 'c';
  if (mask & LUA_MASKRET) smask[i++] = 'r';
  if (mask & LUA_MASKLINE) smask[i++] = 'l';
  smask[i] = '\0';
  return smask;
}


static int db_sethook (lua_State *L) {
  int arg, mask, count;
  lua_Hook func;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, arg+1)) {  /* no hook? */
    lua_settop(L, arg+1);
    func = NULL; mask = 0; count = 0;  /* turn off hooks */
  }
  else {
    const char *smask = luaL_checkstring(L, arg+2);
    luaL_checktype(L, arg+1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
    count = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, arg + 3, 0);
    func = hookf; mask = makemask(smask, count);
  }
  if (!luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, HOOKKEY)) {
    /* table just created; initialize it */
    lua_pushliteral(L, "k");
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mode");  /** hooktable.__mode = "k" */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);  /* metatable(hooktable) = hooktable */
  }
  checkstack(L, L1, 1);
  lua_pushthread(L1); lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);  /* key (thread) */
  lua_pushvalue(L, arg + 1);  /* value (hook function) */
  lua_rawset(L, -3);  /* hooktable[L1] = new Lua hook */
  lua_sethook(L1, func, mask, count);
  return 0;
}


static int db_gethook (lua_State *L) {
  int arg;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  char buff[5];
  int mask = lua_gethookmask(L1);
  lua_Hook hook = lua_gethook(L1);
  if (hook == NULL) {  /* no hook? */
    luaL_pushfail(L);
    return 1;
  }
  else if (hook != hookf)  /* external hook? */
    lua_pushliteral(L, "external hook");
  else {  /* hook table must exist */
    lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, HOOKKEY);
    checkstack(L, L1, 1);
    lua_pushthread(L1); lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);
    lua_rawget(L, -2);   /* 1st result = hooktable[L1] */
    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove hook table */
  }
  lua_pushstring(L, unmakemask(mask, buff));  /* 2nd result = mask */
  lua_pushinteger(L, lua_gethookcount(L1));  /* 3rd result = count */
  return 3;
}


static int db_debug (lua_State *L) {
  for (;;) {
    char buffer[250];
    lua_writestringerror("%s", "lua_debug> ");
    if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin) == NULL ||
        strcmp(buffer, "cont\n") == 0)
      return 0;
    if (luaL_loadbuffer(L, buffer, strlen(buffer), "=(debug command)") ||
        lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0))
      lua_writestringerror("%s\n", luaL_tolstring(L, -1, NULL));
    lua_settop(L, 0);  /* remove eventual returns */
  }
}


static int db_traceback (lua_State *L) {
  int arg;
  lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
  const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, arg + 1);
  if (msg == NULL && !lua_isnoneornil(L, arg + 1))  /* non-string 'msg'? */
    lua_pushvalue(L, arg + 1);  /* return it untouched */
  else {
    int level = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, arg + 2, (L == L1) ? 1 : 0);
    luaL_traceback(L, L1, msg, level);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int db_setcstacklimit (lua_State *L) {
  int limit = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
  int res = lua_setcstacklimit(L, limit);
  lua_pushinteger(L, res);
  return 1;
}


static const luaL_Reg dblib[] = {
  {"debug", db_debug},
  {"getuservalue", db_getuservalue},
  {"gethook", db_gethook},
  {"getinfo", db_getinfo},
  {"getlocal", db_getlocal},
  {"getregistry", db_getregistry},
  {"getmetatable", db_getmetatable},
  {"getupvalue", db_getupvalue},
  {"upvaluejoin", db_upvaluejoin},
  {"upvalueid", db_upvalueid},
  {"setuservalue", db_setuservalue},
  {"sethook", db_sethook},
  {"setlocal", db_setlocal},
  {"setmetatable", db_setmetatable},
  {"setupvalue", db_setupvalue},
  {"traceback", db_traceback},
  {"setcstacklimit", db_setcstacklimit},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_debug (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, dblib);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: liolib.c $
** Standard I/O (and system) library
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define liolib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/




/*
** Change this macro to accept other modes for 'fopen' besides
** the standard ones.
*/
#if !defined(l_checkmode)

/* accepted extensions to 'mode' in 'fopen' */
#if !defined(L_MODEEXT)
#define L_MODEEXT	"b"
#endif

/* Check whether 'mode' matches '[rwa]%+?[L_MODEEXT]*' */
static int l_checkmode (const char *mode) {
  return (*mode != '\0' && strchr("rwa", *(mode++)) != NULL &&
         (*mode != '+' || ((void)(++mode), 1)) &&  /* skip if char is '+' */<--- Return value '(void)(++mode),1' is always true
         (strspn(mode, L_MODEEXT) == strlen(mode)));  /* check extensions */
}

#endif

/*
** {======================================================
** l_popen spawns a new process connected to the current
** one through the file streams.
** =======================================================
*/

#if !defined(l_popen)		/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */

#define l_popen(L,c,m)		(fflush(NULL), popen(c,m))
#define l_pclose(L,file)	(pclose(file))

#elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)	/* }{ */

#define l_popen(L,c,m)		(_popen(c,m))
#define l_pclose(L,file)	(_pclose(file))

#if !defined(l_checkmodep)
/* Windows accepts "[rw][bt]?" as valid modes */
#define l_checkmodep(m)	((m[0] == 'r' || m[0] == 'w') && \
  (m[1] == '\0' || ((m[1] == 'b' || m[1] == 't') && m[2] == '\0')))
#endif

#else				/* }{ */

/* ISO C definitions */
#define l_popen(L,c,m)  \
	  ((void)c, (void)m, \
	  luaL_error(L, "'popen' not supported"), \
	  (FILE*)0)
#define l_pclose(L,file)		((void)L, (void)file, -1)

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */


#if !defined(l_checkmodep)
/* By default, Lua accepts only "r" or "w" as valid modes */
#define l_checkmodep(m)        ((m[0] == 'r' || m[0] == 'w') && m[1] == '\0')
#endif

/* }====================================================== */


#if !defined(l_getc)		/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)
#define l_getc(f)		getc_unlocked(f)
#define l_lockfile(f)		flockfile(f)
#define l_unlockfile(f)		funlockfile(f)
#else
#define l_getc(f)		getc(f)
#define l_lockfile(f)		((void)0)
#define l_unlockfile(f)		((void)0)
#endif

#endif				/* } */


/*
** {======================================================
** l_fseek: configuration for longer offsets
** =======================================================
*/

#if !defined(l_fseek)		/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */

#include <sys/types.h>

#define l_fseek(f,o,w)		fseeko(f,o,w)
#define l_ftell(f)		ftello(f)
#define l_seeknum		off_t

#elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS) && !defined(_CRTIMP_TYPEINFO) \
   && defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)	/* }{ */

/* Windows (but not DDK) and Visual C++ 2005 or higher */
#define l_fseek(f,o,w)		_fseeki64(f,o,w)
#define l_ftell(f)		_ftelli64(f)
#define l_seeknum		__int64

#else				/* }{ */

/* ISO C definitions */
#define l_fseek(f,o,w)		fseek(f,o,w)
#define l_ftell(f)		ftell(f)
#define l_seeknum		long

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */

/* }====================================================== */



#define IO_PREFIX	"_IO_"
#define IOPREF_LEN	(sizeof(IO_PREFIX)/sizeof(char) - 1)
#define IO_INPUT	(IO_PREFIX "input")
#define IO_OUTPUT	(IO_PREFIX "output")


typedef luaL_Stream LStream;


#define tolstream(L)	((LStream *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE))

#define isclosed(p)	((p)->closef == NULL)


static int io_type (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p;
  luaL_checkany(L, 1);
  p = (LStream *)luaL_testudata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (p == NULL)
    luaL_pushfail(L);  /* not a file */
  else if (isclosed(p))
    lua_pushliteral(L, "closed file");
  else
    lua_pushliteral(L, "file");
  return 1;
}


static int f_tostring (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (isclosed(p))
    lua_pushliteral(L, "file (closed)");
  else
    lua_pushfstring(L, "file (%p)", p->f);
  return 1;
}


static FILE *tofile (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (l_unlikely(isclosed(p)))
    luaL_error(L, "attempt to use a closed file");
  lua_assert(p->f);
  return p->f;
}


/*
** When creating file handles, always creates a 'closed' file handle
** before opening the actual file; so, if there is a memory error, the
** handle is in a consistent state.
*/
static LStream *newprefile (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = (LStream *)lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(LStream), 0);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  p->closef = NULL;  /* mark file handle as 'closed' */
  luaL_setmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
  return p;
}


/*
** Calls the 'close' function from a file handle. The 'volatile' avoids
** a bug in some versions of the Clang compiler (e.g., clang 3.0 for
** 32 bits).
*/
static int aux_close (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  volatile lua_CFunction cf = p->closef;
  p->closef = NULL;  /* mark stream as closed */
  return (*cf)(L);  /* close it */
}


static int f_close (lua_State *L) {
  tofile(L);  /* make sure argument is an open stream */
  return aux_close(L);
}


static int io_close (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isnone(L, 1))  /* no argument? */
    lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, IO_OUTPUT);  /* use default output */
  return f_close(L);
}


static int f_gc (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (!isclosed(p) && p->f != NULL)
    aux_close(L);  /* ignore closed and incompletely open files */
  return 0;
}


/*
** function to close regular files
*/
static int io_fclose (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  int res = fclose(p->f);
  return luaL_fileresult(L, (res == 0), NULL);
}


static LStream *newfile (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = newprefile(L);
  p->f = NULL;
  p->closef = &io_fclose;
  return p;
}


static void opencheck (lua_State *L, const char *fname, const char *mode) {
  LStream *p = newfile(L);
  p->f = fopen(fname, mode);
  if (l_unlikely(p->f == NULL))
    luaL_error(L, "cannot open file '%s' (%s)", fname, strerror(errno));
}


static int io_open (lua_State *L) {
  const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
  LStream *p = newfile(L);
  const char *md = mode;  /* to traverse/check mode */
  luaL_argcheck(L, l_checkmode(md), 2, "invalid mode");
  p->f = fopen(filename, mode);
  return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
}


/*
** function to close 'popen' files
*/
static int io_pclose (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  errno = 0;
  return luaL_execresult(L, l_pclose(L, p->f));
}


static int io_popen (lua_State *L) {
  const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
  LStream *p = newprefile(L);
  luaL_argcheck(L, l_checkmodep(mode), 2, "invalid mode");
  p->f = l_popen(L, filename, mode);
  p->closef = &io_pclose;
  return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
}


static int io_tmpfile (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = newfile(L);
  p->f = tmpfile();
  return (p->f == NULL) ? luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL) : 1;
}


static FILE *getiofile (lua_State *L, const char *findex) {
  LStream *p;
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, findex);
  p = (LStream *)lua_touserdata(L, -1);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (l_unlikely(isclosed(p)))
    luaL_error(L, "default %s file is closed", findex + IOPREF_LEN);
  return p->f;
}


static int g_iofile (lua_State *L, const char *f, const char *mode) {
  if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) {
    const char *filename = lua_tostring(L, 1);
    if (filename)
      opencheck(L, filename, mode);
    else {
      tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
      lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
    }
    lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, f);
  }
  /* return current value */
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, f);
  return 1;
}


static int io_input (lua_State *L) {
  return g_iofile(L, IO_INPUT, "r");
}


static int io_output (lua_State *L) {
  return g_iofile(L, IO_OUTPUT, "w");
}


static int io_readline (lua_State *L);


/*
** maximum number of arguments to 'f:lines'/'io.lines' (it + 3 must fit
** in the limit for upvalues of a closure)
*/
#define MAXARGLINE	250

/*
** Auxiliary function to create the iteration function for 'lines'.
** The iteration function is a closure over 'io_readline', with
** the following upvalues:
** 1) The file being read (first value in the stack)
** 2) the number of arguments to read
** 3) a boolean, true iff file has to be closed when finished ('toclose')
** *) a variable number of format arguments (rest of the stack)
*/
static void aux_lines (lua_State *L, int toclose) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L) - 1;  /* number of arguments to read */
  luaL_argcheck(L, n <= MAXARGLINE, MAXARGLINE + 2, "too many arguments");
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* file */
  lua_pushinteger(L, n);  /* number of arguments to read */
  lua_pushboolean(L, toclose);  /* close/not close file when finished */
  lua_rotate(L, 2, 3);  /* move the three values to their positions */
  lua_pushcclosure(L, io_readline, 3 + n);
}


static int f_lines (lua_State *L) {
  tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
  aux_lines(L, 0);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Return an iteration function for 'io.lines'. If file has to be
** closed, also returns the file itself as a second result (to be
** closed as the state at the exit of a generic for).
*/
static int io_lines (lua_State *L) {
  int toclose;
  if (lua_isnone(L, 1)) lua_pushnil(L);  /* at least one argument */
  if (lua_isnil(L, 1)) {  /* no file name? */
    lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, IO_INPUT);  /* get default input */
    lua_replace(L, 1);  /* put it at index 1 */
    tofile(L);  /* check that it's a valid file handle */
    toclose = 0;  /* do not close it after iteration */
  }
  else {  /* open a new file */
    const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
    opencheck(L, filename, "r");
    lua_replace(L, 1);  /* put file at index 1 */
    toclose = 1;  /* close it after iteration */
  }
  aux_lines(L, toclose);  /* push iteration function */
  if (toclose) {
    lua_pushnil(L);  /* state */
    lua_pushnil(L);  /* control */
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* file is the to-be-closed variable (4th result) */
    return 4;
  }
  else
    return 1;
}


/*
** {======================================================
** READ
** =======================================================
*/


/* maximum length of a numeral */
#if !defined (L_MAXLENNUM)
#define L_MAXLENNUM     200
#endif


/* auxiliary structure used by 'read_number' */
typedef struct {
  FILE *f;  /* file being read */
  int c;  /* current character (look ahead) */
  int n;  /* number of elements in buffer 'buff' */
  char buff[L_MAXLENNUM + 1];  /* +1 for ending '\0' */
} RN;


/*
** Add current char to buffer (if not out of space) and read next one
*/
static int nextc (RN *rn) {
  if (l_unlikely(rn->n >= L_MAXLENNUM)) {  /* buffer overflow? */
    rn->buff[0] = '\0';  /* invalidate result */
    return 0;  /* fail */
  }
  else {
    rn->buff[rn->n++] = rn->c;  /* save current char */
    rn->c = l_getc(rn->f);  /* read next one */
    return 1;
  }
}


/*
** Accept current char if it is in 'set' (of size 2)
*/
static int test2 (RN *rn, const char *set) {
  if (rn->c == set[0] || rn->c == set[1])
    return nextc(rn);
  else return 0;
}


/*
** Read a sequence of (hex)digits
*/
static int readdigits (RN *rn, int hex) {
  int count = 0;
  while ((hex ? isxdigit(rn->c) : isdigit(rn->c)) && nextc(rn))
    count++;
  return count;
}


/*
** Read a number: first reads a valid prefix of a numeral into a buffer.
** Then it calls 'lua_stringtonumber' to check whether the format is
** correct and to convert it to a Lua number.
*/
static int read_number (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
  RN rn;
  int count = 0;
  int hex = 0;
  char decp[2];
  rn.f = f; rn.n = 0;
  decp[0] = lua_getlocaledecpoint();  /* get decimal point from locale */
  decp[1] = '.';  /* always accept a dot */
  l_lockfile(rn.f);
  do { rn.c = l_getc(rn.f); } while (isspace(rn.c));  /* skip spaces */
  test2(&rn, "-+");  /* optional sign */
  if (test2(&rn, "00")) {
    if (test2(&rn, "xX")) hex = 1;  /* numeral is hexadecimal */
    else count = 1;  /* count initial '0' as a valid digit */
  }
  count += readdigits(&rn, hex);  /* integral part */
  if (test2(&rn, decp))  /* decimal point? */
    count += readdigits(&rn, hex);  /* fractional part */
  if (count > 0 && test2(&rn, (hex ? "pP" : "eE"))) {  /* exponent mark? */
    test2(&rn, "-+");  /* exponent sign */
    readdigits(&rn, 0);  /* exponent digits */
  }
  ungetc(rn.c, rn.f);  /* unread look-ahead char */
  l_unlockfile(rn.f);
  rn.buff[rn.n] = '\0';  /* finish string */
  if (l_likely(lua_stringtonumber(L, rn.buff)))
    return 1;  /* ok, it is a valid number */
  else {  /* invalid format */
   lua_pushnil(L);  /* "result" to be removed */
   return 0;  /* read fails */
  }
}


static int test_eof (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
  int c = getc(f);
  ungetc(c, f);  /* no-op when c == EOF */
  lua_pushliteral(L, "");
  return (c != EOF);
}


static int read_line (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int chop) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  int c;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  do {  /* may need to read several chunks to get whole line */
    char *buff = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);  /* preallocate buffer space */
    int i = 0;
    l_lockfile(f);  /* no memory errors can happen inside the lock */
    while (i < LUAL_BUFFERSIZE && (c = l_getc(f)) != EOF && c != '\n')
      buff[i++] = c;  /* read up to end of line or buffer limit */
    l_unlockfile(f);
    luaL_addsize(&b, i);
  } while (c != EOF && c != '\n');  /* repeat until end of line */
  if (!chop && c == '\n')  /* want a newline and have one? */
    luaL_addchar(&b, c);  /* add ending newline to result */
  luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
  /* return ok if read something (either a newline or something else) */
  return (c == '\n' || lua_rawlen(L, -1) > 0);
}


static void read_all (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
  size_t nr;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  do {  /* read file in chunks of LUAL_BUFFERSIZE bytes */
    char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
    nr = fread(p, sizeof(char), LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, f);
    luaL_addsize(&b, nr);
  } while (nr == LUAL_BUFFERSIZE);
  luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
}


static int read_chars (lua_State *L, FILE *f, size_t n) {
  size_t nr;  /* number of chars actually read */
  char *p;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  p = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, n);  /* prepare buffer to read whole block */
  nr = fread(p, sizeof(char), n, f);  /* try to read 'n' chars */
  luaL_addsize(&b, nr);
  luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* close buffer */
  return (nr > 0);  /* true iff read something */
}


static int g_read (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int first) {
  int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - 1;
  int n, success;
  clearerr(f);
  if (nargs == 0) {  /* no arguments? */
    success = read_line(L, f, 1);
    n = first + 1;  /* to return 1 result */
  }
  else {
    /* ensure stack space for all results and for auxlib's buffer */
    luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+LUA_MINSTACK, "too many arguments");
    success = 1;
    for (n = first; nargs-- && success; n++) {
      if (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
        size_t l = (size_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, n);
        success = (l == 0) ? test_eof(L, f) : read_chars(L, f, l);
      }
      else {
        const char *p = luaL_checkstring(L, n);
        if (*p == '*') p++;  /* skip optional '*' (for compatibility) */
        switch (*p) {
          case 'n':  /* number */
            success = read_number(L, f);
            break;
          case 'l':  /* line */
            success = read_line(L, f, 1);
            break;
          case 'L':  /* line with end-of-line */
            success = read_line(L, f, 0);
            break;
          case 'a':  /* file */
            read_all(L, f);  /* read entire file */
            success = 1; /* always success */
            break;
          default:
            return luaL_argerror(L, n, "invalid format");
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (ferror(f))
    return luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL);
  if (!success) {
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove last result */
    luaL_pushfail(L);  /* push nil instead */
  }
  return n - first;
}


static int io_read (lua_State *L) {
  return g_read(L, getiofile(L, IO_INPUT), 1);
}


static int f_read (lua_State *L) {
  return g_read(L, tofile(L), 2);
}


/*
** Iteration function for 'lines'.
*/
static int io_readline (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = (LStream *)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  int i;
  int n = (int)lua_tointeger(L, lua_upvalueindex(2));
  if (isclosed(p))  /* file is already closed? */
    return luaL_error(L, "file is already closed");
  lua_settop(L , 1);
  luaL_checkstack(L, n, "too many arguments");
  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)  /* push arguments to 'g_read' */
    lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(3 + i));
  n = g_read(L, p->f, 2);  /* 'n' is number of results */
  lua_assert(n > 0);  /* should return at least a nil */
  if (lua_toboolean(L, -n))  /* read at least one value? */
    return n;  /* return them */
  else {  /* first result is false: EOF or error */
    if (n > 1) {  /* is there error information? */
      /* 2nd result is error message */
      return luaL_error(L, "%s", lua_tostring(L, -n + 1));
    }
    if (lua_toboolean(L, lua_upvalueindex(3))) {  /* generator created file? */
      lua_settop(L, 0);  /* clear stack */
      lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));  /* push file at index 1 */
      aux_close(L);  /* close it */
    }
    return 0;
  }
}

/* }====================================================== */


static int g_write (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int arg) {
  int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - arg;
  int status = 1;
  for (; nargs--; arg++) {
    if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
      /* optimization: could be done exactly as for strings */
      int len = lua_isinteger(L, arg)
                ? fprintf(f, LUA_INTEGER_FMT,
                             (LUAI_UACINT)lua_tointeger(L, arg))
                : fprintf(f, LUA_NUMBER_FMT,
                             (LUAI_UACNUMBER)lua_tonumber(L, arg));
      status = status && (len > 0);
    }
    else {
      size_t l;
      const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
      status = status && (fwrite(s, sizeof(char), l, f) == l);
    }
  }
  if (l_likely(status))
    return 1;  /* file handle already on stack top */
  else return luaL_fileresult(L, status, NULL);
}


static int io_write (lua_State *L) {
  return g_write(L, getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT), 1);
}


static int f_write (lua_State *L) {
  FILE *f = tofile(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* push file at the stack top (to be returned) */
  return g_write(L, f, 2);
}


static int f_seek (lua_State *L) {
  static const int mode[] = {SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END};
  static const char *const modenames[] = {"set", "cur", "end", NULL};
  FILE *f = tofile(L);
  int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, "cur", modenames);
  lua_Integer p3 = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 0);
  l_seeknum offset = (l_seeknum)p3;
  luaL_argcheck(L, (lua_Integer)offset == p3, 3,
                  "not an integer in proper range");
  op = l_fseek(f, offset, mode[op]);
  if (l_unlikely(op))
    return luaL_fileresult(L, 0, NULL);  /* error */
  else {
    lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)l_ftell(f));
    return 1;
  }
}


static int f_setvbuf (lua_State *L) {
  static const int mode[] = {_IONBF, _IOFBF, _IOLBF};
  static const char *const modenames[] = {"no", "full", "line", NULL};
  FILE *f = tofile(L);
  int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, NULL, modenames);
  lua_Integer sz = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE);
  int res = setvbuf(f, NULL, mode[op], (size_t)sz);
  return luaL_fileresult(L, res == 0, NULL);
}



static int io_flush (lua_State *L) {
  return luaL_fileresult(L, fflush(getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT)) == 0, NULL);
}


static int f_flush (lua_State *L) {
  return luaL_fileresult(L, fflush(tofile(L)) == 0, NULL);
}


/*
** functions for 'io' library
*/
static const luaL_Reg iolib[] = {
  {"close", io_close},
  {"flush", io_flush},
  {"input", io_input},
  {"lines", io_lines},
  {"open", io_open},
  {"output", io_output},
  {"popen", io_popen},
  {"read", io_read},
  {"tmpfile", io_tmpfile},
  {"type", io_type},
  {"write", io_write},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


/*
** methods for file handles
*/
static const luaL_Reg meth[] = {
  {"read", f_read},
  {"write", f_write},
  {"lines", f_lines},
  {"flush", f_flush},
  {"seek", f_seek},
  {"close", f_close},
  {"setvbuf", f_setvbuf},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


/*
** metamethods for file handles
*/
static const luaL_Reg metameth[] = {
  {"__index", NULL},  /* place holder */
  {"__gc", f_gc},
  {"__close", f_gc},
  {"__tostring", f_tostring},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static void createmeta (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);  /* metatable for file handles */
  luaL_setfuncs(L, metameth, 0);  /* add metamethods to new metatable */
  luaL_newlibtable(L, meth);  /* create method table */
  luaL_setfuncs(L, meth, 0);  /* add file methods to method table */
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");  /* metatable.__index = method table */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop metatable */
}


/*
** function to (not) close the standard files stdin, stdout, and stderr
*/
static int io_noclose (lua_State *L) {
  LStream *p = tolstream(L);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  p->closef = &io_noclose;  /* keep file opened */
  luaL_pushfail(L);
  lua_pushliteral(L, "cannot close standard file");
  return 2;
}


static void createstdfile (lua_State *L, FILE *f, const char *k,
                           const char *fname) {
  LStream *p = newprefile(L);
  p->f = f;
  p->closef = &io_noclose;
  if (k != NULL) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
    lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, k);  /* add file to registry */
  }
  lua_setfield(L, -2, fname);  /* add file to module */
}


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_io (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, iolib);  /* new module */
  createmeta(L);
  /* create (and set) default files */
  createstdfile(L, stdin, IO_INPUT, "stdin");
  createstdfile(L, stdout, IO_OUTPUT, "stdout");
  createstdfile(L, stderr, NULL, "stderr");
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: lmathlib.c $
** Standard mathematical library
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lmathlib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


#undef PI
#define PI	(l_mathop(3.141592653589793238462643383279502884))


static int math_abs (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) {
    lua_Integer n = lua_tointeger(L, 1);
    if (n < 0) n = (lua_Integer)(0u - (lua_Unsigned)n);
    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
  }
  else
    lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(fabs)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_sin (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sin)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_cos (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(cos)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_tan (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(tan)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_asin (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(asin)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_acos (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(acos)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_atan (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Number y = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
  lua_Number x = luaL_optnumber(L, 2, 1);
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(atan2)(y, x));
  return 1;
}


static int math_toint (lua_State *L) {
  int valid;
  lua_Integer n = lua_tointegerx(L, 1, &valid);
  if (l_likely(valid))
    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
  else {
    luaL_checkany(L, 1);
    luaL_pushfail(L);  /* value is not convertible to integer */
  }
  return 1;
}


static void pushnumint (lua_State *L, lua_Number d) {
  lua_Integer n;
  if (lua_numbertointeger(d, &n))  /* does 'd' fit in an integer? */
    lua_pushinteger(L, n);  /* result is integer */
  else
    lua_pushnumber(L, d);  /* result is float */
}


static int math_floor (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isinteger(L, 1))
    lua_settop(L, 1);  /* integer is its own floor */
  else {
    lua_Number d = l_mathop(floor)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1));
    pushnumint(L, d);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int math_ceil (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isinteger(L, 1))
    lua_settop(L, 1);  /* integer is its own ceil */
  else {
    lua_Number d = l_mathop(ceil)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1));
    pushnumint(L, d);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int math_fmod (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isinteger(L, 1) && lua_isinteger(L, 2)) {
    lua_Integer d = lua_tointeger(L, 2);
    if ((lua_Unsigned)d + 1u <= 1u) {  /* special cases: -1 or 0 */
      luaL_argcheck(L, d != 0, 2, "zero");
      lua_pushinteger(L, 0);  /* avoid overflow with 0x80000... / -1 */
    }
    else
      lua_pushinteger(L, lua_tointeger(L, 1) % d);
  }
  else
    lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(fmod)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1),
                                     luaL_checknumber(L, 2)));
  return 1;
}


/*
** next function does not use 'modf', avoiding problems with 'double*'
** (which is not compatible with 'float*') when lua_Number is not
** 'double'.
*/
static int math_modf (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_isinteger(L ,1)) {
    lua_settop(L, 1);  /* number is its own integer part */
    lua_pushnumber(L, 0);  /* no fractional part */
  }
  else {
    lua_Number n = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
    /* integer part (rounds toward zero) */
    lua_Number ip = (n < 0) ? l_mathop(ceil)(n) : l_mathop(floor)(n);
    pushnumint(L, ip);
    /* fractional part (test needed for inf/-inf) */
    lua_pushnumber(L, (n == ip) ? l_mathop(0.0) : (n - ip));
  }
  return 2;
}


static int math_sqrt (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sqrt)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}


static int math_ult (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer a = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
  lua_Integer b = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  lua_pushboolean(L, (lua_Unsigned)a < (lua_Unsigned)b);
  return 1;
}

static int math_log (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
  lua_Number res;
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 2))
    res = l_mathop(log)(x);
  else {
    lua_Number base = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
#if !defined(LUA_USE_C89)
    if (base == l_mathop(2.0))
      res = l_mathop(log2)(x);
    else
#endif
    if (base == l_mathop(10.0))
      res = l_mathop(log10)(x);
    else
      res = l_mathop(log)(x)/l_mathop(log)(base);
  }
  lua_pushnumber(L, res);
  return 1;
}

static int math_exp (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(exp)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_deg (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1) * (l_mathop(180.0) / PI));
  return 1;
}

static int math_rad (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1) * (PI / l_mathop(180.0)));
  return 1;
}


static int math_min (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  int imin = 1;  /* index of current minimum value */
  int i;
  luaL_argcheck(L, n >= 1, 1, "value expected");
  for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
    if (lua_compare(L, i, imin, LUA_OPLT))
      imin = i;
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, imin);
  return 1;
}


static int math_max (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  int imax = 1;  /* index of current maximum value */
  int i;
  luaL_argcheck(L, n >= 1, 1, "value expected");
  for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
    if (lua_compare(L, imax, i, LUA_OPLT))
      imax = i;
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, imax);
  return 1;
}


static int math_type (lua_State *L) {
  if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TNUMBER)
    lua_pushstring(L, (lua_isinteger(L, 1)) ? "integer" : "float");
  else {
    luaL_checkany(L, 1);
    luaL_pushfail(L);
  }
  return 1;
}



/*
** {==================================================================
** Pseudo-Random Number Generator based on 'xoshiro256**'.
** ===================================================================
*/

/* number of binary digits in the mantissa of a float */
#define FIGS	l_floatatt(MANT_DIG)

#if FIGS > 64
/* there are only 64 random bits; use them all */
#undef FIGS
#define FIGS	64
#endif


/*
** LUA_RAND32 forces the use of 32-bit integers in the implementation
** of the PRN generator (mainly for testing).
*/
#if !defined(LUA_RAND32) && !defined(Rand64)

/* try to find an integer type with at least 64 bits */

#if (ULONG_MAX >> 31 >> 31) >= 3

/* 'long' has at least 64 bits */
#define Rand64		unsigned long

#elif !defined(LUA_USE_C89) && defined(LLONG_MAX)

/* there is a 'long long' type (which must have at least 64 bits) */
#define Rand64		unsigned long long

#elif (LUA_MAXUNSIGNED >> 31 >> 31) >= 3

/* 'lua_Integer' has at least 64 bits */
#define Rand64		lua_Unsigned

#endif

#endif


#if defined(Rand64)  /* { */

/*
** Standard implementation, using 64-bit integers.
** If 'Rand64' has more than 64 bits, the extra bits do not interfere
** with the 64 initial bits, except in a right shift. Moreover, the
** final result has to discard the extra bits.
*/

/* avoid using extra bits when needed */
#define trim64(x)	((x) & 0xffffffffffffffffu)


/* rotate left 'x' by 'n' bits */
static Rand64 rotl (Rand64 x, int n) {<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  return (x << n) | (trim64(x) >> (64 - n));
}

static Rand64 nextrand (Rand64 *state) {<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  Rand64 state0 = state[0];<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  Rand64 state1 = state[1];<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  Rand64 state2 = state[2] ^ state0;<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  Rand64 state3 = state[3] ^ state1;<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  Rand64 res = rotl(state1 * 5, 7) * 9;<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  state[0] = state0 ^ state3;
  state[1] = state1 ^ state2;
  state[2] = state2 ^ (state1 << 17);
  state[3] = rotl(state3, 45);
  return res;
}


/* must take care to not shift stuff by more than 63 slots */


/*
** Convert bits from a random integer into a float in the
** interval [0,1), getting the higher FIG bits from the
** random unsigned integer and converting that to a float.
*/

/* must throw out the extra (64 - FIGS) bits */
#define shift64_FIG	(64 - FIGS)

/* to scale to [0, 1), multiply by scaleFIG = 2^(-FIGS) */
#define scaleFIG	(l_mathop(0.5) / ((Rand64)1 << (FIGS - 1)))

static lua_Number I2d (Rand64 x) {<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  return (lua_Number)(trim64(x) >> shift64_FIG) * scaleFIG;<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
}

/* convert a 'Rand64' to a 'lua_Unsigned' */
#define I2UInt(x)	((lua_Unsigned)trim64(x))

/* convert a 'lua_Unsigned' to a 'Rand64' */
#define Int2I(x)	((Rand64)(x))


#else	/* no 'Rand64'   }{ */

/* get an integer with at least 32 bits */
#if LUAI_IS32INT
typedef unsigned int lu_int32;
#else
typedef unsigned long lu_int32;
#endif


/*
** Use two 32-bit integers to represent a 64-bit quantity.
*/
typedef struct Rand64 {
  lu_int32 h;  /* higher half */
  lu_int32 l;  /* lower half */
} Rand64;


/*
** If 'lu_int32' has more than 32 bits, the extra bits do not interfere
** with the 32 initial bits, except in a right shift and comparisons.
** Moreover, the final result has to discard the extra bits.
*/

/* avoid using extra bits when needed */
#define trim32(x)	((x) & 0xffffffffu)


/*
** basic operations on 'Rand64' values
*/

/* build a new Rand64 value */
static Rand64 packI (lu_int32 h, lu_int32 l) {
  Rand64 result;
  result.h = h;
  result.l = l;
  return result;
}

/* return i << n */
static Rand64 Ishl (Rand64 i, int n) {
  lua_assert(n > 0 && n < 32);
  return packI((i.h << n) | (trim32(i.l) >> (32 - n)), i.l << n);
}

/* i1 ^= i2 */
static void Ixor (Rand64 *i1, Rand64 i2) {
  i1->h ^= i2.h;
  i1->l ^= i2.l;
}

/* return i1 + i2 */
static Rand64 Iadd (Rand64 i1, Rand64 i2) {
  Rand64 result = packI(i1.h + i2.h, i1.l + i2.l);
  if (trim32(result.l) < trim32(i1.l))  /* carry? */
    result.h++;
  return result;
}

/* return i * 5 */
static Rand64 times5 (Rand64 i) {
  return Iadd(Ishl(i, 2), i);  /* i * 5 == (i << 2) + i */
}

/* return i * 9 */
static Rand64 times9 (Rand64 i) {
  return Iadd(Ishl(i, 3), i);  /* i * 9 == (i << 3) + i */
}

/* return 'i' rotated left 'n' bits */
static Rand64 rotl (Rand64 i, int n) {
  lua_assert(n > 0 && n < 32);
  return packI((i.h << n) | (trim32(i.l) >> (32 - n)),
               (trim32(i.h) >> (32 - n)) | (i.l << n));
}

/* for offsets larger than 32, rotate right by 64 - offset */
static Rand64 rotl1 (Rand64 i, int n) {
  lua_assert(n > 32 && n < 64);
  n = 64 - n;
  return packI((trim32(i.h) >> n) | (i.l << (32 - n)),
               (i.h << (32 - n)) | (trim32(i.l) >> n));
}

/*
** implementation of 'xoshiro256**' algorithm on 'Rand64' values
*/
static Rand64 nextrand (Rand64 *state) {
  Rand64 res = times9(rotl(times5(state[1]), 7));
  Rand64 t = Ishl(state[1], 17);
  Ixor(&state[2], state[0]);
  Ixor(&state[3], state[1]);
  Ixor(&state[1], state[2]);
  Ixor(&state[0], state[3]);
  Ixor(&state[2], t);
  state[3] = rotl1(state[3], 45);
  return res;
}


/*
** Converts a 'Rand64' into a float.
*/

/* an unsigned 1 with proper type */
#define UONE		((lu_int32)1)


#if FIGS <= 32

/* 2^(-FIGS) */
#define scaleFIG       (l_mathop(0.5) / (UONE << (FIGS - 1)))

/*
** get up to 32 bits from higher half, shifting right to
** throw out the extra bits.
*/
static lua_Number I2d (Rand64 x) {
  lua_Number h = (lua_Number)(trim32(x.h) >> (32 - FIGS));
  return h * scaleFIG;
}

#else	/* 32 < FIGS <= 64 */

/* must take care to not shift stuff by more than 31 slots */

/* 2^(-FIGS) = 1.0 / 2^30 / 2^3 / 2^(FIGS-33) */
#define scaleFIG  \
    (l_mathop(1.0) / (UONE << 30) / l_mathop(8.0) / (UONE << (FIGS - 33)))

/*
** use FIGS - 32 bits from lower half, throwing out the other
** (32 - (FIGS - 32)) = (64 - FIGS) bits
*/
#define shiftLOW	(64 - FIGS)

/*
** higher 32 bits go after those (FIGS - 32) bits: shiftHI = 2^(FIGS - 32)
*/
#define shiftHI		((lua_Number)(UONE << (FIGS - 33)) * l_mathop(2.0))


static lua_Number I2d (Rand64 x) {
  lua_Number h = (lua_Number)trim32(x.h) * shiftHI;
  lua_Number l = (lua_Number)(trim32(x.l) >> shiftLOW);
  return (h + l) * scaleFIG;
}

#endif


/* convert a 'Rand64' to a 'lua_Unsigned' */
static lua_Unsigned I2UInt (Rand64 x) {
  return ((lua_Unsigned)trim32(x.h) << 31 << 1) | (lua_Unsigned)trim32(x.l);
}

/* convert a 'lua_Unsigned' to a 'Rand64' */
static Rand64 Int2I (lua_Unsigned n) {
  return packI((lu_int32)(n >> 31 >> 1), (lu_int32)n);
}

#endif  /* } */


/*
** A state uses four 'Rand64' values.
*/
typedef struct {
  Rand64 s[4];<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
} RanState;


/*
** Project the random integer 'ran' into the interval [0, n].
** Because 'ran' has 2^B possible values, the projection can only be
** uniform when the size of the interval is a power of 2 (exact
** division). Otherwise, to get a uniform projection into [0, n], we
** first compute 'lim', the smallest Mersenne number not smaller than
** 'n'. We then project 'ran' into the interval [0, lim].  If the result
** is inside [0, n], we are done. Otherwise, we try with another 'ran',
** until we have a result inside the interval.
*/
static lua_Unsigned project (lua_Unsigned ran, lua_Unsigned n,
                             RanState *state) {
  if ((n & (n + 1)) == 0)  /* is 'n + 1' a power of 2? */
    return ran & n;  /* no bias */
  else {
    lua_Unsigned lim = n;
    /* compute the smallest (2^b - 1) not smaller than 'n' */
    lim |= (lim >> 1);
    lim |= (lim >> 2);
    lim |= (lim >> 4);
    lim |= (lim >> 8);
    lim |= (lim >> 16);
#if (LUA_MAXUNSIGNED >> 31) >= 3
    lim |= (lim >> 32);  /* integer type has more than 32 bits */
#endif
    lua_assert((lim & (lim + 1)) == 0  /* 'lim + 1' is a power of 2, */
      && lim >= n  /* not smaller than 'n', */
      && (lim >> 1) < n);  /* and it is the smallest one */
    while ((ran &= lim) > n)  /* project 'ran' into [0..lim] */
      ran = I2UInt(nextrand(state->s));  /* not inside [0..n]? try again */
    return ran;
  }
}


static int math_random (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer low, up;
  lua_Unsigned p;
  RanState *state = (RanState *)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  Rand64 rv = nextrand(state->s);  /* next pseudo-random value */<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  switch (lua_gettop(L)) {  /* check number of arguments */
    case 0: {  /* no arguments */
      lua_pushnumber(L, I2d(rv));  /* float between 0 and 1 */
      return 1;
    }
    case 1: {  /* only upper limit */
      low = 1;
      up = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
      if (up == 0) {  /* single 0 as argument? */
        lua_pushinteger(L, I2UInt(rv));  /* full random integer */
        return 1;
      }
      break;
    }
    case 2: {  /* lower and upper limits */
      low = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
      up = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
      break;
    }
    default: return luaL_error(L, "wrong number of arguments");
  }
  /* random integer in the interval [low, up] */
  luaL_argcheck(L, low <= up, 1, "interval is empty");
  /* project random integer into the interval [0, up - low] */
  p = project(I2UInt(rv), (lua_Unsigned)up - (lua_Unsigned)low, state);
  lua_pushinteger(L, p + (lua_Unsigned)low);
  return 1;
}


static void setseed (lua_State *L, Rand64 *state,<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
                     lua_Unsigned n1, lua_Unsigned n2) {
  int i;
  state[0] = Int2I(n1);<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  state[1] = Int2I(0xff);  /* avoid a zero state */<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  state[2] = Int2I(n2);<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  state[3] = Int2I(0);<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'Rand64' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
    nextrand(state);  /* discard initial values to "spread" seed */
  lua_pushinteger(L, n1);
  lua_pushinteger(L, n2);
}


/*
** Set a "random" seed. To get some randomness, use the current time
** and the address of 'L' (in case the machine does address space layout
** randomization).
*/
static void randseed (lua_State *L, RanState *state) {
  lua_Unsigned seed1 = (lua_Unsigned)time(NULL);
  lua_Unsigned seed2 = (lua_Unsigned)(size_t)L;
  setseed(L, state->s, seed1, seed2);
}


static int math_randomseed (lua_State *L) {
  RanState *state = (RanState *)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (lua_isnone(L, 1)) {
    randseed(L, state);
  }
  else {
    lua_Integer n1 = luaL_checkinteger(L, 1);
    lua_Integer n2 = luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 0);
    setseed(L, state->s, n1, n2);
  }
  return 2;  /* return seeds */
}


static const luaL_Reg randfuncs[] = {
  {"random", math_random},
  {"randomseed", math_randomseed},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


/*
** Register the random functions and initialize their state.
*/
static void setrandfunc (lua_State *L) {
  RanState *state = (RanState *)lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(RanState), 0);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  randseed(L, state);  /* initialize with a "random" seed */
  lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove pushed seeds */
  luaL_setfuncs(L, randfuncs, 1);
}

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Deprecated functions (for compatibility only)
** ===================================================================
*/
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB)

static int math_cosh (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(cosh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_sinh (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(sinh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_tanh (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(tanh)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

static int math_pow (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
  lua_Number y = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(pow)(x, y));
  return 1;
}

static int math_frexp (lua_State *L) {
  int e;
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(frexp)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), &e));
  lua_pushinteger(L, e);
  return 2;
}

static int math_ldexp (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Number x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
  int ep = (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(ldexp)(x, ep));
  return 1;
}

static int math_log10 (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, l_mathop(log10)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
  return 1;
}

#endif
/* }================================================================== */



static const luaL_Reg mathlib[] = {
  {"abs",   math_abs},
  {"acos",  math_acos},
  {"asin",  math_asin},
  {"atan",  math_atan},
  {"ceil",  math_ceil},
  {"cos",   math_cos},
  {"deg",   math_deg},
  {"exp",   math_exp},
  {"tointeger", math_toint},
  {"floor", math_floor},
  {"fmod",   math_fmod},
  {"ult",   math_ult},
  {"log",   math_log},
  {"max",   math_max},
  {"min",   math_min},
  {"modf",   math_modf},
  {"rad",   math_rad},
  {"sin",   math_sin},
  {"sqrt",  math_sqrt},
  {"tan",   math_tan},
  {"type", math_type},
#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MATHLIB)
  {"atan2", math_atan},
  {"cosh",   math_cosh},
  {"sinh",   math_sinh},
  {"tanh",   math_tanh},
  {"pow",   math_pow},
  {"frexp", math_frexp},
  {"ldexp", math_ldexp},
  {"log10", math_log10},
#endif
  /* placeholders */
  {"random", NULL},
  {"randomseed", NULL},
  {"pi", NULL},
  {"huge", NULL},
  {"maxinteger", NULL},
  {"mininteger", NULL},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


/*
** Open math library
*/
LUAMOD_API int luaopen_math (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, mathlib);
  lua_pushnumber(L, PI);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "pi");
  lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)HUGE_VAL);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "huge");
  lua_pushinteger(L, LUA_MAXINTEGER);<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "maxinteger");
  lua_pushinteger(L, LUA_MININTEGER);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "mininteger");
  setrandfunc(L);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: loadlib.c $
** Dynamic library loader for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
**
** This module contains an implementation of loadlib for Unix systems
** that have dlfcn, an implementation for Windows, and a stub for other
** systems.
*/

#define loadlib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


/*
** LUA_IGMARK is a mark to ignore all before it when building the
** luaopen_ function name.
*/
#if !defined (LUA_IGMARK)
#define LUA_IGMARK		"-"
#endif


/*
** LUA_CSUBSEP is the character that replaces dots in submodule names
** when searching for a C loader.
** LUA_LSUBSEP is the character that replaces dots in submodule names
** when searching for a Lua loader.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_CSUBSEP)
#define LUA_CSUBSEP		LUA_DIRSEP
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_LSUBSEP)
#define LUA_LSUBSEP		LUA_DIRSEP
#endif


/* prefix for open functions in C libraries */
#define LUA_POF		"luaopen_"

/* separator for open functions in C libraries */
#define LUA_OFSEP	"_"


/*
** key for table in the registry that keeps handles
** for all loaded C libraries
*/
static const char *const CLIBS = "_CLIBS";

#define LIB_FAIL	"open"


#define setprogdir(L)           ((void)0)


/*
** Special type equivalent to '(void*)' for functions in gcc
** (to suppress warnings when converting function pointers)
*/
typedef void (*voidf)(void);


/*
** system-dependent functions
*/

/*
** unload library 'lib'
*/
static void lsys_unloadlib (void *lib);

/*
** load C library in file 'path'. If 'seeglb', load with all names in
** the library global.
** Returns the library; in case of error, returns NULL plus an
** error string in the stack.
*/
static void *lsys_load (lua_State *L, const char *path, int seeglb);

/*
** Try to find a function named 'sym' in library 'lib'.
** Returns the function; in case of error, returns NULL plus an
** error string in the stack.
*/
static lua_CFunction lsys_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym);




#if defined(LUA_USE_DLOPEN)	/* { */
/*
** {========================================================================
** This is an implementation of loadlib based on the dlfcn interface.
** The dlfcn interface is available in Linux, SunOS, Solaris, IRIX, FreeBSD,
** NetBSD, AIX 4.2, HPUX 11, and  probably most other Unix flavors, at least
** as an emulation layer on top of native functions.
** =========================================================================
*/

#include <dlfcn.h>

/*
** Macro to convert pointer-to-void* to pointer-to-function. This cast
** is undefined according to ISO C, but POSIX assumes that it works.
** (The '__extension__' in gnu compilers is only to avoid warnings.)
*/
#if defined(__GNUC__)
#define cast_func(p) (__extension__ (lua_CFunction)(p))
#else
#define cast_func(p) ((lua_CFunction)(p))
#endif


static void lsys_unloadlib (void *lib) {
  dlclose(lib);
}


static void *lsys_load (lua_State *L, const char *path, int seeglb) {
  void *lib = dlopen(path, RTLD_NOW | (seeglb ? RTLD_GLOBAL : RTLD_LOCAL));
  if (l_unlikely(lib == NULL))
    lua_pushstring(L, dlerror());
  return lib;
}


static lua_CFunction lsys_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
  lua_CFunction f = cast_func(dlsym(lib, sym));
  if (l_unlikely(f == NULL))
    lua_pushstring(L, dlerror());
  return f;
}

/* }====================================================== */



#elif defined(LUA_DL_DLL)	/* }{ */
/*
** {======================================================================
** This is an implementation of loadlib for Windows using native functions.
** =======================================================================
*/

#include <windows.h>


/*
** optional flags for LoadLibraryEx
*/
#if !defined(LUA_LLE_FLAGS)
#define LUA_LLE_FLAGS	0
#endif


#undef setprogdir


/*
** Replace in the path (on the top of the stack) any occurrence
** of LUA_EXEC_DIR with the executable's path.
*/
static void setprogdir (lua_State *L) {
  char buff[MAX_PATH + 1];
  char *lb;
  DWORD nsize = sizeof(buff)/sizeof(char);
  DWORD n = GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, buff, nsize);  /* get exec. name */
  if (n == 0 || n == nsize || (lb = strrchr(buff, '\\')) == NULL)
    luaL_error(L, "unable to get ModuleFileName");
  else {
    *lb = '\0';  /* cut name on the last '\\' to get the path */
    luaL_gsub(L, lua_tostring(L, -1), LUA_EXEC_DIR, buff);
    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove original string */
  }
}




static void pusherror (lua_State *L) {
  int error = GetLastError();<--- Shadow variable
  char buffer[128];
  if (FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
      NULL, error, 0, buffer, sizeof(buffer)/sizeof(char), NULL))
    lua_pushstring(L, buffer);
  else
    lua_pushfstring(L, "system error %d\n", error);
}

static void lsys_unloadlib (void *lib) {
  FreeLibrary((HMODULE)lib);
}


static void *lsys_load (lua_State *L, const char *path, int seeglb) {
  HMODULE lib = LoadLibraryExA(path, NULL, LUA_LLE_FLAGS);
  (void)(seeglb);  /* not used: symbols are 'global' by default */
  if (lib == NULL) pusherror(L);
  return lib;
}


static lua_CFunction lsys_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
  lua_CFunction f = (lua_CFunction)(voidf)GetProcAddress((HMODULE)lib, sym);
  if (f == NULL) pusherror(L);
  return f;
}

/* }====================================================== */


#else				/* }{ */
/*
** {======================================================
** Fallback for other systems
** =======================================================
*/

#undef LIB_FAIL
#define LIB_FAIL	"absent"


#define DLMSG	"dynamic libraries not enabled; check your Lua installation"


static void lsys_unloadlib (void *lib) {
  (void)(lib);  /* not used */
}


static void *lsys_load (lua_State *L, const char *path, int seeglb) {
  (void)(path); (void)(seeglb);  /* not used */
  lua_pushliteral(L, DLMSG);
  return NULL;
}


static lua_CFunction lsys_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
  (void)(lib); (void)(sym);  /* not used */
  lua_pushliteral(L, DLMSG);
  return NULL;
}

/* }====================================================== */
#endif				/* } */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Set Paths
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** LUA_PATH_VAR and LUA_CPATH_VAR are the names of the environment
** variables that Lua check to set its paths.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_PATH_VAR)
#define LUA_PATH_VAR    "LUA_PATH"
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_CPATH_VAR)
#define LUA_CPATH_VAR   "LUA_CPATH"
#endif



/*
** return registry.LUA_NOENV as a boolean
*/
static int noenv (lua_State *L) {
  int b;
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_NOENV");
  b = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove value */
  return b;
}


/*
** Set a path
*/
static void setpath (lua_State *L, const char *fieldname,
                                   const char *envname,
                                   const char *dft) {
  const char *dftmark;
  const char *nver = lua_pushfstring(L, "%s%s", envname, LUA_VERSUFFIX);
  const char *path = getenv(nver);  /* try versioned name */
  if (path == NULL)  /* no versioned environment variable? */
    path = getenv(envname);  /* try unversioned name */
  if (path == NULL || noenv(L))  /* no environment variable? */
    lua_pushstring(L, dft);  /* use default */
  else if ((dftmark = strstr(path, LUA_PATH_SEP LUA_PATH_SEP)) == NULL)
    lua_pushstring(L, path);  /* nothing to change */
  else {  /* path contains a ";;": insert default path in its place */
    size_t len = strlen(path);
    luaL_Buffer b;
    luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
    if (path < dftmark) {  /* is there a prefix before ';;'? */
      luaL_addlstring(&b, path, dftmark - path);  /* add it */
      luaL_addchar(&b, *LUA_PATH_SEP);
    }
    luaL_addstring(&b, dft);  /* add default */
    if (dftmark < path + len - 2) {  /* is there a suffix after ';;'? */
      luaL_addchar(&b, *LUA_PATH_SEP);
      luaL_addlstring(&b, dftmark + 2, (path + len - 2) - dftmark);
    }
    luaL_pushresult(&b);
  }
  setprogdir(L);
  lua_setfield(L, -3, fieldname);  /* package[fieldname] = path value */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop versioned variable name ('nver') */
}

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** return registry.CLIBS[path]
*/
static void *checkclib (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
  void *plib;
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, CLIBS);
  lua_getfield(L, -1, path);
  plib = lua_touserdata(L, -1);  /* plib = CLIBS[path] */
  lua_pop(L, 2);  /* pop CLIBS table and 'plib' */
  return plib;
}


/*
** registry.CLIBS[path] = plib        -- for queries
** registry.CLIBS[#CLIBS + 1] = plib  -- also keep a list of all libraries
*/
static void addtoclib (lua_State *L, const char *path, void *plib) {
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, CLIBS);
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, plib);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
  lua_setfield(L, -3, path);  /* CLIBS[path] = plib */
  lua_rawseti(L, -2, luaL_len(L, -2) + 1);  /* CLIBS[#CLIBS + 1] = plib */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop CLIBS table */
}


/*
** __gc tag method for CLIBS table: calls 'lsys_unloadlib' for all lib
** handles in list CLIBS
*/
static int gctm (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer n = luaL_len(L, 1);
  for (; n >= 1; n--) {  /* for each handle, in reverse order */
    lua_rawgeti(L, 1, n);  /* get handle CLIBS[n] */
    lsys_unloadlib(lua_touserdata(L, -1));
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop handle */
  }
  return 0;
}



/* error codes for 'lookforfunc' */
#define ERRLIB		1
#define ERRFUNC		2

/*
** Look for a C function named 'sym' in a dynamically loaded library
** 'path'.
** First, check whether the library is already loaded; if not, try
** to load it.
** Then, if 'sym' is '*', return true (as library has been loaded).
** Otherwise, look for symbol 'sym' in the library and push a
** C function with that symbol.
** Return 0 and 'true' or a function in the stack; in case of
** errors, return an error code and an error message in the stack.
*/
static int lookforfunc (lua_State *L, const char *path, const char *sym) {
  void *reg = checkclib(L, path);  /* check loaded C libraries */
  if (reg == NULL) {  /* must load library? */
    reg = lsys_load(L, path, *sym == '*');  /* global symbols if 'sym'=='*' */
    if (reg == NULL) return ERRLIB;  /* unable to load library */
    addtoclib(L, path, reg);
  }
  if (*sym == '*') {  /* loading only library (no function)? */
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* return 'true' */
    return 0;  /* no errors */
  }
  else {
    lua_CFunction f = lsys_sym(L, reg, sym);
    if (f == NULL)
      return ERRFUNC;  /* unable to find function */
    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);  /* else create new function */
    return 0;  /* no errors */
  }
}


static int ll_loadlib (lua_State *L) {
  const char *path = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *init = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
  int stat = lookforfunc(L, path, init);
  if (l_likely(stat == 0))  /* no errors? */
    return 1;  /* return the loaded function */
  else {  /* error; error message is on stack top */
    luaL_pushfail(L);
    lua_insert(L, -2);
    lua_pushstring(L, (stat == ERRLIB) ?  LIB_FAIL : "init");
    return 3;  /* return fail, error message, and where */
  }
}



/*
** {======================================================
** 'require' function
** =======================================================
*/


static int readable (const char *filename) {
  FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");  /* try to open file */
  if (f == NULL) return 0;  /* open failed */
  fclose(f);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Get the next name in '*path' = 'name1;name2;name3;...', changing
** the ending ';' to '\0' to create a zero-terminated string. Return
** NULL when list ends.
*/
static const char *getnextfilename (char **path, char *end) {
  char *sep;
  char *name = *path;
  if (name == end)
    return NULL;  /* no more names */
  else if (*name == '\0') {  /* from previous iteration? */
    *name = *LUA_PATH_SEP;  /* restore separator */
    name++;  /* skip it */
  }
  sep = strchr(name, *LUA_PATH_SEP);  /* find next separator */
  if (sep == NULL)  /* separator not found? */
    sep = end;  /* name goes until the end */
  *sep = '\0';  /* finish file name */
  *path = sep;  /* will start next search from here */
  return name;
}


/*
** Given a path such as ";blabla.so;blublu.so", pushes the string
**
** no file 'blabla.so'
**	no file 'blublu.so'
*/
static void pusherrornotfound (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  luaL_addstring(&b, "no file '");
  luaL_addgsub(&b, path, LUA_PATH_SEP, "'\n\tno file '");
  luaL_addstring(&b, "'");
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
}


static const char *searchpath (lua_State *L, const char *name,
                                             const char *path,
                                             const char *sep,
                                             const char *dirsep) {
  luaL_Buffer buff;
  char *pathname;  /* path with name inserted */
  char *endpathname;  /* its end */
  const char *filename;
  /* separator is non-empty and appears in 'name'? */
  if (*sep != '\0' && strchr(name, *sep) != NULL)
    name = luaL_gsub(L, name, sep, dirsep);  /* replace it by 'dirsep' */
  luaL_buffinit(L, &buff);
  /* add path to the buffer, replacing marks ('?') with the file name */
  luaL_addgsub(&buff, path, LUA_PATH_MARK, name);<--- Calling function luaL_addgsub, 2nd argument is null
  luaL_addchar(&buff, '\0');
  pathname = luaL_buffaddr(&buff);  /* writable list of file names */
  endpathname = pathname + luaL_bufflen(&buff) - 1;
  while ((filename = getnextfilename(&pathname, endpathname)) != NULL) {
    if (readable(filename))  /* does file exist and is readable? */
      return lua_pushstring(L, filename);  /* save and return name */
  }
  luaL_pushresult(&buff);  /* push path to create error message */
  pusherrornotfound(L, lua_tostring(L, -1));  /* create error message */
  return NULL;  /* not found */
}


static int ll_searchpath (lua_State *L) {
  const char *f = searchpath(L, luaL_checkstring(L, 1),
                                luaL_checkstring(L, 2),
                                luaL_optstring(L, 3, "."),
                                luaL_optstring(L, 4, LUA_DIRSEP));<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_DIRSEP;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_DIRSEP' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  if (f != NULL) return 1;
  else {  /* error message is on top of the stack */
    luaL_pushfail(L);
    lua_insert(L, -2);
    return 2;  /* return fail + error message */
  }
}


static const char *findfile (lua_State *L, const char *name,
                                           const char *pname,
                                           const char *dirsep) {
  const char *path;
  lua_getfield(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), pname);
  path = lua_tostring(L, -1);
  if (l_unlikely(path == NULL))<--- Assuming that condition 'path==NULL' is not redundant
    luaL_error(L, "'package.%s' must be a string", pname);
  return searchpath(L, name, path, ".", dirsep);<--- Calling function searchpath, 3rd argument is null
}


static int checkload (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *filename) {
  if (l_likely(stat)) {  /* module loaded successfully? */
    lua_pushstring(L, filename);  /* will be 2nd argument to module */
    return 2;  /* return open function and file name */
  }
  else
    return luaL_error(L, "error loading module '%s' from file '%s':\n\t%s",
                          lua_tostring(L, 1), filename, lua_tostring(L, -1));
}


static int searcher_Lua (lua_State *L) {
  const char *filename;
  const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  filename = findfile(L, name, "path", LUA_LSUBSEP);<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_DIRSEP;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_DIRSEP' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  if (filename == NULL) return 1;  /* module not found in this path */
  return checkload(L, (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) == LUA_OK), filename);
}


/*
** Try to find a load function for module 'modname' at file 'filename'.
** First, change '.' to '_' in 'modname'; then, if 'modname' has
** the form X-Y (that is, it has an "ignore mark"), build a function
** name "luaopen_X" and look for it. (For compatibility, if that
** fails, it also tries "luaopen_Y".) If there is no ignore mark,
** look for a function named "luaopen_modname".
*/
static int loadfunc (lua_State *L, const char *filename, const char *modname) {
  const char *openfunc;
  const char *mark;
  modname = luaL_gsub(L, modname, ".", LUA_OFSEP);
  mark = strchr(modname, *LUA_IGMARK);
  if (mark) {
    int stat;
    openfunc = lua_pushlstring(L, modname, mark - modname);
    openfunc = lua_pushfstring(L, LUA_POF"%s", openfunc);
    stat = lookforfunc(L, filename, openfunc);
    if (stat != ERRFUNC) return stat;
    modname = mark + 1;  /* else go ahead and try old-style name */
  }
  openfunc = lua_pushfstring(L, LUA_POF"%s", modname);
  return lookforfunc(L, filename, openfunc);
}


static int searcher_C (lua_State *L) {
  const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *filename = findfile(L, name, "cpath", LUA_CSUBSEP);<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_DIRSEP;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_DIRSEP' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  if (filename == NULL) return 1;  /* module not found in this path */
  return checkload(L, (loadfunc(L, filename, name) == 0), filename);
}


static int searcher_Croot (lua_State *L) {
  const char *filename;
  const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *p = strchr(name, '.');
  int stat;
  if (p == NULL) return 0;  /* is root */
  lua_pushlstring(L, name, p - name);
  filename = findfile(L, lua_tostring(L, -1), "cpath", LUA_CSUBSEP);<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_DIRSEP;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_DIRSEP' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  if (filename == NULL) return 1;  /* root not found */
  if ((stat = loadfunc(L, filename, name)) != 0) {
    if (stat != ERRFUNC)
      return checkload(L, 0, filename);  /* real error */
    else {  /* open function not found */
      lua_pushfstring(L, "no module '%s' in file '%s'", name, filename);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  lua_pushstring(L, filename);  /* will be 2nd argument to module */
  return 2;
}


static int searcher_preload (lua_State *L) {
  const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE);
  if (lua_getfield(L, -1, name) == LUA_TNIL) {  /* not found? */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "no field package.preload['%s']", name);
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    lua_pushliteral(L, ":preload:");
    return 2;
  }
}


static void findloader (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
  int i;
  luaL_Buffer msg;  /* to build error message */
  /* push 'package.searchers' to index 3 in the stack */
  if (l_unlikely(lua_getfield(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), "searchers")
                 != LUA_TTABLE))
    luaL_error(L, "'package.searchers' must be a table");
  luaL_buffinit(L, &msg);
  /*  iterate over available searchers to find a loader */
  for (i = 1; ; i++) {
    luaL_addstring(&msg, "\n\t");  /* error-message prefix */
    if (l_unlikely(lua_rawgeti(L, 3, i) == LUA_TNIL)) {  /* no more searchers? */
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove nil */
      luaL_buffsub(&msg, 2);  /* remove prefix */
      luaL_pushresult(&msg);  /* create error message */
      luaL_error(L, "module '%s' not found:%s", name, lua_tostring(L, -1));
    }
    lua_pushstring(L, name);
    lua_call(L, 1, 2);  /* call it */
    if (lua_isfunction(L, -2))  /* did it find a loader? */
      return;  /* module loader found */
    else if (lua_isstring(L, -2)) {  /* searcher returned error message? */
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove extra return */
      luaL_addvalue(&msg);  /* concatenate error message */
    }
    else {  /* no error message */
      lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove both returns */
      luaL_buffsub(&msg, 2);  /* remove prefix */
    }
  }
}


static int ll_require (lua_State *L) {
  const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  lua_settop(L, 1);  /* LOADED table will be at index 2 */
  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_LOADED_TABLE);
  lua_getfield(L, 2, name);  /* LOADED[name] */
  if (lua_toboolean(L, -1))  /* is it there? */
    return 1;  /* package is already loaded */
  /* else must load package */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove 'getfield' result */
  findloader(L, name);
  lua_rotate(L, -2, 1);  /* function <-> loader data */
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* name is 1st argument to module loader */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -3);  /* loader data is 2nd argument */
  /* stack: ...; loader data; loader function; mod. name; loader data */
  lua_call(L, 2, 1);  /* run loader to load module */
  /* stack: ...; loader data; result from loader */
  if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))  /* non-nil return? */
    lua_setfield(L, 2, name);  /* LOADED[name] = returned value */
  else
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop nil */
  if (lua_getfield(L, 2, name) == LUA_TNIL) {   /* module set no value? */
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* use true as result */
    lua_copy(L, -1, -2);  /* replace loader result */
    lua_setfield(L, 2, name);  /* LOADED[name] = true */
  }
  lua_rotate(L, -2, 1);  /* loader data <-> module result  */
  return 2;  /* return module result and loader data */
}

/* }====================================================== */




static const luaL_Reg pk_funcs[] = {
  {"loadlib", ll_loadlib},
  {"searchpath", ll_searchpath},
  /* placeholders */
  {"preload", NULL},
  {"cpath", NULL},
  {"path", NULL},
  {"searchers", NULL},
  {"loaded", NULL},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static const luaL_Reg ll_funcs[] = {
  {"require", ll_require},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static void createsearcherstable (lua_State *L) {
  static const lua_CFunction searchers[] =
    {searcher_preload, searcher_Lua, searcher_C, searcher_Croot, NULL};
  int i;
  /* create 'searchers' table */
  lua_createtable(L, sizeof(searchers)/sizeof(searchers[0]) - 1, 0);
  /* fill it with predefined searchers */
  for (i=0; searchers[i] != NULL; i++) {
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* set 'package' as upvalue for all searchers */
    lua_pushcclosure(L, searchers[i], 1);
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, i+1);
  }
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "searchers");  /* put it in field 'searchers' */
}


/*
** create table CLIBS to keep track of loaded C libraries,
** setting a finalizer to close all libraries when closing state.
*/
static void createclibstable (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, CLIBS);  /* create CLIBS table */
  lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);  /* create metatable for CLIBS */
  lua_pushcfunction(L, gctm);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");  /* set finalizer for CLIBS table */
  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
}


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_package (lua_State *L) {
  createclibstable(L);
  luaL_newlib(L, pk_funcs);  /* create 'package' table */
  createsearcherstable(L);
  /* set paths */
  setpath(L, "path", LUA_PATH_VAR, LUA_PATH_DEFAULT);<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_PATH_DEFAULT;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_PATH_DEFAULT' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  setpath(L, "cpath", LUA_CPATH_VAR, LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT);<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
  /* store config information */
  lua_pushliteral(L, LUA_DIRSEP "\n" LUA_PATH_SEP "\n" LUA_PATH_MARK "\n"<--- Skipping configuration 'LUA_DIRSEP;_WIN32' since the value of 'LUA_DIRSEP' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
                     LUA_EXEC_DIR "\n" LUA_IGMARK "\n");
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "config");
  /* set field 'loaded' */
  luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_LOADED_TABLE);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "loaded");
  /* set field 'preload' */
  luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "preload");
  lua_pushglobaltable(L);
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* set 'package' as upvalue for next lib */
  luaL_setfuncs(L, ll_funcs, 1);  /* open lib into global table */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop global table */
  return 1;  /* return 'package' table */
}

/*
** $Id: loslib.c $
** Standard Operating System library
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define loslib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <errno.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


/*
** {==================================================================
** List of valid conversion specifiers for the 'strftime' function;
** options are grouped by length; group of length 2 start with '||'.
** ===================================================================
*/
#if !defined(LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS)	/* { */

/* options for ANSI C 89 (only 1-char options) */
#define L_STRFTIMEC89		"aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ%"

/* options for ISO C 99 and POSIX */
#define L_STRFTIMEC99 "aAbBcCdDeFgGhHIjmMnprRStTuUVwWxXyYzZ%" \
    "||" "EcECExEXEyEY" "OdOeOHOIOmOMOSOuOUOVOwOWOy"  /* two-char options */

/* options for Windows */
#define L_STRFTIMEWIN "aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYzZ%" \
    "||" "#c#x#d#H#I#j#m#M#S#U#w#W#y#Y"  /* two-char options */

#if defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)
#define LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS	L_STRFTIMEWIN
#elif defined(LUA_USE_C89)
#define LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS	L_STRFTIMEC89
#else  /* C99 specification */
#define LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS	L_STRFTIMEC99
#endif

#endif					/* } */
/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Configuration for time-related stuff
** ===================================================================
*/

/*
** type to represent time_t in Lua
*/
#if !defined(LUA_NUMTIME)	/* { */

#define l_timet			lua_Integer
#define l_pushtime(L,t)		lua_pushinteger(L,(lua_Integer)(t))
#define l_gettime(L,arg)	luaL_checkinteger(L, arg)

#else				/* }{ */

#define l_timet			lua_Number
#define l_pushtime(L,t)		lua_pushnumber(L,(lua_Number)(t))
#define l_gettime(L,arg)	luaL_checknumber(L, arg)

#endif				/* } */


#if !defined(l_gmtime)		/* { */
/*
** By default, Lua uses gmtime/localtime, except when POSIX is available,
** where it uses gmtime_r/localtime_r
*/

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */

#define l_gmtime(t,r)		gmtime_r(t,r)
#define l_localtime(t,r)	localtime_r(t,r)

#else				/* }{ */

/* ISO C definitions */
#define l_gmtime(t,r)		((void)(r)->tm_sec, gmtime(t))
#define l_localtime(t,r)	((void)(r)->tm_sec, localtime(t))

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** {==================================================================
** Configuration for 'tmpnam':
** By default, Lua uses tmpnam except when POSIX is available, where
** it uses mkstemp.
** ===================================================================
*/
#if !defined(lua_tmpnam)	/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */

#include <unistd.h>

#define LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE	32

#if !defined(LUA_TMPNAMTEMPLATE)
#define LUA_TMPNAMTEMPLATE	"/tmp/lua_XXXXXX"
#endif

#define lua_tmpnam(b,e) { \
        strcpy(b, LUA_TMPNAMTEMPLATE); \
        e = mkstemp(b); \
        if (e != -1) close(e); \
        e = (e == -1); }

#else				/* }{ */

/* ISO C definitions */
#define LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE	L_tmpnam
#define lua_tmpnam(b,e)		{ e = (tmpnam(b) == NULL); }

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */
/* }================================================================== */



static int os_execute (lua_State *L) {
  const char *cmd = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
  int stat;
  errno = 0;
  stat = system(cmd);
  if (cmd != NULL)
    return luaL_execresult(L, stat);
  else {
    lua_pushboolean(L, stat);  /* true if there is a shell */
    return 1;
  }
}


static int os_remove (lua_State *L) {
  const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  return luaL_fileresult(L, remove(filename) == 0, filename);
}


static int os_rename (lua_State *L) {
  const char *fromname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  const char *toname = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
  return luaL_fileresult(L, rename(fromname, toname) == 0, NULL);
}


static int os_tmpname (lua_State *L) {
  char buff[LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE];
  int err;
  lua_tmpnam(buff, err);
  if (l_unlikely(err))
    return luaL_error(L, "unable to generate a unique filename");
  lua_pushstring(L, buff);
  return 1;
}


static int os_getenv (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushstring(L, getenv(luaL_checkstring(L, 1)));  /* if NULL push nil */
  return 1;
}


static int os_clock (lua_State *L) {
  lua_pushnumber(L, ((lua_Number)clock())/(lua_Number)CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
  return 1;
}


/*
** {======================================================
** Time/Date operations
** { year=%Y, month=%m, day=%d, hour=%H, min=%M, sec=%S,
**   wday=%w+1, yday=%j, isdst=? }
** =======================================================
*/

/*
** About the overflow check: an overflow cannot occur when time
** is represented by a lua_Integer, because either lua_Integer is
** large enough to represent all int fields or it is not large enough
** to represent a time that cause a field to overflow.  However, if
** times are represented as doubles and lua_Integer is int, then the
** time 0x1.e1853b0d184f6p+55 would cause an overflow when adding 1900
** to compute the year.
*/
static void setfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int value, int delta) {
  #if (defined(LUA_NUMTIME) && LUA_MAXINTEGER <= INT_MAX)
    if (l_unlikely(value > LUA_MAXINTEGER - delta))
      luaL_error(L, "field '%s' is out-of-bound", key);
  #endif
  lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)value + delta);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, key);
}


static void setboolfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int value) {
  if (value < 0)  /* undefined? */
    return;  /* does not set field */
  lua_pushboolean(L, value);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, key);
}


/*
** Set all fields from structure 'tm' in the table on top of the stack
*/
static void setallfields (lua_State *L, struct tm *stm) {
  setfield(L, "year", stm->tm_year, 1900);
  setfield(L, "month", stm->tm_mon, 1);
  setfield(L, "day", stm->tm_mday, 0);
  setfield(L, "hour", stm->tm_hour, 0);
  setfield(L, "min", stm->tm_min, 0);
  setfield(L, "sec", stm->tm_sec, 0);
  setfield(L, "yday", stm->tm_yday, 1);
  setfield(L, "wday", stm->tm_wday, 1);
  setboolfield(L, "isdst", stm->tm_isdst);
}


static int getboolfield (lua_State *L, const char *key) {
  int res;
  res = (lua_getfield(L, -1, key) == LUA_TNIL) ? -1 : lua_toboolean(L, -1);
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  return res;
}


static int getfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int d, int delta) {
  int isnum;
  int t = lua_getfield(L, -1, key);  /* get field and its type */
  lua_Integer res = lua_tointegerx(L, -1, &isnum);
  if (!isnum) {  /* field is not an integer? */
    if (l_unlikely(t != LUA_TNIL))  /* some other value? */
      return luaL_error(L, "field '%s' is not an integer", key);
    else if (l_unlikely(d < 0))  /* absent field; no default? */
      return luaL_error(L, "field '%s' missing in date table", key);
    res = d;
  }
  else {
    /* unsigned avoids overflow when lua_Integer has 32 bits */
    if (!(res >= 0 ? (lua_Unsigned)res <= (lua_Unsigned)INT_MAX + delta
                   : (lua_Integer)INT_MIN + delta <= res))
      return luaL_error(L, "field '%s' is out-of-bound", key);
    res -= delta;
  }
  lua_pop(L, 1);
  return (int)res;
}


static const char *checkoption (lua_State *L, const char *conv,
                                ptrdiff_t convlen, char *buff) {
  const char *option = LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS;
  int oplen = 1;  /* length of options being checked */
  for (; *option != '\0' && oplen <= convlen; option += oplen) {
    if (*option == '|')  /* next block? */
      oplen++;  /* will check options with next length (+1) */
    else if (memcmp(conv, option, oplen) == 0) {  /* match? */
      memcpy(buff, conv, oplen);  /* copy valid option to buffer */
      buff[oplen] = '\0';
      return conv + oplen;  /* return next item */
    }
  }
  luaL_argerror(L, 1,
    lua_pushfstring(L, "invalid conversion specifier '%%%s'", conv));
  return conv;  /* to avoid warnings */
}


static time_t l_checktime (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  l_timet t = l_gettime(L, arg);
  luaL_argcheck(L, (time_t)t == t, arg, "time out-of-bounds");
  return (time_t)t;
}


/* maximum size for an individual 'strftime' item */
#define SIZETIMEFMT	250


static int os_date (lua_State *L) {
  size_t slen;
  const char *s = luaL_optlstring(L, 1, "%c", &slen);
  time_t t = luaL_opt(L, l_checktime, 2, time(NULL));
  const char *se = s + slen;  /* 's' end */
  struct tm tmr, *stm;<--- Variable 'tmr' is not assigned a value.
  if (*s == '!') {  /* UTC? */
    stm = l_gmtime(&t, &tmr);
    s++;  /* skip '!' */
  }
  else
    stm = l_localtime(&t, &tmr);
  if (stm == NULL)  /* invalid date? */
    return luaL_error(L,
                 "date result cannot be represented in this installation");
  if (strcmp(s, "*t") == 0) {
    lua_createtable(L, 0, 9);  /* 9 = number of fields */
    setallfields(L, stm);
  }
  else {
    char cc[4];  /* buffer for individual conversion specifiers */
    luaL_Buffer b;
    cc[0] = '%';
    luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
    while (s < se) {
      if (*s != '%')  /* not a conversion specifier? */
        luaL_addchar(&b, *s++);
      else {
        size_t reslen;
        char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, SIZETIMEFMT);
        s++;  /* skip '%' */
        s = checkoption(L, s, se - s, cc + 1);  /* copy specifier to 'cc' */
        reslen = strftime(buff, SIZETIMEFMT, cc, stm);
        luaL_addsize(&b, reslen);
      }
    }
    luaL_pushresult(&b);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int os_time (lua_State *L) {
  time_t t;
  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 1))  /* called without args? */
    t = time(NULL);  /* get current time */
  else {
    struct tm ts;
    luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
    lua_settop(L, 1);  /* make sure table is at the top */
    ts.tm_year = getfield(L, "year", -1, 1900);
    ts.tm_mon = getfield(L, "month", -1, 1);
    ts.tm_mday = getfield(L, "day", -1, 0);
    ts.tm_hour = getfield(L, "hour", 12, 0);
    ts.tm_min = getfield(L, "min", 0, 0);
    ts.tm_sec = getfield(L, "sec", 0, 0);
    ts.tm_isdst = getboolfield(L, "isdst");
    t = mktime(&ts);
    setallfields(L, &ts);  /* update fields with normalized values */
  }
  if (t != (time_t)(l_timet)t || t == (time_t)(-1))
    return luaL_error(L,
                  "time result cannot be represented in this installation");
  l_pushtime(L, t);
  return 1;
}


static int os_difftime (lua_State *L) {
  time_t t1 = l_checktime(L, 1);
  time_t t2 = l_checktime(L, 2);
  lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)difftime(t1, t2));
  return 1;
}

/* }====================================================== */


static int os_setlocale (lua_State *L) {
  static const int cat[] = {LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY,
                      LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME};
  static const char *const catnames[] = {"all", "collate", "ctype", "monetary",
     "numeric", "time", NULL};
  const char *l = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
  int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, "all", catnames);
  lua_pushstring(L, setlocale(cat[op], l));
  return 1;
}


static int os_exit (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  if (lua_isboolean(L, 1))
    status = (lua_toboolean(L, 1) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
  else
    status = (int)luaL_optinteger(L, 1, EXIT_SUCCESS);
  if (lua_toboolean(L, 2))
    lua_close(L);
  if (L) exit(status);  /* 'if' to avoid warnings for unreachable 'return' */
  return 0;
}


static const luaL_Reg syslib[] = {
  {"clock",     os_clock},
  {"date",      os_date},
  {"difftime",  os_difftime},
  {"execute",   os_execute},
  {"exit",      os_exit},
  {"getenv",    os_getenv},
  {"remove",    os_remove},
  {"rename",    os_rename},
  {"setlocale", os_setlocale},
  {"time",      os_time},
  {"tmpname",   os_tmpname},
  {NULL, NULL}
};

/* }====================================================== */



LUAMOD_API int luaopen_os (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, syslib);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: lstrlib.c $
** Standard library for string operations and pattern-matching
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lstrlib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <ctype.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


/*
** maximum number of captures that a pattern can do during
** pattern-matching. This limit is arbitrary, but must fit in
** an unsigned char.
*/
#if !defined(LUA_MAXCAPTURES)
#define LUA_MAXCAPTURES		32
#endif


/* macro to 'unsign' a character */
#define uchar(c)	((unsigned char)(c))


/*
** Some sizes are better limited to fit in 'int', but must also fit in
** 'size_t'. (We assume that 'lua_Integer' cannot be smaller than 'int'.)
*/
#define MAX_SIZET	((size_t)(~(size_t)0))

#define MAXSIZE  \
	(sizeof(size_t) < sizeof(int) ? MAX_SIZET : (size_t)(INT_MAX))




static int str_len (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)l);
  return 1;
}


/*
** translate a relative initial string position
** (negative means back from end): clip result to [1, inf).
** The length of any string in Lua must fit in a lua_Integer,
** so there are no overflows in the casts.
** The inverted comparison avoids a possible overflow
** computing '-pos'.
*/
static size_t posrelatI (lua_Integer pos, size_t len) {
  if (pos > 0)
    return (size_t)pos;
  else if (pos == 0)
    return 1;
  else if (pos < -(lua_Integer)len)  /* inverted comparison */
    return 1;  /* clip to 1 */
  else return len + (size_t)pos + 1;
}


/*
** Gets an optional ending string position from argument 'arg',
** with default value 'def'.
** Negative means back from end: clip result to [0, len]
*/
static size_t getendpos (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Integer def,
                         size_t len) {
  lua_Integer pos = luaL_optinteger(L, arg, def);
  if (pos > (lua_Integer)len)
    return len;
  else if (pos >= 0)
    return (size_t)pos;
  else if (pos < -(lua_Integer)len)
    return 0;
  else return len + (size_t)pos + 1;
}


static int str_sub (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  size_t start = posrelatI(luaL_checkinteger(L, 2), l);
  size_t end = getendpos(L, 3, -1, l);
  if (start <= end)
    lua_pushlstring(L, s + start - 1, (end - start) + 1);
  else lua_pushliteral(L, "");
  return 1;
}


static int str_reverse (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l, i;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  char *p = luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, l);
  for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
    p[i] = s[l - i - 1];
  luaL_pushresultsize(&b, l);
  return 1;
}


static int str_lower (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  size_t i;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  char *p = luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, l);
  for (i=0; i<l; i++)
    p[i] = tolower(uchar(s[i]));
  luaL_pushresultsize(&b, l);
  return 1;
}


static int str_upper (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  size_t i;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  char *p = luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, l);
  for (i=0; i<l; i++)
    p[i] = toupper(uchar(s[i]));
  luaL_pushresultsize(&b, l);
  return 1;
}


static int str_rep (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l, lsep;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  lua_Integer n = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  const char *sep = luaL_optlstring(L, 3, "", &lsep);
  if (n <= 0)
    lua_pushliteral(L, "");
  else if (l_unlikely(l + lsep < l || l + lsep > MAXSIZE / n))
    return luaL_error(L, "resulting string too large");
  else {
    size_t totallen = (size_t)n * l + (size_t)(n - 1) * lsep;
    luaL_Buffer b;
    char *p = luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, totallen);
    while (n-- > 1) {  /* first n-1 copies (followed by separator) */
      memcpy(p, s, l * sizeof(char)); p += l;
      if (lsep > 0) {  /* empty 'memcpy' is not that cheap */
        memcpy(p, sep, lsep * sizeof(char));
        p += lsep;
      }
    }
    memcpy(p, s, l * sizeof(char));  /* last copy (not followed by separator) */
    luaL_pushresultsize(&b, totallen);
  }
  return 1;
}


static int str_byte (lua_State *L) {
  size_t l;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
  lua_Integer pi = luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1);
  size_t posi = posrelatI(pi, l);
  size_t pose = getendpos(L, 3, pi, l);
  int n, i;
  if (posi > pose) return 0;  /* empty interval; return no values */
  if (l_unlikely(pose - posi >= (size_t)INT_MAX))  /* arithmetic overflow? */
    return luaL_error(L, "string slice too long");
  n = (int)(pose -  posi) + 1;
  luaL_checkstack(L, n, "string slice too long");
  for (i=0; i<n; i++)
    lua_pushinteger(L, uchar(s[posi+i-1]));
  return n;
}


static int str_char (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  int i;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  char *p = luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, n);
  for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
    lua_Unsigned c = (lua_Unsigned)luaL_checkinteger(L, i);
    luaL_argcheck(L, c <= (lua_Unsigned)UCHAR_MAX, i, "value out of range");
    p[i - 1] = uchar(c);
  }
  luaL_pushresultsize(&b, n);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Buffer to store the result of 'string.dump'. It must be initialized
** after the call to 'lua_dump', to ensure that the function is on the
** top of the stack when 'lua_dump' is called. ('luaL_buffinit' might
** push stuff.)
*/
struct str_Writer {
  int init;  /* true iff buffer has been initialized */
  luaL_Buffer B;
};


static int writer (lua_State *L, const void *b, size_t size, void *ud) {
  struct str_Writer *state = (struct str_Writer *)ud;<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (!state->init) {
    state->init = 1;
    luaL_buffinit(L, &state->B);
  }
  luaL_addlstring(&state->B, (const char *)b, size);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  return 0;
}


static int str_dump (lua_State *L) {
  struct str_Writer state;
  int strip = lua_toboolean(L, 2);
  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
  lua_settop(L, 1);  /* ensure function is on the top of the stack */
  state.init = 0;
  if (l_unlikely(lua_dump(L, writer, &state, strip) != 0))
    return luaL_error(L, "unable to dump given function");
  luaL_pushresult(&state.B);
  return 1;
}



/*
** {======================================================
** METAMETHODS
** =======================================================
*/

#if defined(LUA_NOCVTS2N)	/* { */

/* no coercion from strings to numbers */

static const luaL_Reg stringmetamethods[] = {
  {"__index", NULL},  /* placeholder */
  {NULL, NULL}
};

#else		/* }{ */

static int tonum (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNUMBER) {  /* already a number? */
    lua_pushvalue(L, arg);
    return 1;
  }
  else {  /* check whether it is a numerical string */
    size_t len;
    const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, arg, &len);
    return (s != NULL && lua_stringtonumber(L, s) == len + 1);
  }
}


static void trymt (lua_State *L, const char *mtname) {
  lua_settop(L, 2);  /* back to the original arguments */
  if (l_unlikely(lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TSTRING ||
                 !luaL_getmetafield(L, 2, mtname)))
    luaL_error(L, "attempt to %s a '%s' with a '%s'", mtname + 2,
                  luaL_typename(L, -2), luaL_typename(L, -1));
  lua_insert(L, -3);  /* put metamethod before arguments */
  lua_call(L, 2, 1);  /* call metamethod */
}


static int arith (lua_State *L, int op, const char *mtname) {
  if (tonum(L, 1) && tonum(L, 2))
    lua_arith(L, op);  /* result will be on the top */
  else
    trymt(L, mtname);
  return 1;
}


static int arith_add (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPADD, "__add");
}

static int arith_sub (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPSUB, "__sub");
}

static int arith_mul (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPMUL, "__mul");
}

static int arith_mod (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPMOD, "__mod");
}

static int arith_pow (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPPOW, "__pow");
}

static int arith_div (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPDIV, "__div");
}

static int arith_idiv (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPIDIV, "__idiv");
}

static int arith_unm (lua_State *L) {
  return arith(L, LUA_OPUNM, "__unm");
}


static const luaL_Reg stringmetamethods[] = {
  {"__add", arith_add},
  {"__sub", arith_sub},
  {"__mul", arith_mul},
  {"__mod", arith_mod},
  {"__pow", arith_pow},
  {"__div", arith_div},
  {"__idiv", arith_idiv},
  {"__unm", arith_unm},
  {"__index", NULL},  /* placeholder */
  {NULL, NULL}
};

#endif		/* } */

/* }====================================================== */

/*
** {======================================================
** PATTERN MATCHING
** =======================================================
*/


#define CAP_UNFINISHED	(-1)
#define CAP_POSITION	(-2)


typedef struct MatchState {
  const char *src_init;  /* init of source string */
  const char *src_end;  /* end ('\0') of source string */
  const char *p_end;  /* end ('\0') of pattern */
  lua_State *L;
  int matchdepth;  /* control for recursive depth (to avoid C stack overflow) */
  unsigned char level;  /* total number of captures (finished or unfinished) */
  struct {
    const char *init;
    ptrdiff_t len;
  } capture[LUA_MAXCAPTURES];
} MatchState;


/* recursive function */
static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p);


/* maximum recursion depth for 'match' */
#if !defined(MAXCCALLS)
#define MAXCCALLS	200
#endif


#define L_ESC		'%'
#define SPECIALS	"^$*+?.([%-"


static int check_capture (MatchState *ms, int l) {
  l -= '1';
  if (l_unlikely(l < 0 || l >= ms->level ||
                 ms->capture[l].len == CAP_UNFINISHED))
    return luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid capture index %%%d", l + 1);
  return l;
}


static int capture_to_close (MatchState *ms) {
  int level = ms->level;
  for (level--; level>=0; level--)
    if (ms->capture[level].len == CAP_UNFINISHED) return level;
  return luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid pattern capture");
}


static const char *classend (MatchState *ms, const char *p) {
  switch (*p++) {
    case L_ESC: {
      if (l_unlikely(p == ms->p_end))
        luaL_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (ends with '%%')");
      return p+1;
    }
    case '[': {
      if (*p == '^') p++;
      do {  /* look for a ']' */
        if (l_unlikely(p == ms->p_end))
          luaL_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (missing ']')");
        if (*(p++) == L_ESC && p < ms->p_end)
          p++;  /* skip escapes (e.g. '%]') */
      } while (*p != ']');
      return p+1;
    }
    default: {
      return p;
    }
  }
}


static int match_class (int c, int cl) {
  int res;
  switch (tolower(cl)) {
    case 'a' : res = isalpha(c); break;
    case 'c' : res = iscntrl(c); break;
    case 'd' : res = isdigit(c); break;
    case 'g' : res = isgraph(c); break;
    case 'l' : res = islower(c); break;
    case 'p' : res = ispunct(c); break;
    case 's' : res = isspace(c); break;
    case 'u' : res = isupper(c); break;
    case 'w' : res = isalnum(c); break;
    case 'x' : res = isxdigit(c); break;
    case 'z' : res = (c == 0); break;  /* deprecated option */
    default: return (cl == c);
  }
  return (islower(cl) ? res : !res);
}


static int matchbracketclass (int c, const char *p, const char *ec) {
  int sig = 1;
  if (*(p+1) == '^') {
    sig = 0;
    p++;  /* skip the '^' */
  }
  while (++p < ec) {
    if (*p == L_ESC) {
      p++;
      if (match_class(c, uchar(*p)))
        return sig;
    }
    else if ((*(p+1) == '-') && (p+2 < ec)) {
      p+=2;
      if (uchar(*(p-2)) <= c && c <= uchar(*p))
        return sig;
    }
    else if (uchar(*p) == c) return sig;
  }
  return !sig;
}


static int singlematch (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p,
                        const char *ep) {
  if (s >= ms->src_end)
    return 0;
  else {
    int c = uchar(*s);
    switch (*p) {
      case '.': return 1;  /* matches any char */
      case L_ESC: return match_class(c, uchar(*(p+1)));
      case '[': return matchbracketclass(c, p, ep-1);
      default:  return (uchar(*p) == c);
    }
  }
}


static const char *matchbalance (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
                                   const char *p) {
  if (l_unlikely(p >= ms->p_end - 1))
    luaL_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (missing arguments to '%%b')");
  if (*s != *p) return NULL;
  else {
    int b = *p;
    int e = *(p+1);
    int cont = 1;
    while (++s < ms->src_end) {
      if (*s == e) {
        if (--cont == 0) return s+1;
      }
      else if (*s == b) cont++;
    }
  }
  return NULL;  /* string ends out of balance */
}


static const char *max_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
                                 const char *p, const char *ep) {
  ptrdiff_t i = 0;  /* counts maximum expand for item */
  while (singlematch(ms, s + i, p, ep))
    i++;
  /* keeps trying to match with the maximum repetitions */
  while (i>=0) {
    const char *res = match(ms, (s+i), ep+1);
    if (res) return res;
    i--;  /* else didn't match; reduce 1 repetition to try again */
  }
  return NULL;
}


static const char *min_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
                                 const char *p, const char *ep) {
  for (;;) {
    const char *res = match(ms, s, ep+1);
    if (res != NULL)
      return res;
    else if (singlematch(ms, s, p, ep))
      s++;  /* try with one more repetition */
    else return NULL;
  }
}


static const char *start_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
                                    const char *p, int what) {
  const char *res;
  int level = ms->level;
  if (level >= LUA_MAXCAPTURES) luaL_error(ms->L, "too many captures");<--- Assuming that condition 'level>=32' is not redundant<--- Assuming that condition 'level>=32' is not redundant
  ms->capture[level].init = s;<--- Array index out of bounds
  ms->capture[level].len = what;<--- Array index out of bounds
  ms->level = level+1;
  if ((res=match(ms, s, p)) == NULL)  /* match failed? */
    ms->level--;  /* undo capture */
  return res;
}


static const char *end_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
                                  const char *p) {
  int l = capture_to_close(ms);
  const char *res;
  ms->capture[l].len = s - ms->capture[l].init;  /* close capture */
  if ((res = match(ms, s, p)) == NULL)  /* match failed? */
    ms->capture[l].len = CAP_UNFINISHED;  /* undo capture */
  return res;
}


static const char *match_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, int l) {
  size_t len;
  l = check_capture(ms, l);
  len = ms->capture[l].len;
  if ((size_t)(ms->src_end-s) >= len &&
      memcmp(ms->capture[l].init, s, len) == 0)
    return s+len;
  else return NULL;
}


static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
  if (l_unlikely(ms->matchdepth-- == 0))
    luaL_error(ms->L, "pattern too complex");
  init: /* using goto's to optimize tail recursion */
  if (p != ms->p_end) {  /* end of pattern? */
    switch (*p) {
      case '(': {  /* start capture */
        if (*(p + 1) == ')')  /* position capture? */
          s = start_capture(ms, s, p + 2, CAP_POSITION);
        else
          s = start_capture(ms, s, p + 1, CAP_UNFINISHED);
        break;
      }
      case ')': {  /* end capture */
        s = end_capture(ms, s, p + 1);
        break;
      }
      case '$': {
        if ((p + 1) != ms->p_end)  /* is the '$' the last char in pattern? */
          goto dflt;  /* no; go to default */
        s = (s == ms->src_end) ? s : NULL;  /* check end of string */
        break;
      }
      case L_ESC: {  /* escaped sequences not in the format class[*+?-]? */
        switch (*(p + 1)) {
          case 'b': {  /* balanced string? */
            s = matchbalance(ms, s, p + 2);
            if (s != NULL) {
              p += 4; goto init;  /* return match(ms, s, p + 4); */
            }  /* else fail (s == NULL) */
            break;
          }
          case 'f': {  /* frontier? */
            const char *ep; char previous;
            p += 2;
            if (l_unlikely(*p != '['))
              luaL_error(ms->L, "missing '[' after '%%f' in pattern");
            ep = classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
            previous = (s == ms->src_init) ? '\0' : *(s - 1);
            if (!matchbracketclass(uchar(previous), p, ep - 1) &&
               matchbracketclass(uchar(*s), p, ep - 1)) {
              p = ep; goto init;  /* return match(ms, s, ep); */
            }
            s = NULL;  /* match failed */
            break;
          }
          case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
          case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
          case '8': case '9': {  /* capture results (%0-%9)? */
            s = match_capture(ms, s, uchar(*(p + 1)));
            if (s != NULL) {
              p += 2; goto init;  /* return match(ms, s, p + 2) */
            }
            break;
          }
          default: goto dflt;
        }
        break;
      }
      default: dflt: {  /* pattern class plus optional suffix */
        const char *ep = classend(ms, p);  /* points to optional suffix */
        /* does not match at least once? */
        if (!singlematch(ms, s, p, ep)) {
          if (*ep == '*' || *ep == '?' || *ep == '-') {  /* accept empty? */
            p = ep + 1; goto init;  /* return match(ms, s, ep + 1); */
          }
          else  /* '+' or no suffix */
            s = NULL;  /* fail */
        }
        else {  /* matched once */
          switch (*ep) {  /* handle optional suffix */
            case '?': {  /* optional */
              const char *res;
              if ((res = match(ms, s + 1, ep + 1)) != NULL)
                s = res;
              else {
                p = ep + 1; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, ep + 1); */
              }
              break;
            }
            case '+':  /* 1 or more repetitions */
              s++;  /* 1 match already done */
              /* FALLTHROUGH */
            case '*':  /* 0 or more repetitions */
              s = max_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
              break;
            case '-':  /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
              s = min_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
              break;
            default:  /* no suffix */
              s++; p = ep; goto init;  /* return match(ms, s + 1, ep); */
          }
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  ms->matchdepth++;
  return s;
}



static const char *lmemfind (const char *s1, size_t l1,
                               const char *s2, size_t l2) {
  if (l2 == 0) return s1;  /* empty strings are everywhere */
  else if (l2 > l1) return NULL;  /* avoids a negative 'l1' */
  else {
    const char *init;  /* to search for a '*s2' inside 's1' */
    l2--;  /* 1st char will be checked by 'memchr' */
    l1 = l1-l2;  /* 's2' cannot be found after that */
    while (l1 > 0 && (init = (const char *)memchr(s1, *s2, l1)) != NULL) {<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      init++;   /* 1st char is already checked */
      if (memcmp(init, s2+1, l2) == 0)
        return init-1;
      else {  /* correct 'l1' and 's1' to try again */
        l1 -= init-s1;
        s1 = init;
      }
    }
    return NULL;  /* not found */
  }
}


/*
** get information about the i-th capture. If there are no captures
** and 'i==0', return information about the whole match, which
** is the range 's'..'e'. If the capture is a string, return
** its length and put its address in '*cap'. If it is an integer
** (a position), push it on the stack and return CAP_POSITION.
*/
static size_t get_onecapture (MatchState *ms, int i, const char *s,
                              const char *e, const char **cap) {
  if (i >= ms->level) {
    if (l_unlikely(i != 0))
      luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid capture index %%%d", i + 1);
    *cap = s;
    return e - s;
  }
  else {
    ptrdiff_t capl = ms->capture[i].len;
    *cap = ms->capture[i].init;
    if (l_unlikely(capl == CAP_UNFINISHED))
      luaL_error(ms->L, "unfinished capture");
    else if (capl == CAP_POSITION)
      lua_pushinteger(ms->L, (ms->capture[i].init - ms->src_init) + 1);
    return capl;
  }
}


/*
** Push the i-th capture on the stack.
*/
static void push_onecapture (MatchState *ms, int i, const char *s,
                                                    const char *e) {
  const char *cap;
  ptrdiff_t l = get_onecapture(ms, i, s, e, &cap);
  if (l != CAP_POSITION)
    lua_pushlstring(ms->L, cap, l);
  /* else position was already pushed */
}


static int push_captures (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *e) {
  int i;
  int nlevels = (ms->level == 0 && s) ? 1 : ms->level;
  luaL_checkstack(ms->L, nlevels, "too many captures");
  for (i = 0; i < nlevels; i++)
    push_onecapture(ms, i, s, e);
  return nlevels;  /* number of strings pushed */
}


/* check whether pattern has no special characters */
static int nospecials (const char *p, size_t l) {
  size_t upto = 0;
  do {
    if (strpbrk(p + upto, SPECIALS))
      return 0;  /* pattern has a special character */
    upto += strlen(p + upto) + 1;  /* may have more after \0 */
  } while (upto <= l);
  return 1;  /* no special chars found */
}


static void prepstate (MatchState *ms, lua_State *L,
                       const char *s, size_t ls, const char *p, size_t lp) {
  ms->L = L;
  ms->matchdepth = MAXCCALLS;
  ms->src_init = s;
  ms->src_end = s + ls;
  ms->p_end = p + lp;
}


static void reprepstate (MatchState *ms) {
  ms->level = 0;
  lua_assert(ms->matchdepth == MAXCCALLS);
}


static int str_find_aux (lua_State *L, int find) {
  size_t ls, lp;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &ls);
  const char *p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &lp);
  size_t init = posrelatI(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), ls) - 1;
  if (init > ls) {  /* start after string's end? */
    luaL_pushfail(L);  /* cannot find anything */
    return 1;
  }
  /* explicit request or no special characters? */
  if (find && (lua_toboolean(L, 4) || nospecials(p, lp))) {
    /* do a plain search */
    const char *s2 = lmemfind(s + init, ls - init, p, lp);
    if (s2) {
      lua_pushinteger(L, (s2 - s) + 1);
      lua_pushinteger(L, (s2 - s) + lp);
      return 2;
    }
  }
  else {
    MatchState ms;
    const char *s1 = s + init;
    int anchor = (*p == '^');
    if (anchor) {
      p++; lp--;  /* skip anchor character */
    }
    prepstate(&ms, L, s, ls, p, lp);
    do {
      const char *res;
      reprepstate(&ms);
      if ((res=match(&ms, s1, p)) != NULL) {
        if (find) {
          lua_pushinteger(L, (s1 - s) + 1);  /* start */
          lua_pushinteger(L, res - s);   /* end */
          return push_captures(&ms, NULL, 0) + 2;
        }
        else
          return push_captures(&ms, s1, res);
      }
    } while (s1++ < ms.src_end && !anchor);
  }
  luaL_pushfail(L);  /* not found */
  return 1;
}


static int str_find (lua_State *L) {
  return str_find_aux(L, 1);
}


static int str_match (lua_State *L) {
  return str_find_aux(L, 0);
}


/* state for 'gmatch' */
typedef struct GMatchState {
  const char *src;  /* current position */
  const char *p;  /* pattern */
  const char *lastmatch;  /* end of last match */
  MatchState ms;  /* match state */
} GMatchState;


static int gmatch_aux (lua_State *L) {
  GMatchState *gm = (GMatchState *)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(3));<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  const char *src;
  gm->ms.L = L;
  for (src = gm->src; src <= gm->ms.src_end; src++) {
    const char *e;
    reprepstate(&gm->ms);
    if ((e = match(&gm->ms, src, gm->p)) != NULL && e != gm->lastmatch) {
      gm->src = gm->lastmatch = e;
      return push_captures(&gm->ms, src, e);
    }
  }
  return 0;  /* not found */
}


static int gmatch (lua_State *L) {
  size_t ls, lp;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &ls);
  const char *p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &lp);
  size_t init = posrelatI(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), ls) - 1;
  GMatchState *gm;
  lua_settop(L, 2);  /* keep strings on closure to avoid being collected */
  gm = (GMatchState *)lua_newuserdatauv(L, sizeof(GMatchState), 0);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
  if (init > ls)  /* start after string's end? */
    init = ls + 1;  /* avoid overflows in 's + init' */
  prepstate(&gm->ms, L, s, ls, p, lp);
  gm->src = s + init; gm->p = p; gm->lastmatch = NULL;
  lua_pushcclosure(L, gmatch_aux, 3);
  return 1;
}


static void add_s (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
                                                   const char *e) {
  size_t l;
  lua_State *L = ms->L;
  const char *news = lua_tolstring(L, 3, &l);
  const char *p;
  while ((p = (char *)memchr(news, L_ESC, l)) != NULL) {<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
    luaL_addlstring(b, news, p - news);
    p++;  /* skip ESC */
    if (*p == L_ESC)  /* '%%' */
      luaL_addchar(b, *p);
    else if (*p == '0')  /* '%0' */
        luaL_addlstring(b, s, e - s);
    else if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) {  /* '%n' */
      const char *cap;
      ptrdiff_t resl = get_onecapture(ms, *p - '1', s, e, &cap);
      if (resl == CAP_POSITION)
        luaL_addvalue(b);  /* add position to accumulated result */
      else
        luaL_addlstring(b, cap, resl);
    }
    else
      luaL_error(L, "invalid use of '%c' in replacement string", L_ESC);
    l -= p + 1 - news;
    news = p + 1;
  }
  luaL_addlstring(b, news, l);
}


/*
** Add the replacement value to the string buffer 'b'.
** Return true if the original string was changed. (Function calls and
** table indexing resulting in nil or false do not change the subject.)
*/
static int add_value (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
                                      const char *e, int tr) {
  lua_State *L = ms->L;
  switch (tr) {
    case LUA_TFUNCTION: {  /* call the function */
      int n;
      lua_pushvalue(L, 3);  /* push the function */
      n = push_captures(ms, s, e);  /* all captures as arguments */
      lua_call(L, n, 1);  /* call it */
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TTABLE: {  /* index the table */
      push_onecapture(ms, 0, s, e);  /* first capture is the index */
      lua_gettable(L, 3);
      break;
    }
    default: {  /* LUA_TNUMBER or LUA_TSTRING */
      add_s(ms, b, s, e);  /* add value to the buffer */
      return 1;  /* something changed */
    }
  }
  if (!lua_toboolean(L, -1)) {  /* nil or false? */
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove value */
    luaL_addlstring(b, s, e - s);  /* keep original text */
    return 0;  /* no changes */
  }
  else if (l_unlikely(!lua_isstring(L, -1)))
    return luaL_error(L, "invalid replacement value (a %s)",
                         luaL_typename(L, -1));
  else {
    luaL_addvalue(b);  /* add result to accumulator */
    return 1;  /* something changed */
  }
}


static int str_gsub (lua_State *L) {
  size_t srcl, lp;
  const char *src = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &srcl);  /* subject */
  const char *p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &lp);  /* pattern */
  const char *lastmatch = NULL;  /* end of last match */
  int tr = lua_type(L, 3);  /* replacement type */
  lua_Integer max_s = luaL_optinteger(L, 4, srcl + 1);  /* max replacements */
  int anchor = (*p == '^');
  lua_Integer n = 0;  /* replacement count */
  int changed = 0;  /* change flag */
  MatchState ms;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_argexpected(L, tr == LUA_TNUMBER || tr == LUA_TSTRING ||
                   tr == LUA_TFUNCTION || tr == LUA_TTABLE, 3,
                      "string/function/table");
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  if (anchor) {
    p++; lp--;  /* skip anchor character */
  }
  prepstate(&ms, L, src, srcl, p, lp);
  while (n < max_s) {
    const char *e;
    reprepstate(&ms);  /* (re)prepare state for new match */
    if ((e = match(&ms, src, p)) != NULL && e != lastmatch) {  /* match? */
      n++;
      changed = add_value(&ms, &b, src, e, tr) | changed;
      src = lastmatch = e;
    }
    else if (src < ms.src_end)  /* otherwise, skip one character */
      luaL_addchar(&b, *src++);
    else break;  /* end of subject */
    if (anchor) break;
  }
  if (!changed)  /* no changes? */
    lua_pushvalue(L, 1);  /* return original string */
  else {  /* something changed */
    luaL_addlstring(&b, src, ms.src_end-src);
    luaL_pushresult(&b);  /* create and return new string */
  }
  lua_pushinteger(L, n);  /* number of substitutions */
  return 2;
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** STRING FORMAT
** =======================================================
*/

#if !defined(lua_number2strx)	/* { */

/*
** Hexadecimal floating-point formatter
*/

#define SIZELENMOD	(sizeof(LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN)/sizeof(char))


/*
** Number of bits that goes into the first digit. It can be any value
** between 1 and 4; the following definition tries to align the number
** to nibble boundaries by making what is left after that first digit a
** multiple of 4.
*/
#define L_NBFD		((l_floatatt(MANT_DIG) - 1)%4 + 1)


/*
** Add integer part of 'x' to buffer and return new 'x'
*/
static lua_Number adddigit (char *buff, int n, lua_Number x) {
  lua_Number dd = l_mathop(floor)(x);  /* get integer part from 'x' */
  int d = (int)dd;
  buff[n] = (d < 10 ? d + '0' : d - 10 + 'a');  /* add to buffer */
  return x - dd;  /* return what is left */
}


static int num2straux (char *buff, int sz, lua_Number x) {
  /* if 'inf' or 'NaN', format it like '%g' */
  if (x != x || x == (lua_Number)HUGE_VAL || x == -(lua_Number)HUGE_VAL)
    return l_sprintf(buff, sz, LUA_NUMBER_FMT, (LUAI_UACNUMBER)x);
  else if (x == 0) {  /* can be -0... */
    /* create "0" or "-0" followed by exponent */
    return l_sprintf(buff, sz, LUA_NUMBER_FMT "x0p+0", (LUAI_UACNUMBER)x);
  }
  else {
    int e;
    lua_Number m = l_mathop(frexp)(x, &e);  /* 'x' fraction and exponent */
    int n = 0;  /* character count */
    if (m < 0) {  /* is number negative? */
      buff[n++] = '-';  /* add sign */
      m = -m;  /* make it positive */
    }
    buff[n++] = '0'; buff[n++] = 'x';  /* add "0x" */
    m = adddigit(buff, n++, m * (1 << L_NBFD));  /* add first digit */
    e -= L_NBFD;  /* this digit goes before the radix point */
    if (m > 0) {  /* more digits? */
      buff[n++] = lua_getlocaledecpoint();  /* add radix point */
      do {  /* add as many digits as needed */
        m = adddigit(buff, n++, m * 16);
      } while (m > 0);
    }
    n += l_sprintf(buff + n, sz - n, "p%+d", e);  /* add exponent */
    lua_assert(n < sz);
    return n;
  }
}


static int lua_number2strx (lua_State *L, char *buff, int sz,
                            const char *fmt, lua_Number x) {
  int n = num2straux(buff, sz, x);
  if (fmt[SIZELENMOD] == 'A') {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
      buff[i] = toupper(uchar(buff[i]));
  }
  else if (l_unlikely(fmt[SIZELENMOD] != 'a'))
    return luaL_error(L, "modifiers for format '%%a'/'%%A' not implemented");
  return n;
}

#endif				/* } */


/*
** Maximum size for items formatted with '%f'. This size is produced
** by format('%.99f', -maxfloat), and is equal to 99 + 3 ('-', '.',
** and '\0') + number of decimal digits to represent maxfloat (which
** is maximum exponent + 1). (99+3+1, adding some extra, 110)
*/
#define MAX_ITEMF	(110 + l_floatatt(MAX_10_EXP))


/*
** All formats except '%f' do not need that large limit.  The other
** float formats use exponents, so that they fit in the 99 limit for
** significant digits; 's' for large strings and 'q' add items directly
** to the buffer; all integer formats also fit in the 99 limit.  The
** worst case are floats: they may need 99 significant digits, plus
** '0x', '-', '.', 'e+XXXX', and '\0'. Adding some extra, 120.
*/
#define MAX_ITEM	120


/* valid flags in a format specification */
#if !defined(L_FMTFLAGSF)

/* valid flags for a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions */
#define L_FMTFLAGSF	"-+#0 "

/* valid flags for o, x, and X conversions */
#define L_FMTFLAGSX	"-#0"

/* valid flags for d and i conversions */
#define L_FMTFLAGSI	"-+0 "

/* valid flags for u conversions */
#define L_FMTFLAGSU	"-0"

/* valid flags for c, p, and s conversions */
#define L_FMTFLAGSC	"-"

#endif


/*
** Maximum size of each format specification (such as "%-099.99d"):
** Initial '%', flags (up to 5), width (2), period, precision (2),
** length modifier (8), conversion specifier, and final '\0', plus some
** extra.
*/
#define MAX_FORMAT	32


static void addquoted (luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s, size_t len) {
  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
  while (len--) {
    if (*s == '"' || *s == '\\' || *s == '\n') {
      luaL_addchar(b, '\\');
      luaL_addchar(b, *s);
    }
    else if (iscntrl(uchar(*s))) {
      char buff[10];
      if (!isdigit(uchar(*(s+1))))
        l_sprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "\\%d", (int)uchar(*s));
      else
        l_sprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "\\%03d", (int)uchar(*s));
      luaL_addstring(b, buff);
    }
    else
      luaL_addchar(b, *s);
    s++;
  }
  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
}


/*
** Serialize a floating-point number in such a way that it can be
** scanned back by Lua. Use hexadecimal format for "common" numbers
** (to preserve precision); inf, -inf, and NaN are handled separately.
** (NaN cannot be expressed as a numeral, so we write '(0/0)' for it.)
*/
static int quotefloat (lua_State *L, char *buff, lua_Number n) {
  const char *s;  /* for the fixed representations */
  if (n == (lua_Number)HUGE_VAL)  /* inf? */
    s = "1e9999";
  else if (n == -(lua_Number)HUGE_VAL)  /* -inf? */
    s = "-1e9999";
  else if (n != n)  /* NaN? */
    s = "(0/0)";
  else {  /* format number as hexadecimal */
    int  nb = lua_number2strx(L, buff, MAX_ITEM,
                                 "%" LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN "a", n);
    /* ensures that 'buff' string uses a dot as the radix character */
    if (memchr(buff, '.', nb) == NULL) {  /* no dot? */
      char point = lua_getlocaledecpoint();  /* try locale point */
      char *ppoint = (char *)memchr(buff, point, nb);<--- C-style pointer casting [+]C-style pointer casting detected. C++ offers four different kinds of casts as replacements: static_cast, const_cast, dynamic_cast and reinterpret_cast. A C-style cast could evaluate to any of those automatically, thus it is considered safer if the programmer explicitly states which kind of cast is expected. See also: https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/cplusplus/EXP05-CPP.+Do+not+use+C-style+casts.
      if (ppoint) *ppoint = '.';  /* change it to a dot */
    }
    return nb;
  }
  /* for the fixed representations */
  return l_sprintf(buff, MAX_ITEM, "%s", s);
}


static void addliteral (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, int arg) {
  switch (lua_type(L, arg)) {
    case LUA_TSTRING: {
      size_t len;
      const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, arg, &len);
      addquoted(b, s, len);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TNUMBER: {
      char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(b, MAX_ITEM);
      int nb;
      if (!lua_isinteger(L, arg))  /* float? */
        nb = quotefloat(L, buff, lua_tonumber(L, arg));
      else {  /* integers */
        lua_Integer n = lua_tointeger(L, arg);
        const char *format = (n == LUA_MININTEGER)  /* corner case? */
                           ? "0x%" LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN "x"  /* use hex */
                           : LUA_INTEGER_FMT;  /* else use default format */
        nb = l_sprintf(buff, MAX_ITEM, format, (LUAI_UACINT)n);
      }
      luaL_addsize(b, nb);
      break;
    }
    case LUA_TNIL: case LUA_TBOOLEAN: {
      luaL_tolstring(L, arg, NULL);
      luaL_addvalue(b);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      luaL_argerror(L, arg, "value has no literal form");
    }
  }
}


static const char *get2digits (const char *s) {
  if (isdigit(uchar(*s))) {
    s++;
    if (isdigit(uchar(*s))) s++;  /* (2 digits at most) */
  }
  return s;
}


/*
** Check whether a conversion specification is valid. When called,
** first character in 'form' must be '%' and last character must
** be a valid conversion specifier. 'flags' are the accepted flags;
** 'precision' signals whether to accept a precision.
*/
static void checkformat (lua_State *L, const char *form, const char *flags,
                                       int precision) {
  const char *spec = form + 1;  /* skip '%' */
  spec += strspn(spec, flags);  /* skip flags */
  if (*spec != '0') {  /* a width cannot start with '0' */
    spec = get2digits(spec);  /* skip width */
    if (*spec == '.' && precision) {
      spec++;
      spec = get2digits(spec);  /* skip precision */
    }
  }
  if (!isalpha(uchar(*spec)))  /* did not go to the end? */
    luaL_error(L, "invalid conversion specification: '%s'", form);
}


/*
** Get a conversion specification and copy it to 'form'.
** Return the address of its last character.
*/
static const char *getformat (lua_State *L, const char *strfrmt,
                                            char *form) {
  /* spans flags, width, and precision ('0' is included as a flag) */
  size_t len = strspn(strfrmt, L_FMTFLAGSF "123456789.");
  len++;  /* adds following character (should be the specifier) */
  /* still needs space for '%', '\0', plus a length modifier */
  if (len >= MAX_FORMAT - 10)
    luaL_error(L, "invalid format (too long)");
  *(form++) = '%';
  memcpy(form, strfrmt, len * sizeof(char));
  *(form + len) = '\0';
  return strfrmt + len - 1;
}


/*
** add length modifier into formats
*/
static void addlenmod (char *form, const char *lenmod) {
  size_t l = strlen(form);
  size_t lm = strlen(lenmod);
  char spec = form[l - 1];
  strcpy(form + l - 1, lenmod);
  form[l + lm - 1] = spec;
  form[l + lm] = '\0';
}


static int str_format (lua_State *L) {
  int top = lua_gettop(L);
  int arg = 1;
  size_t sfl;
  const char *strfrmt = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &sfl);
  const char *strfrmt_end = strfrmt+sfl;
  const char *flags;
  luaL_Buffer b;
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  while (strfrmt < strfrmt_end) {
    if (*strfrmt != L_ESC)
      luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++);
    else if (*++strfrmt == L_ESC)
      luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++);  /* %% */
    else { /* format item */
      char form[MAX_FORMAT];  /* to store the format ('%...') */
      int maxitem = MAX_ITEM;  /* maximum length for the result */
      char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, maxitem);  /* to put result */
      int nb = 0;  /* number of bytes in result */
      if (++arg > top)
        return luaL_argerror(L, arg, "no value");
      strfrmt = getformat(L, strfrmt, form);
      switch (*strfrmt++) {
        case 'c': {
          checkformat(L, form, L_FMTFLAGSC, 0);
          nb = l_sprintf(buff, maxitem, form, (int)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg));
          break;
        }
        case 'd': case 'i':
          flags = L_FMTFLAGSI;
          goto intcase;
        case 'u':
          flags = L_FMTFLAGSU;
          goto intcase;
        case 'o': case 'x': case 'X':
          flags = L_FMTFLAGSX;
         intcase: {
          lua_Integer n = luaL_checkinteger(L, arg);
          checkformat(L, form, flags, 1);
          addlenmod(form, LUA_INTEGER_FRMLEN);
          nb = l_sprintf(buff, maxitem, form, (LUAI_UACINT)n);
          break;
        }
        case 'a': case 'A':
          checkformat(L, form, L_FMTFLAGSF, 1);
          addlenmod(form, LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN);
          nb = lua_number2strx(L, buff, maxitem, form,
                                  luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
          break;
        case 'f':
          maxitem = MAX_ITEMF;  /* extra space for '%f' */
          buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, maxitem);
          /* FALLTHROUGH */
        case 'e': case 'E': case 'g': case 'G': {
          lua_Number n = luaL_checknumber(L, arg);
          checkformat(L, form, L_FMTFLAGSF, 1);
          addlenmod(form, LUA_NUMBER_FRMLEN);
          nb = l_sprintf(buff, maxitem, form, (LUAI_UACNUMBER)n);
          break;
        }
        case 'p': {
          const void *p = lua_topointer(L, arg);
          checkformat(L, form, L_FMTFLAGSC, 0);
          if (p == NULL) {  /* avoid calling 'printf' with argument NULL */
            p = "(null)";  /* result */
            form[strlen(form) - 1] = 's';  /* format it as a string */
          }
          nb = l_sprintf(buff, maxitem, form, p);
          break;
        }
        case 'q': {
          if (form[2] != '\0')  /* modifiers? */
            return luaL_error(L, "specifier '%%q' cannot have modifiers");
          addliteral(L, &b, arg);
          break;
        }
        case 's': {
          size_t l;
          const char *s = luaL_tolstring(L, arg, &l);
          if (form[2] == '\0')  /* no modifiers? */
            luaL_addvalue(&b);  /* keep entire string */
          else {
            luaL_argcheck(L, l == strlen(s), arg, "string contains zeros");
            checkformat(L, form, L_FMTFLAGSC, 1);
            if (strchr(form, '.') == NULL && l >= 100) {
              /* no precision and string is too long to be formatted */
              luaL_addvalue(&b);  /* keep entire string */
            }
            else {  /* format the string into 'buff' */
              nb = l_sprintf(buff, maxitem, form, s);
              lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove result from 'luaL_tolstring' */
            }
          }
          break;
        }
        default: {  /* also treat cases 'pnLlh' */
          return luaL_error(L, "invalid conversion '%s' to 'format'", form);
        }
      }
      lua_assert(nb < maxitem);
      luaL_addsize(&b, nb);
    }
  }
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return 1;
}

/* }====================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================
** PACK/UNPACK
** =======================================================
*/


/* value used for padding */
#if !defined(LUAL_PACKPADBYTE)
#define LUAL_PACKPADBYTE		0x00
#endif

/* maximum size for the binary representation of an integer */
#define MAXINTSIZE	16

/* number of bits in a character */
#define NB	CHAR_BIT

/* mask for one character (NB 1's) */
#define MC	((1 << NB) - 1)

/* size of a lua_Integer */
#define SZINT	((int)sizeof(lua_Integer))


/* dummy union to get native endianness */
static const union {
  int dummy;
  char little;  /* true iff machine is little endian */
} nativeendian = {1};


/*
** information to pack/unpack stuff
*/
typedef struct Header {
  lua_State *L;
  int islittle;
  int maxalign;
} Header;


/*
** options for pack/unpack
*/
typedef enum KOption {
  Kint,		/* signed integers */
  Kuint,	/* unsigned integers */
  Kfloat,	/* single-precision floating-point numbers */
  Knumber,	/* Lua "native" floating-point numbers */
  Kdouble,	/* double-precision floating-point numbers */
  Kchar,	/* fixed-length strings */
  Kstring,	/* strings with prefixed length */
  Kzstr,	/* zero-terminated strings */
  Kpadding,	/* padding */
  Kpaddalign,	/* padding for alignment */
  Knop		/* no-op (configuration or spaces) */
} KOption;


/*
** Read an integer numeral from string 'fmt' or return 'df' if
** there is no numeral
*/
static int digit (int c) { return '0' <= c && c <= '9'; }<--- Shadowed declaration

static int getnum (const char **fmt, int df) {
  if (!digit(**fmt))  /* no number? */
    return df;  /* return default value */
  else {
    int a = 0;
    do {
      a = a*10 + (*((*fmt)++) - '0');
    } while (digit(**fmt) && a <= ((int)MAXSIZE - 9)/10);
    return a;
  }
}


/*
** Read an integer numeral and raises an error if it is larger
** than the maximum size for integers.
*/
static int getnumlimit (Header *h, const char **fmt, int df) {
  int sz = getnum(fmt, df);
  if (l_unlikely(sz > MAXINTSIZE || sz <= 0))
    return luaL_error(h->L, "integral size (%d) out of limits [1,%d]",
                            sz, MAXINTSIZE);
  return sz;
}


/*
** Initialize Header
*/
static void initheader (lua_State *L, Header *h) {
  h->L = L;
  h->islittle = nativeendian.little;
  h->maxalign = 1;
}


/*
** Read and classify next option. 'size' is filled with option's size.
*/
static KOption getoption (Header *h, const char **fmt, int *size) {
  /* dummy structure to get native alignment requirements */
  struct cD { char c; union { LUAI_MAXALIGN; } u; };
  int opt = *((*fmt)++);
  *size = 0;  /* default */
  switch (opt) {
    case 'b': *size = sizeof(char); return Kint;
    case 'B': *size = sizeof(char); return Kuint;
    case 'h': *size = sizeof(short); return Kint;
    case 'H': *size = sizeof(short); return Kuint;
    case 'l': *size = sizeof(long); return Kint;
    case 'L': *size = sizeof(long); return Kuint;
    case 'j': *size = sizeof(lua_Integer); return Kint;
    case 'J': *size = sizeof(lua_Integer); return Kuint;
    case 'T': *size = sizeof(size_t); return Kuint;
    case 'f': *size = sizeof(float); return Kfloat;
    case 'n': *size = sizeof(lua_Number); return Knumber;
    case 'd': *size = sizeof(double); return Kdouble;
    case 'i': *size = getnumlimit(h, fmt, sizeof(int)); return Kint;
    case 'I': *size = getnumlimit(h, fmt, sizeof(int)); return Kuint;
    case 's': *size = getnumlimit(h, fmt, sizeof(size_t)); return Kstring;
    case 'c':
      *size = getnum(fmt, -1);
      if (l_unlikely(*size == -1))
        luaL_error(h->L, "missing size for format option 'c'");
      return Kchar;
    case 'z': return Kzstr;
    case 'x': *size = 1; return Kpadding;
    case 'X': return Kpaddalign;
    case ' ': break;
    case '<': h->islittle = 1; break;
    case '>': h->islittle = 0; break;
    case '=': h->islittle = nativeendian.little; break;
    case '!': {
      const int maxalign = offsetof(struct cD, u);
      h->maxalign = getnumlimit(h, fmt, maxalign);
      break;
    }
    default: luaL_error(h->L, "invalid format option '%c'", opt);
  }
  return Knop;
}


/*
** Read, classify, and fill other details about the next option.
** 'psize' is filled with option's size, 'notoalign' with its
** alignment requirements.
** Local variable 'size' gets the size to be aligned. (Kpadal option
** always gets its full alignment, other options are limited by
** the maximum alignment ('maxalign'). Kchar option needs no alignment
** despite its size.
*/
static KOption getdetails (Header *h, size_t totalsize,
                           const char **fmt, int *psize, int *ntoalign) {
  KOption opt = getoption(h, fmt, psize);
  int align = *psize;  /* usually, alignment follows size */
  if (opt == Kpaddalign) {  /* 'X' gets alignment from following option */
    if (**fmt == '\0' || getoption(h, fmt, &align) == Kchar || align == 0)
      luaL_argerror(h->L, 1, "invalid next option for option 'X'");
  }
  if (align <= 1 || opt == Kchar)  /* need no alignment? */
    *ntoalign = 0;
  else {
    if (align > h->maxalign)  /* enforce maximum alignment */
      align = h->maxalign;
    if (l_unlikely((align & (align - 1)) != 0))  /* not a power of 2? */
      luaL_argerror(h->L, 1, "format asks for alignment not power of 2");
    *ntoalign = (align - (int)(totalsize & (align - 1))) & (align - 1);
  }
  return opt;
}


/*
** Pack integer 'n' with 'size' bytes and 'islittle' endianness.
** The final 'if' handles the case when 'size' is larger than
** the size of a Lua integer, correcting the extra sign-extension
** bytes if necessary (by default they would be zeros).
*/
static void packint (luaL_Buffer *b, lua_Unsigned n,
                     int islittle, int size, int neg) {
  char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(b, size);
  int i;
  buff[islittle ? 0 : size - 1] = (char)(n & MC);  /* first byte */
  for (i = 1; i < size; i++) {
    n >>= NB;
    buff[islittle ? i : size - 1 - i] = (char)(n & MC);
  }
  if (neg && size > SZINT) {  /* negative number need sign extension? */
    for (i = SZINT; i < size; i++)  /* correct extra bytes */
      buff[islittle ? i : size - 1 - i] = (char)MC;
  }
  luaL_addsize(b, size);  /* add result to buffer */
}


/*
** Copy 'size' bytes from 'src' to 'dest', correcting endianness if
** given 'islittle' is different from native endianness.
*/
static void copywithendian (char *dest, const char *src,
                            int size, int islittle) {
  if (islittle == nativeendian.little)
    memcpy(dest, src, size);
  else {
    dest += size - 1;
    while (size-- != 0)
      *(dest--) = *(src++);
  }
}


static int str_pack (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  Header h;
  const char *fmt = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);  /* format string */
  int arg = 1;  /* current argument to pack */
  size_t totalsize = 0;  /* accumulate total size of result */
  initheader(L, &h);
  lua_pushnil(L);  /* mark to separate arguments from string buffer */
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  while (*fmt != '\0') {
    int size, ntoalign;
    KOption opt = getdetails(&h, totalsize, &fmt, &size, &ntoalign);
    totalsize += ntoalign + size;
    while (ntoalign-- > 0)
     luaL_addchar(&b, LUAL_PACKPADBYTE);  /* fill alignment */
    arg++;
    switch (opt) {
      case Kint: {  /* signed integers */
        lua_Integer n = luaL_checkinteger(L, arg);
        if (size < SZINT) {  /* need overflow check? */
          lua_Integer lim = (lua_Integer)1 << ((size * NB) - 1);
          luaL_argcheck(L, -lim <= n && n < lim, arg, "integer overflow");
        }
        packint(&b, (lua_Unsigned)n, h.islittle, size, (n < 0));
        break;
      }
      case Kuint: {  /* unsigned integers */
        lua_Integer n = luaL_checkinteger(L, arg);
        if (size < SZINT)  /* need overflow check? */
          luaL_argcheck(L, (lua_Unsigned)n < ((lua_Unsigned)1 << (size * NB)),
                           arg, "unsigned overflow");
        packint(&b, (lua_Unsigned)n, h.islittle, size, 0);
        break;
      }
      case Kfloat: {  /* C float */
        float f = (float)luaL_checknumber(L, arg);  /* get argument */
        char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, sizeof(f));
        /* move 'f' to final result, correcting endianness if needed */
        copywithendian(buff, (char *)&f, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        luaL_addsize(&b, size);
        break;
      }
      case Knumber: {  /* Lua float */
        lua_Number f = luaL_checknumber(L, arg);  /* get argument */
        char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, sizeof(f));
        /* move 'f' to final result, correcting endianness if needed */
        copywithendian(buff, (char *)&f, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        luaL_addsize(&b, size);
        break;
      }
      case Kdouble: {  /* C double */
        double f = (double)luaL_checknumber(L, arg);  /* get argument */
        char *buff = luaL_prepbuffsize(&b, sizeof(f));
        /* move 'f' to final result, correcting endianness if needed */
        copywithendian(buff, (char *)&f, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        luaL_addsize(&b, size);
        break;
      }
      case Kchar: {  /* fixed-size string */
        size_t len;
        const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &len);
        luaL_argcheck(L, len <= (size_t)size, arg,
                         "string longer than given size");
        luaL_addlstring(&b, s, len);  /* add string */
        while (len++ < (size_t)size)  /* pad extra space */
          luaL_addchar(&b, LUAL_PACKPADBYTE);
        break;
      }
      case Kstring: {  /* strings with length count */
        size_t len;
        const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &len);
        luaL_argcheck(L, size >= (int)sizeof(size_t) ||
                         len < ((size_t)1 << (size * NB)),
                         arg, "string length does not fit in given size");
        packint(&b, (lua_Unsigned)len, h.islittle, size, 0);  /* pack length */
        luaL_addlstring(&b, s, len);
        totalsize += len;
        break;
      }
      case Kzstr: {  /* zero-terminated string */
        size_t len;
        const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &len);
        luaL_argcheck(L, strlen(s) == len, arg, "string contains zeros");
        luaL_addlstring(&b, s, len);
        luaL_addchar(&b, '\0');  /* add zero at the end */
        totalsize += len + 1;
        break;
      }
      case Kpadding: luaL_addchar(&b, LUAL_PACKPADBYTE);  /* FALLTHROUGH */
      case Kpaddalign: case Knop:
        arg--;  /* undo increment */
        break;
    }
  }
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return 1;
}


static int str_packsize (lua_State *L) {
  Header h;
  const char *fmt = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);  /* format string */
  size_t totalsize = 0;  /* accumulate total size of result */
  initheader(L, &h);
  while (*fmt != '\0') {
    int size, ntoalign;
    KOption opt = getdetails(&h, totalsize, &fmt, &size, &ntoalign);
    luaL_argcheck(L, opt != Kstring && opt != Kzstr, 1,
                     "variable-length format");
    size += ntoalign;  /* total space used by option */
    luaL_argcheck(L, totalsize <= MAXSIZE - size, 1,
                     "format result too large");
    totalsize += size;
  }
  lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)totalsize);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Unpack an integer with 'size' bytes and 'islittle' endianness.
** If size is smaller than the size of a Lua integer and integer
** is signed, must do sign extension (propagating the sign to the
** higher bits); if size is larger than the size of a Lua integer,
** it must check the unread bytes to see whether they do not cause an
** overflow.
*/
static lua_Integer unpackint (lua_State *L, const char *str,
                              int islittle, int size, int issigned) {
  lua_Unsigned res = 0;
  int i;
  int limit = (size  <= SZINT) ? size : SZINT;
  for (i = limit - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    res <<= NB;
    res |= (lua_Unsigned)(unsigned char)str[islittle ? i : size - 1 - i];
  }
  if (size < SZINT) {  /* real size smaller than lua_Integer? */
    if (issigned) {  /* needs sign extension? */
      lua_Unsigned mask = (lua_Unsigned)1 << (size*NB - 1);
      res = ((res ^ mask) - mask);  /* do sign extension */
    }
  }
  else if (size > SZINT) {  /* must check unread bytes */
    int mask = (!issigned || (lua_Integer)res >= 0) ? 0 : MC;
    for (i = limit; i < size; i++) {
      if (l_unlikely((unsigned char)str[islittle ? i : size - 1 - i] != mask))
        luaL_error(L, "%d-byte integer does not fit into Lua Integer", size);
    }
  }
  return (lua_Integer)res;
}


static int str_unpack (lua_State *L) {
  Header h;
  const char *fmt = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  size_t ld;
  const char *data = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &ld);
  size_t pos = posrelatI(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), ld) - 1;
  int n = 0;  /* number of results */
  luaL_argcheck(L, pos <= ld, 3, "initial position out of string");
  initheader(L, &h);
  while (*fmt != '\0') {
    int size, ntoalign;
    KOption opt = getdetails(&h, pos, &fmt, &size, &ntoalign);
    luaL_argcheck(L, (size_t)ntoalign + size <= ld - pos, 2,
                    "data string too short");
    pos += ntoalign;  /* skip alignment */
    /* stack space for item + next position */
    luaL_checkstack(L, 2, "too many results");
    n++;
    switch (opt) {
      case Kint:
      case Kuint: {
        lua_Integer res = unpackint(L, data + pos, h.islittle, size,
                                       (opt == Kint));
        lua_pushinteger(L, res);
        break;
      }
      case Kfloat: {
        float f;
        copywithendian((char *)&f, data + pos, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)f);
        break;
      }
      case Knumber: {
        lua_Number f;
        copywithendian((char *)&f, data + pos, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        lua_pushnumber(L, f);
        break;
      }
      case Kdouble: {
        double f;
        copywithendian((char *)&f, data + pos, sizeof(f), h.islittle);
        lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)f);
        break;
      }
      case Kchar: {
        lua_pushlstring(L, data + pos, size);
        break;
      }
      case Kstring: {
        size_t len = (size_t)unpackint(L, data + pos, h.islittle, size, 0);
        luaL_argcheck(L, len <= ld - pos - size, 2, "data string too short");
        lua_pushlstring(L, data + pos + size, len);
        pos += len;  /* skip string */
        break;
      }
      case Kzstr: {
        size_t len = strlen(data + pos);
        luaL_argcheck(L, pos + len < ld, 2,
                         "unfinished string for format 'z'");
        lua_pushlstring(L, data + pos, len);
        pos += len + 1;  /* skip string plus final '\0' */
        break;
      }
      case Kpaddalign: case Kpadding: case Knop:
        n--;  /* undo increment */
        break;
    }
    pos += size;
  }
  lua_pushinteger(L, pos + 1);  /* next position */
  return n + 1;
}

/* }====================================================== */


static const luaL_Reg strlib[] = {
  {"byte", str_byte},
  {"char", str_char},
  {"dump", str_dump},
  {"find", str_find},
  {"format", str_format},
  {"gmatch", gmatch},
  {"gsub", str_gsub},
  {"len", str_len},
  {"lower", str_lower},
  {"match", str_match},
  {"rep", str_rep},
  {"reverse", str_reverse},
  {"sub", str_sub},
  {"upper", str_upper},
  {"pack", str_pack},
  {"packsize", str_packsize},
  {"unpack", str_unpack},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


static void createmetatable (lua_State *L) {
  /* table to be metatable for strings */
  luaL_newlibtable(L, stringmetamethods);
  luaL_setfuncs(L, stringmetamethods, 0);
  lua_pushliteral(L, "");  /* dummy string */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* copy table */
  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);  /* set table as metatable for strings */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop dummy string */
  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* get string library */
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");  /* metatable.__index = string */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop metatable */
}


/*
** Open string library
*/
LUAMOD_API int luaopen_string (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, strlib);
  createmetatable(L);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: ltablib.c $
** Library for Table Manipulation
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define ltablib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


/*
** Operations that an object must define to mimic a table
** (some functions only need some of them)
*/
#define TAB_R	1			/* read */
#define TAB_W	2			/* write */
#define TAB_L	4			/* length */
#define TAB_RW	(TAB_R | TAB_W)		/* read/write */


#define aux_getn(L,n,w)	(checktab(L, n, (w) | TAB_L), luaL_len(L, n))


static int checkfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int n) {
  lua_pushstring(L, key);
  return (lua_rawget(L, -n) != LUA_TNIL);
}


/*
** Check that 'arg' either is a table or can behave like one (that is,
** has a metatable with the required metamethods)
*/
static void checktab (lua_State *L, int arg, int what) {
  if (lua_type(L, arg) != LUA_TTABLE) {  /* is it not a table? */
    int n = 1;  /* number of elements to pop */
    if (lua_getmetatable(L, arg) &&  /* must have metatable */
        (!(what & TAB_R) || checkfield(L, "__index", ++n)) &&
        (!(what & TAB_W) || checkfield(L, "__newindex", ++n)) &&
        (!(what & TAB_L) || checkfield(L, "__len", ++n))) {
      lua_pop(L, n);  /* pop metatable and tested metamethods */
    }
    else
      luaL_checktype(L, arg, LUA_TTABLE);  /* force an error */
  }
}


static int tinsert (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer pos;  /* where to insert new element */
  lua_Integer e = aux_getn(L, 1, TAB_RW);
  e = luaL_intop(+, e, 1);  /* first empty element */
  switch (lua_gettop(L)) {
    case 2: {  /* called with only 2 arguments */
      pos = e;  /* insert new element at the end */
      break;
    }
    case 3: {
      lua_Integer i;
      pos = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);  /* 2nd argument is the position */
      /* check whether 'pos' is in [1, e] */
      luaL_argcheck(L, (lua_Unsigned)pos - 1u < (lua_Unsigned)e, 2,
                       "position out of bounds");
      for (i = e; i > pos; i--) {  /* move up elements */
        lua_geti(L, 1, i - 1);
        lua_seti(L, 1, i);  /* t[i] = t[i - 1] */
      }
      break;
    }
    default: {
      return luaL_error(L, "wrong number of arguments to 'insert'");
    }
  }
  lua_seti(L, 1, pos);  /* t[pos] = v */
  return 0;
}


static int tremove (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer size = aux_getn(L, 1, TAB_RW);
  lua_Integer pos = luaL_optinteger(L, 2, size);
  if (pos != size)  /* validate 'pos' if given */
    /* check whether 'pos' is in [1, size + 1] */
    luaL_argcheck(L, (lua_Unsigned)pos - 1u <= (lua_Unsigned)size, 1,
                     "position out of bounds");
  lua_geti(L, 1, pos);  /* result = t[pos] */
  for ( ; pos < size; pos++) {
    lua_geti(L, 1, pos + 1);
    lua_seti(L, 1, pos);  /* t[pos] = t[pos + 1] */
  }
  lua_pushnil(L);
  lua_seti(L, 1, pos);  /* remove entry t[pos] */
  return 1;
}


/*
** Copy elements (1[f], ..., 1[e]) into (tt[t], tt[t+1], ...). Whenever
** possible, copy in increasing order, which is better for rehashing.
** "possible" means destination after original range, or smaller
** than origin, or copying to another table.
*/
static int tmove (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer f = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  lua_Integer e = luaL_checkinteger(L, 3);
  lua_Integer t = luaL_checkinteger(L, 4);
  int tt = !lua_isnoneornil(L, 5) ? 5 : 1;  /* destination table */
  checktab(L, 1, TAB_R);
  checktab(L, tt, TAB_W);
  if (e >= f) {  /* otherwise, nothing to move */
    lua_Integer n, i;
    luaL_argcheck(L, f > 0 || e < LUA_MAXINTEGER + f, 3,<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
                  "too many elements to move");
    n = e - f + 1;  /* number of elements to move */
    luaL_argcheck(L, t <= LUA_MAXINTEGER - n + 1, 4,<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_IMPL;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.<--- Skipping configuration 'LLONG_MAX;LUA_RAND32;Rand64' since the value of 'LLONG_MAX' is unknown. Use -D if you want to check it. You can use -U to skip it explicitly.
                  "destination wrap around");
    if (t > e || t <= f || (tt != 1 && !lua_compare(L, 1, tt, LUA_OPEQ))) {
      for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        lua_geti(L, 1, f + i);
        lua_seti(L, tt, t + i);
      }
    }
    else {
      for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        lua_geti(L, 1, f + i);
        lua_seti(L, tt, t + i);
      }
    }
  }
  lua_pushvalue(L, tt);  /* return destination table */
  return 1;
}


static void addfield (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, lua_Integer i) {
  lua_geti(L, 1, i);
  if (l_unlikely(!lua_isstring(L, -1)))
    luaL_error(L, "invalid value (%s) at index %I in table for 'concat'",
                  luaL_typename(L, -1), (LUAI_UACINT)i);
  luaL_addvalue(b);
}


static int tconcat (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_Buffer b;
  lua_Integer last = aux_getn(L, 1, TAB_R);
  size_t lsep;
  const char *sep = luaL_optlstring(L, 2, "", &lsep);
  lua_Integer i = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1);
  last = luaL_optinteger(L, 4, last);
  luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
  for (; i < last; i++) {
    addfield(L, &b, i);
    luaL_addlstring(&b, sep, lsep);
  }
  if (i == last)  /* add last value (if interval was not empty) */
    addfield(L, &b, i);
  luaL_pushresult(&b);
  return 1;
}


/*
** {======================================================
** Pack/unpack
** =======================================================
*/

static int tpack (lua_State *L) {
  int i;
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of elements to pack */
  lua_createtable(L, n, 1);  /* create result table */
  lua_insert(L, 1);  /* put it at index 1 */
  for (i = n; i >= 1; i--)  /* assign elements */
    lua_seti(L, 1, i);
  lua_pushinteger(L, n);
  lua_setfield(L, 1, "n");  /* t.n = number of elements */
  return 1;  /* return table */
}


static int tunpack (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Unsigned n;
  lua_Integer i = luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1);
  lua_Integer e = luaL_opt(L, luaL_checkinteger, 3, luaL_len(L, 1));
  if (i > e) return 0;  /* empty range */
  n = (lua_Unsigned)e - i;  /* number of elements minus 1 (avoid overflows) */
  if (l_unlikely(n >= (unsigned int)INT_MAX  ||
                 !lua_checkstack(L, (int)(++n))))
    return luaL_error(L, "too many results to unpack");
  for (; i < e; i++) {  /* push arg[i..e - 1] (to avoid overflows) */
    lua_geti(L, 1, i);
  }
  lua_geti(L, 1, e);  /* push last element */
  return (int)n;
}

/* }====================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================
** Quicksort
** (based on 'Algorithms in MODULA-3', Robert Sedgewick;
**  Addison-Wesley, 1993.)
** =======================================================
*/


/* type for array indices */
typedef unsigned int IdxT;


/*
** Produce a "random" 'unsigned int' to randomize pivot choice. This
** macro is used only when 'sort' detects a big imbalance in the result
** of a partition. (If you don't want/need this "randomness", ~0 is a
** good choice.)
*/
#if !defined(l_randomizePivot)		/* { */

#include <time.h>

/* size of 'e' measured in number of 'unsigned int's */
#define sof(e)		(sizeof(e) / sizeof(unsigned int))

/*
** Use 'time' and 'clock' as sources of "randomness". Because we don't
** know the types 'clock_t' and 'time_t', we cannot cast them to
** anything without risking overflows. A safe way to use their values
** is to copy them to an array of a known type and use the array values.
*/
static unsigned int l_randomizePivot (void) {
  clock_t c = clock();
  time_t t = time(NULL);
  unsigned int buff[sof(c) + sof(t)];
  unsigned int i, rnd = 0;
  memcpy(buff, &c, sof(c) * sizeof(unsigned int));
  memcpy(buff + sof(c), &t, sof(t) * sizeof(unsigned int));
  for (i = 0; i < sof(buff); i++)
    rnd += buff[i];
  return rnd;
}

#endif					/* } */


/* arrays larger than 'RANLIMIT' may use randomized pivots */
#define RANLIMIT	100u


static void set2 (lua_State *L, IdxT i, IdxT j) {
  lua_seti(L, 1, i);
  lua_seti(L, 1, j);
}


/*
** Return true iff value at stack index 'a' is less than the value at
** index 'b' (according to the order of the sort).
*/
static int sort_comp (lua_State *L, int a, int b) {
  if (lua_isnil(L, 2))  /* no function? */
    return lua_compare(L, a, b, LUA_OPLT);  /* a < b */
  else {  /* function */
    int res;
    lua_pushvalue(L, 2);    /* push function */
    lua_pushvalue(L, a-1);  /* -1 to compensate function */
    lua_pushvalue(L, b-2);  /* -2 to compensate function and 'a' */
    lua_call(L, 2, 1);      /* call function */
    res = lua_toboolean(L, -1);  /* get result */
    lua_pop(L, 1);          /* pop result */
    return res;
  }
}


/*
** Does the partition: Pivot P is at the top of the stack.
** precondition: a[lo] <= P == a[up-1] <= a[up],
** so it only needs to do the partition from lo + 1 to up - 2.
** Pos-condition: a[lo .. i - 1] <= a[i] == P <= a[i + 1 .. up]
** returns 'i'.
*/
static IdxT partition (lua_State *L, IdxT lo, IdxT up) {
  IdxT i = lo;  /* will be incremented before first use */
  IdxT j = up - 1;  /* will be decremented before first use */
  /* loop invariant: a[lo .. i] <= P <= a[j .. up] */
  for (;;) {
    /* next loop: repeat ++i while a[i] < P */
    while ((void)lua_geti(L, 1, ++i), sort_comp(L, -1, -2)) {
      if (l_unlikely(i == up - 1))  /* a[i] < P  but a[up - 1] == P  ?? */
        luaL_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove a[i] */
    }
    /* after the loop, a[i] >= P and a[lo .. i - 1] < P */
    /* next loop: repeat --j while P < a[j] */
    while ((void)lua_geti(L, 1, --j), sort_comp(L, -3, -1)) {
      if (l_unlikely(j < i))  /* j < i  but  a[j] > P ?? */
        luaL_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove a[j] */
    }
    /* after the loop, a[j] <= P and a[j + 1 .. up] >= P */
    if (j < i) {  /* no elements out of place? */
      /* a[lo .. i - 1] <= P <= a[j + 1 .. i .. up] */
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop a[j] */
      /* swap pivot (a[up - 1]) with a[i] to satisfy pos-condition */
      set2(L, up - 1, i);
      return i;
    }
    /* otherwise, swap a[i] - a[j] to restore invariant and repeat */
    set2(L, i, j);
  }
}


/*
** Choose an element in the middle (2nd-3th quarters) of [lo,up]
** "randomized" by 'rnd'
*/
static IdxT choosePivot (IdxT lo, IdxT up, unsigned int rnd) {
  IdxT r4 = (up - lo) / 4;  /* range/4 */
  IdxT p = rnd % (r4 * 2) + (lo + r4);
  lua_assert(lo + r4 <= p && p <= up - r4);
  return p;
}


/*
** Quicksort algorithm (recursive function)
*/
static void auxsort (lua_State *L, IdxT lo, IdxT up,
                                   unsigned int rnd) {
  while (lo < up) {  /* loop for tail recursion */
    IdxT p;  /* Pivot index */
    IdxT n;  /* to be used later */
    /* sort elements 'lo', 'p', and 'up' */
    lua_geti(L, 1, lo);
    lua_geti(L, 1, up);
    if (sort_comp(L, -1, -2))  /* a[up] < a[lo]? */
      set2(L, lo, up);  /* swap a[lo] - a[up] */
    else
      lua_pop(L, 2);  /* remove both values */
    if (up - lo == 1)  /* only 2 elements? */
      return;  /* already sorted */
    if (up - lo < RANLIMIT || rnd == 0)  /* small interval or no randomize? */
      p = (lo + up)/2;  /* middle element is a good pivot */
    else  /* for larger intervals, it is worth a random pivot */
      p = choosePivot(lo, up, rnd);
    lua_geti(L, 1, p);
    lua_geti(L, 1, lo);
    if (sort_comp(L, -2, -1))  /* a[p] < a[lo]? */
      set2(L, p, lo);  /* swap a[p] - a[lo] */
    else {
      lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove a[lo] */
      lua_geti(L, 1, up);
      if (sort_comp(L, -1, -2))  /* a[up] < a[p]? */
        set2(L, p, up);  /* swap a[up] - a[p] */
      else
        lua_pop(L, 2);
    }
    if (up - lo == 2)  /* only 3 elements? */
      return;  /* already sorted */
    lua_geti(L, 1, p);  /* get middle element (Pivot) */
    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);  /* push Pivot */
    lua_geti(L, 1, up - 1);  /* push a[up - 1] */
    set2(L, p, up - 1);  /* swap Pivot (a[p]) with a[up - 1] */
    p = partition(L, lo, up);
    /* a[lo .. p - 1] <= a[p] == P <= a[p + 1 .. up] */
    if (p - lo < up - p) {  /* lower interval is smaller? */
      auxsort(L, lo, p - 1, rnd);  /* call recursively for lower interval */
      n = p - lo;  /* size of smaller interval */
      lo = p + 1;  /* tail call for [p + 1 .. up] (upper interval) */
    }
    else {
      auxsort(L, p + 1, up, rnd);  /* call recursively for upper interval */
      n = up - p;  /* size of smaller interval */
      up = p - 1;  /* tail call for [lo .. p - 1]  (lower interval) */
    }
    if ((up - lo) / 128 > n) /* partition too imbalanced? */
      rnd = l_randomizePivot();  /* try a new randomization */
  }  /* tail call auxsort(L, lo, up, rnd) */
}


static int sort (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer n = aux_getn(L, 1, TAB_RW);
  if (n > 1) {  /* non-trivial interval? */
    luaL_argcheck(L, n < INT_MAX, 1, "array too big");
    if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 2))  /* is there a 2nd argument? */
      luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);  /* must be a function */
    lua_settop(L, 2);  /* make sure there are two arguments */
    auxsort(L, 1, (IdxT)n, 0);
  }
  return 0;
}

/* }====================================================== */


static const luaL_Reg tab_funcs[] = {
  {"concat", tconcat},
  {"insert", tinsert},
  {"pack", tpack},
  {"unpack", tunpack},
  {"remove", tremove},
  {"move", tmove},
  {"sort", sort},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_table (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, tab_funcs);
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: lutf8lib.c $
** Standard library for UTF-8 manipulation
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lutf8lib_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <assert.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


#define MAXUNICODE	0x10FFFFu

#define MAXUTF		0x7FFFFFFFu

/*
** Integer type for decoded UTF-8 values; MAXUTF needs 31 bits.
*/
#if (UINT_MAX >> 30) >= 1
typedef unsigned int utfint;
#else
typedef unsigned long utfint;
#endif


#define iscont(p)	((*(p) & 0xC0) == 0x80)


/* from strlib */
/* translate a relative string position: negative means back from end */
static lua_Integer u_posrelat (lua_Integer pos, size_t len) {
  if (pos >= 0) return pos;
  else if (0u - (size_t)pos > len) return 0;<--- Condition '0u-(unsigned long)pos>len' is always false
  else return (lua_Integer)len + pos + 1;
}


/*
** Decode one UTF-8 sequence, returning NULL if byte sequence is
** invalid.  The array 'limits' stores the minimum value for each
** sequence length, to check for overlong representations. Its first
** entry forces an error for non-ascii bytes with no continuation
** bytes (count == 0).
*/
static const char *utf8_decode (const char *s, utfint *val, int strict) {
  static const utfint limits[] =
        {~(utfint)0, 0x80, 0x800, 0x10000u, 0x200000u, 0x4000000u};
  unsigned int c = (unsigned char)s[0];
  utfint res = 0;  /* final result */
  if (c < 0x80)  /* ascii? */
    res = c;
  else {
    int count = 0;  /* to count number of continuation bytes */
    for (; c & 0x40; c <<= 1) {  /* while it needs continuation bytes... */
      unsigned int cc = (unsigned char)s[++count];  /* read next byte */
      if ((cc & 0xC0) != 0x80)  /* not a continuation byte? */
        return NULL;  /* invalid byte sequence */
      res = (res << 6) | (cc & 0x3F);  /* add lower 6 bits from cont. byte */
    }
    res |= ((utfint)(c & 0x7F) << (count * 5));  /* add first byte */
    if (count > 5 || res > MAXUTF || res < limits[count])
      return NULL;  /* invalid byte sequence */
    s += count;  /* skip continuation bytes read */
  }
  if (strict) {
    /* check for invalid code points; too large or surrogates */
    if (res > MAXUNICODE || (0xD800u <= res && res <= 0xDFFFu))
      return NULL;
  }
  if (val) *val = res;
  return s + 1;  /* +1 to include first byte */
}


/*
** utf8len(s [, i [, j [, lax]]]) --> number of characters that
** start in the range [i,j], or nil + current position if 's' is not
** well formed in that interval
*/
static int utflen (lua_State *L) {
  lua_Integer n = 0;  /* counter for the number of characters */
  size_t len;  /* string length in bytes */
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &len);
  lua_Integer posi = u_posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1), len);
  lua_Integer posj = u_posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, -1), len);
  int lax = lua_toboolean(L, 4);
  luaL_argcheck(L, 1 <= posi && --posi <= (lua_Integer)len, 2,
                   "initial position out of bounds");
  luaL_argcheck(L, --posj < (lua_Integer)len, 3,
                   "final position out of bounds");
  while (posi <= posj) {
    const char *s1 = utf8_decode(s + posi, NULL, !lax);
    if (s1 == NULL) {  /* conversion error? */
      luaL_pushfail(L);  /* return fail ... */
      lua_pushinteger(L, posi + 1);  /* ... and current position */
      return 2;
    }
    posi = s1 - s;
    n++;
  }
  lua_pushinteger(L, n);
  return 1;
}


/*
** codepoint(s, [i, [j [, lax]]]) -> returns codepoints for all
** characters that start in the range [i,j]
*/
static int codepoint (lua_State *L) {
  size_t len;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &len);
  lua_Integer posi = u_posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1), len);
  lua_Integer pose = u_posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, posi), len);
  int lax = lua_toboolean(L, 4);
  int n;
  const char *se;
  luaL_argcheck(L, posi >= 1, 2, "out of bounds");
  luaL_argcheck(L, pose <= (lua_Integer)len, 3, "out of bounds");
  if (posi > pose) return 0;  /* empty interval; return no values */
  if (pose - posi >= INT_MAX)  /* (lua_Integer -> int) overflow? */
    return luaL_error(L, "string slice too long");
  n = (int)(pose -  posi) + 1;  /* upper bound for number of returns */
  luaL_checkstack(L, n, "string slice too long");
  n = 0;  /* count the number of returns */
  se = s + pose;  /* string end */
  for (s += posi - 1; s < se;) {
    utfint code;
    s = utf8_decode(s, &code, !lax);
    if (s == NULL)
      return luaL_error(L, "invalid UTF-8 code");
    lua_pushinteger(L, code);
    n++;
  }
  return n;
}


static void pushutfchar (lua_State *L, int arg) {
  lua_Unsigned code = (lua_Unsigned)luaL_checkinteger(L, arg);
  luaL_argcheck(L, code <= MAXUTF, arg, "value out of range");
  lua_pushfstring(L, "%U", (long)code);
}


/*
** utfchar(n1, n2, ...)  -> char(n1)..char(n2)...
*/
static int utfchar (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
  if (n == 1)  /* optimize common case of single char */
    pushutfchar(L, 1);
  else {
    int i;
    luaL_Buffer b;
    luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
    for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
      pushutfchar(L, i);
      luaL_addvalue(&b);
    }
    luaL_pushresult(&b);
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** offset(s, n, [i])  -> index where n-th character counting from
**   position 'i' starts; 0 means character at 'i'.
*/
static int byteoffset (lua_State *L) {
  size_t len;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &len);
  lua_Integer n  = luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
  lua_Integer posi = (n >= 0) ? 1 : len + 1;
  posi = u_posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, posi), len);
  luaL_argcheck(L, 1 <= posi && --posi <= (lua_Integer)len, 3,
                   "position out of bounds");
  if (n == 0) {
    /* find beginning of current byte sequence */
    while (posi > 0 && iscont(s + posi)) posi--;
  }
  else {
    if (iscont(s + posi))
      return luaL_error(L, "initial position is a continuation byte");
    if (n < 0) {
       while (n < 0 && posi > 0) {  /* move back */
         do {  /* find beginning of previous character */
           posi--;
         } while (posi > 0 && iscont(s + posi));
         n++;
       }
     }
     else {
       n--;  /* do not move for 1st character */
       while (n > 0 && posi < (lua_Integer)len) {
         do {  /* find beginning of next character */
           posi++;
         } while (iscont(s + posi));  /* (cannot pass final '\0') */
         n--;
       }
     }
  }
  if (n == 0)  /* did it find given character? */
    lua_pushinteger(L, posi + 1);
  else  /* no such character */
    luaL_pushfail(L);
  return 1;
}


static int iter_aux (lua_State *L, int strict) {
  size_t len;
  const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &len);
  lua_Unsigned n = (lua_Unsigned)lua_tointeger(L, 2);
  if (n < len) {
    while (iscont(s + n)) n++;  /* skip continuation bytes */
  }
  if (n >= len)  /* (also handles original 'n' being negative) */
    return 0;  /* no more codepoints */
  else {
    utfint code;
    const char *next = utf8_decode(s + n, &code, strict);
    if (next == NULL)
      return luaL_error(L, "invalid UTF-8 code");
    lua_pushinteger(L, n + 1);
    lua_pushinteger(L, code);
    return 2;
  }
}


static int iter_auxstrict (lua_State *L) {
  return iter_aux(L, 1);
}

static int iter_auxlax (lua_State *L) {
  return iter_aux(L, 0);
}


static int iter_codes (lua_State *L) {
  int lax = lua_toboolean(L, 2);
  luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
  lua_pushcfunction(L, lax ? iter_auxlax : iter_auxstrict);
  lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
  lua_pushinteger(L, 0);
  return 3;
}


/* pattern to match a single UTF-8 character */
#define UTF8PATT	"[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xFD][\x80-\xBF]*"


static const luaL_Reg funcs[] = {
  {"offset", byteoffset},
  {"codepoint", codepoint},
  {"char", utfchar},
  {"len", utflen},
  {"codes", iter_codes},
  /* placeholders */
  {"charpattern", NULL},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


LUAMOD_API int luaopen_utf8 (lua_State *L) {
  luaL_newlib(L, funcs);
  lua_pushlstring(L, UTF8PATT, sizeof(UTF8PATT)/sizeof(char) - 1);
  lua_setfield(L, -2, "charpattern");
  return 1;
}

/*
** $Id: linit.c $
** Initialization of libraries for lua.c and other clients
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#define linit_c
#define LUA_LIB

/*
** If you embed Lua in your program and need to open the standard
** libraries, call luaL_openlibs in your program. If you need a
** different set of libraries, copy this file to your project and edit
** it to suit your needs.
**
** You can also *preload* libraries, so that a later 'require' can
** open the library, which is already linked to the application.
** For that, do the following code:
**
**  luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE);
**  lua_pushcfunction(L, luaopen_modname);
**  lua_setfield(L, -2, modname);
**  lua_pop(L, 1);  // remove PRELOAD table
*/

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stddef.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lualib.h"*/
/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/


/*
** these libs are loaded by lua.c and are readily available to any Lua
** program
*/
static const luaL_Reg loadedlibs[] = {
  {LUA_GNAME, luaopen_base},
  {LUA_LOADLIBNAME, luaopen_package},
  {LUA_COLIBNAME, luaopen_coroutine},
  {LUA_TABLIBNAME, luaopen_table},
  {LUA_IOLIBNAME, luaopen_io},
  {LUA_OSLIBNAME, luaopen_os},
  {LUA_STRLIBNAME, luaopen_string},
  {LUA_MATHLIBNAME, luaopen_math},
  {LUA_UTF8LIBNAME, luaopen_utf8},
  {LUA_DBLIBNAME, luaopen_debug},
  {NULL, NULL}
};


LUALIB_API void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L) {
  const luaL_Reg *lib;
  /* "require" functions from 'loadedlibs' and set results to global table */
  for (lib = loadedlibs; lib->func; lib++) {
    luaL_requiref(L, lib->name, lib->func, 1);
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove lib */
  }
}

#endif /* LUA_IMPL */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#ifdef LUA_MAKE_LUA
/*
** $Id: lua.c $
** Lua stand-alone interpreter
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lua_c

/*#include "lprefix.h"*/


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <signal.h>

/*#include "lua.h"*/

/*#include "lauxlib.h"*/
/*#include "lualib.h"*/


#if !defined(LUA_PROGNAME)
#define LUA_PROGNAME		"lua"
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_INIT_VAR)
#define LUA_INIT_VAR		"LUA_INIT"
#endif

#define LUA_INITVARVERSION	LUA_INIT_VAR LUA_VERSUFFIX


static lua_State *globalL = NULL;

static const char *progname = LUA_PROGNAME;


#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)   /* { */

/*
** Use 'sigaction' when available.
*/
static void setsignal (int sig, void (*handler)(int)) {
  struct sigaction sa;
  sa.sa_handler = handler;
  sa.sa_flags = 0;
  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);  /* do not mask any signal */
  sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL);
}

#else           /* }{ */

#define setsignal            signal

#endif                               /* } */


/*
** Hook set by signal function to stop the interpreter.
*/
static void lstop (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
  (void)ar;  /* unused arg. */
  lua_sethook(L, NULL, 0, 0);  /* reset hook */
  luaL_error(L, "interrupted!");
}


/*
** Function to be called at a C signal. Because a C signal cannot
** just change a Lua state (as there is no proper synchronization),
** this function only sets a hook that, when called, will stop the
** interpreter.
*/
static void laction (int i) {
  int flag = LUA_MASKCALL | LUA_MASKRET | LUA_MASKLINE | LUA_MASKCOUNT;
  setsignal(i, SIG_DFL); /* if another SIGINT happens, terminate process */
  lua_sethook(globalL, lstop, flag, 1);
}


static void print_usage (const char *badoption) {
  lua_writestringerror("%s: ", progname);
  if (badoption[1] == 'e' || badoption[1] == 'l')
    lua_writestringerror("'%s' needs argument\n", badoption);
  else
    lua_writestringerror("unrecognized option '%s'\n", badoption);
  lua_writestringerror(
  "usage: %s [options] [script [args]]\n"
  "Available options are:\n"
  "  -e stat   execute string 'stat'\n"
  "  -i        enter interactive mode after executing 'script'\n"
  "  -l mod    require library 'mod' into global 'mod'\n"
  "  -l g=mod  require library 'mod' into global 'g'\n"
  "  -v        show version information\n"
  "  -E        ignore environment variables\n"
  "  -W        turn warnings on\n"
  "  --        stop handling options\n"
  "  -         stop handling options and execute stdin\n"
  ,
  progname);
}


/*
** Prints an error message, adding the program name in front of it
** (if present)
*/
static void l_message (const char *pname, const char *msg) {
  if (pname) lua_writestringerror("%s: ", pname);
  lua_writestringerror("%s\n", msg);
}


/*
** Check whether 'status' is not OK and, if so, prints the error
** message on the top of the stack. It assumes that the error object
** is a string, as it was either generated by Lua or by 'msghandler'.
*/
static int report (lua_State *L, int status) {
  if (status != LUA_OK) {
    const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, -1);
    l_message(progname, msg);
    lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove message */
  }
  return status;
}


/*
** Message handler used to run all chunks
*/
static int msghandler (lua_State *L) {
  const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, 1);
  if (msg == NULL) {  /* is error object not a string? */
    if (luaL_callmeta(L, 1, "__tostring") &&  /* does it have a metamethod */
        lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TSTRING)  /* that produces a string? */
      return 1;  /* that is the message */
    else
      msg = lua_pushfstring(L, "(error object is a %s value)",
                               luaL_typename(L, 1));
  }
  luaL_traceback(L, L, msg, 1);  /* append a standard traceback */
  return 1;  /* return the traceback */
}


/*
** Interface to 'lua_pcall', which sets appropriate message function
** and C-signal handler. Used to run all chunks.
*/
static int docall (lua_State *L, int narg, int nres) {
  int status;
  int base = lua_gettop(L) - narg;  /* function index */
  lua_pushcfunction(L, msghandler);  /* push message handler */
  lua_insert(L, base);  /* put it under function and args */
  globalL = L;  /* to be available to 'laction' */
  setsignal(SIGINT, laction);  /* set C-signal handler */
  status = lua_pcall(L, narg, nres, base);
  setsignal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL); /* reset C-signal handler */
  lua_remove(L, base);  /* remove message handler from the stack */
  return status;
}


static void print_version (void) {
  lua_writestring(LUA_COPYRIGHT, strlen(LUA_COPYRIGHT));
  lua_writeline();
}


/*
** Create the 'arg' table, which stores all arguments from the
** command line ('argv'). It should be aligned so that, at index 0,
** it has 'argv[script]', which is the script name. The arguments
** to the script (everything after 'script') go to positive indices;
** other arguments (before the script name) go to negative indices.
** If there is no script name, assume interpreter's name as base.
*/
static void createargtable (lua_State *L, char **argv, int argc, int script) {
  int i, narg;
  if (script == argc) script = 0;  /* no script name? */
  narg = argc - (script + 1);  /* number of positive indices */
  lua_createtable(L, narg, script + 1);
  for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
    lua_pushstring(L, argv[i]);
    lua_rawseti(L, -2, i - script);
  }
  lua_setglobal(L, "arg");
}


static int dochunk (lua_State *L, int status) {
  if (status == LUA_OK) status = docall(L, 0, 0);
  return report(L, status);
}


static int dofile (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
  return dochunk(L, luaL_loadfile(L, name));
}


static int dostring (lua_State *L, const char *s, const char *name) {
  return dochunk(L, luaL_loadbuffer(L, s, strlen(s), name));
}


/*
** Receives 'globname[=modname]' and runs 'globname = require(modname)'.
*/
static int dolibrary (lua_State *L, char *globname) {
  int status;
  char *modname = strchr(globname, '=');
  if (modname == NULL)  /* no explicit name? */
    modname = globname;  /* module name is equal to global name */
  else {
    *modname = '\0';  /* global name ends here */
    modname++;  /* module name starts after the '=' */
  }
  lua_getglobal(L, "require");
  lua_pushstring(L, modname);
  status = docall(L, 1, 1);  /* call 'require(modname)' */
  if (status == LUA_OK)
    lua_setglobal(L, globname);  /* globname = require(modname) */
  return report(L, status);
}


/*
** Push on the stack the contents of table 'arg' from 1 to #arg
*/
static int pushargs (lua_State *L) {
  int i, n;
  if (lua_getglobal(L, "arg") != LUA_TTABLE)
    luaL_error(L, "'arg' is not a table");
  n = (int)luaL_len(L, -1);
  luaL_checkstack(L, n + 3, "too many arguments to script");
  for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    lua_rawgeti(L, -i, i);
  lua_remove(L, -i);  /* remove table from the stack */
  return n;
}


static int handle_script (lua_State *L, char **argv) {
  int status;
  const char *fname = argv[0];
  if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0 && strcmp(argv[-1], "--") != 0)
    fname = NULL;  /* stdin */
  status = luaL_loadfile(L, fname);
  if (status == LUA_OK) {
    int n = pushargs(L);  /* push arguments to script */
    status = docall(L, n, LUA_MULTRET);
  }
  return report(L, status);
}


/* bits of various argument indicators in 'args' */
#define has_error	1	/* bad option */
#define has_i		2	/* -i */
#define has_v		4	/* -v */
#define has_e		8	/* -e */
#define has_E		16	/* -E */


/*
** Traverses all arguments from 'argv', returning a mask with those
** needed before running any Lua code (or an error code if it finds
** any invalid argument). 'first' returns the first not-handled argument
** (either the script name or a bad argument in case of error).
*/
static int collectargs (char **argv, int *first) {
  int args = 0;
  int i;
  for (i = 1; argv[i] != NULL; i++) {
    *first = i;
    if (argv[i][0] != '-')  /* not an option? */
        return args;  /* stop handling options */
    switch (argv[i][1]) {  /* else check option */
      case '-':  /* '--' */
        if (argv[i][2] != '\0')  /* extra characters after '--'? */
          return has_error;  /* invalid option */
        *first = i + 1;
        return args;
      case '\0':  /* '-' */
        return args;  /* script "name" is '-' */
      case 'E':
        if (argv[i][2] != '\0')  /* extra characters? */
          return has_error;  /* invalid option */
        args |= has_E;
        break;
      case 'W':
        if (argv[i][2] != '\0')  /* extra characters? */
          return has_error;  /* invalid option */
        break;
      case 'i':
        args |= has_i;  /* (-i implies -v) *//* FALLTHROUGH */
      case 'v':
        if (argv[i][2] != '\0')  /* extra characters? */
          return has_error;  /* invalid option */
        args |= has_v;
        break;
      case 'e':
        args |= has_e;  /* FALLTHROUGH */
      case 'l':  /* both options need an argument */
        if (argv[i][2] == '\0') {  /* no concatenated argument? */
          i++;  /* try next 'argv' */
          if (argv[i] == NULL || argv[i][0] == '-')
            return has_error;  /* no next argument or it is another option */
        }
        break;
      default:  /* invalid option */
        return has_error;
    }
  }
  *first = i;  /* no script name */
  return args;
}


/*
** Processes options 'e' and 'l', which involve running Lua code, and
** 'W', which also affects the state.
** Returns 0 if some code raises an error.
*/
static int runargs (lua_State *L, char **argv, int n) {
  int i;
  for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
    int option = argv[i][1];
    lua_assert(argv[i][0] == '-');  /* already checked */
    switch (option) {
      case 'e':  case 'l': {
        int status;
        char *extra = argv[i] + 2;  /* both options need an argument */
        if (*extra == '\0') extra = argv[++i];
        lua_assert(extra != NULL);
        status = (option == 'e')
                 ? dostring(L, extra, "=(command line)")
                 : dolibrary(L, extra);
        if (status != LUA_OK) return 0;
        break;
      }
      case 'W':
        lua_warning(L, "@on", 0);  /* warnings on */
        break;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}


static int handle_luainit (lua_State *L) {
  const char *name = "=" LUA_INITVARVERSION;
  const char *init = getenv(name + 1);
  if (init == NULL) {
    name = "=" LUA_INIT_VAR;
    init = getenv(name + 1);  /* try alternative name */
  }
  if (init == NULL) return LUA_OK;
  else if (init[0] == '@')
    return dofile(L, init+1);
  else
    return dostring(L, init, name);
}


/*
** {==================================================================
** Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL)
** ===================================================================
*/

#if !defined(LUA_PROMPT)
#define LUA_PROMPT		"> "
#define LUA_PROMPT2		">> "
#endif

#if !defined(LUA_MAXINPUT)
#define LUA_MAXINPUT		512
#endif


/*
** lua_stdin_is_tty detects whether the standard input is a 'tty' (that
** is, whether we're running lua interactively).
*/
#if !defined(lua_stdin_is_tty)	/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)	/* { */

#include <unistd.h>
#define lua_stdin_is_tty()	isatty(0)

#elif defined(LUA_USE_WINDOWS)	/* }{ */

#include <io.h>
#include <windows.h>

#define lua_stdin_is_tty()	_isatty(_fileno(stdin))

#else				/* }{ */

/* ISO C definition */
#define lua_stdin_is_tty()	1  /* assume stdin is a tty */

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */


/*
** lua_readline defines how to show a prompt and then read a line from
** the standard input.
** lua_saveline defines how to "save" a read line in a "history".
** lua_freeline defines how to free a line read by lua_readline.
*/
#if !defined(lua_readline)	/* { */

#if defined(LUA_USE_READLINE)	/* { */

#include <readline/readline.h>
#include <readline/history.h>
#define lua_initreadline(L)	((void)L, rl_readline_name="lua")
#define lua_readline(L,b,p)	((void)L, ((b)=readline(p)) != NULL)
#define lua_saveline(L,line)	((void)L, add_history(line))
#define lua_freeline(L,b)	((void)L, free(b))

#else				/* }{ */

#define lua_initreadline(L)  ((void)L)
#define lua_readline(L,b,p) \
        ((void)L, fputs(p, stdout), fflush(stdout),  /* show prompt */ \
        fgets(b, LUA_MAXINPUT, stdin) != NULL)  /* get line */
#define lua_saveline(L,line)	{ (void)L; (void)line; }
#define lua_freeline(L,b)	{ (void)L; (void)b; }

#endif				/* } */

#endif				/* } */


/*
** Return the string to be used as a prompt by the interpreter. Leave
** the string (or nil, if using the default value) on the stack, to keep
** it anchored.
*/
static const char *get_prompt (lua_State *L, int firstline) {
  if (lua_getglobal(L, firstline ? "_PROMPT" : "_PROMPT2") == LUA_TNIL)
    return (firstline ? LUA_PROMPT : LUA_PROMPT2);  /* use the default */
  else {  /* apply 'tostring' over the value */
    const char *p = luaL_tolstring(L, -1, NULL);
    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove original value */
    return p;
  }
}

/* mark in error messages for incomplete statements */
#define EOFMARK		"<eof>"
#define marklen		(sizeof(EOFMARK)/sizeof(char) - 1)


/*
** Check whether 'status' signals a syntax error and the error
** message at the top of the stack ends with the above mark for
** incomplete statements.
*/
static int incomplete (lua_State *L, int status) {
  if (status == LUA_ERRSYNTAX) {
    size_t lmsg;
    const char *msg = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &lmsg);
    if (lmsg >= marklen && strcmp(msg + lmsg - marklen, EOFMARK) == 0) {
      lua_pop(L, 1);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;  /* else... */
}


/*
** Prompt the user, read a line, and push it into the Lua stack.
*/
static int pushline (lua_State *L, int firstline) {
  char buffer[LUA_MAXINPUT];
  char *b = buffer;
  size_t l;
  const char *prmt = get_prompt(L, firstline);
  int readstatus = lua_readline(L, b, prmt);
  if (readstatus == 0)
    return 0;  /* no input (prompt will be popped by caller) */
  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* remove prompt */
  l = strlen(b);
  if (l > 0 && b[l-1] == '\n')  /* line ends with newline? */
    b[--l] = '\0';  /* remove it */
  if (firstline && b[0] == '=')  /* for compatibility with 5.2, ... */
    lua_pushfstring(L, "return %s", b + 1);  /* change '=' to 'return' */
  else
    lua_pushlstring(L, b, l);
  lua_freeline(L, b);
  return 1;
}


/*
** Try to compile line on the stack as 'return <line>;'; on return, stack
** has either compiled chunk or original line (if compilation failed).
*/
static int addreturn (lua_State *L) {
  const char *line = lua_tostring(L, -1);  /* original line */
  const char *retline = lua_pushfstring(L, "return %s;", line);
  int status = luaL_loadbuffer(L, retline, strlen(retline), "=stdin");
  if (status == LUA_OK) {
    lua_remove(L, -2);  /* remove modified line */
    if (line[0] != '\0')  /* non empty? */
      lua_saveline(L, line);  /* keep history */
  }
  else
    lua_pop(L, 2);  /* pop result from 'luaL_loadbuffer' and modified line */
  return status;
}


/*
** Read multiple lines until a complete Lua statement
*/
static int multiline (lua_State *L) {
  for (;;) {  /* repeat until gets a complete statement */
    size_t len;
    const char *line = lua_tolstring(L, 1, &len);  /* get what it has */
    int status = luaL_loadbuffer(L, line, len, "=stdin");  /* try it */
    if (!incomplete(L, status) || !pushline(L, 0)) {
      lua_saveline(L, line);  /* keep history */
      return status;  /* cannot or should not try to add continuation line */
    }
    lua_pushliteral(L, "\n");  /* add newline... */
    lua_insert(L, -2);  /* ...between the two lines */
    lua_concat(L, 3);  /* join them */
  }
}


/*
** Read a line and try to load (compile) it first as an expression (by
** adding "return " in front of it) and second as a statement. Return
** the final status of load/call with the resulting function (if any)
** in the top of the stack.
*/
static int loadline (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  lua_settop(L, 0);
  if (!pushline(L, 1))
    return -1;  /* no input */
  if ((status = addreturn(L)) != LUA_OK)  /* 'return ...' did not work? */
    status = multiline(L);  /* try as command, maybe with continuation lines */
  lua_remove(L, 1);  /* remove line from the stack */
  lua_assert(lua_gettop(L) == 1);
  return status;
}


/*
** Prints (calling the Lua 'print' function) any values on the stack
*/
static void l_print (lua_State *L) {
  int n = lua_gettop(L);
  if (n > 0) {  /* any result to be printed? */
    luaL_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK, "too many results to print");
    lua_getglobal(L, "print");
    lua_insert(L, 1);
    if (lua_pcall(L, n, 0, 0) != LUA_OK)
      l_message(progname, lua_pushfstring(L, "error calling 'print' (%s)",
                                             lua_tostring(L, -1)));
  }
}


/*
** Do the REPL: repeatedly read (load) a line, evaluate (call) it, and
** print any results.
*/
static void doREPL (lua_State *L) {
  int status;
  const char *oldprogname = progname;
  progname = NULL;  /* no 'progname' on errors in interactive mode */
  lua_initreadline(L);
  while ((status = loadline(L)) != -1) {
    if (status == LUA_OK)
      status = docall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET);
    if (status == LUA_OK) l_print(L);
    else report(L, status);
  }
  lua_settop(L, 0);  /* clear stack */
  lua_writeline();
  progname = oldprogname;
}

/* }================================================================== */


/*
** Main body of stand-alone interpreter (to be called in protected mode).
** Reads the options and handles them all.
*/
static int pmain (lua_State *L) {
  int argc = (int)lua_tointeger(L, 1);
  char **argv = (char **)lua_touserdata(L, 2);
  int script;
  int args = collectargs(argv, &script);
  luaL_checkversion(L);  /* check that interpreter has correct version */
  if (argv[0] && argv[0][0]) progname = argv[0];
  if (args == has_error) {  /* bad arg? */
    print_usage(argv[script]);  /* 'script' has index of bad arg. */
    return 0;
  }
  if (args & has_v)  /* option '-v'? */
    print_version();
  if (args & has_E) {  /* option '-E'? */
    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* signal for libraries to ignore env. vars. */
    lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_NOENV");
  }
  luaL_openlibs(L);  /* open standard libraries */
  createargtable(L, argv, argc, script);  /* create table 'arg' */
  lua_gc(L, LUA_GCGEN, 0, 0);  /* GC in generational mode */
  if (!(args & has_E)) {  /* no option '-E'? */
    if (handle_luainit(L) != LUA_OK)  /* run LUA_INIT */
      return 0;  /* error running LUA_INIT */
  }
  if (!runargs(L, argv, script))  /* execute arguments -e and -l */
    return 0;  /* something failed */
  if (script < argc &&  /* execute main script (if there is one) */
      handle_script(L, argv + script) != LUA_OK)
    return 0;
  if (args & has_i)  /* -i option? */
    doREPL(L);  /* do read-eval-print loop */
  else if (script == argc && !(args & (has_e | has_v))) {  /* no arguments? */
    if (lua_stdin_is_tty()) {  /* running in interactive mode? */
      print_version();
      doREPL(L);  /* do read-eval-print loop */
    }
    else dofile(L, NULL);  /* executes stdin as a file */
  }
  lua_pushboolean(L, 1);  /* signal no errors */
  return 1;
}


int main (int argc, char **argv) {
  int status, result;
  lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();  /* create state */
  if (L == NULL) {
    l_message(argv[0], "cannot create state: not enough memory");
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  lua_pushcfunction(L, &pmain);  /* to call 'pmain' in protected mode */
  lua_pushinteger(L, argc);  /* 1st argument */
  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, argv); /* 2nd argument */
  status = lua_pcall(L, 2, 1, 0);  /* do the call */
  result = lua_toboolean(L, -1);  /* get result */
  report(L, status);
  lua_close(L);
  return (result && status == LUA_OK) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
}

#endif /* LUA_MAKE_LUA */

/*
  MIT License

  Copyright (c) 1994–2019 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
  Copyright (c) 2020-2022 Eduardo Bart (https://github.com/edubart).

  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  copies or substantial portions of the Software.

  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
  SOFTWARE.
*/
Cppcheck report - [Xyst]: /home/jbakosi/code/xyst/src/Control/minilua.h
